srec_cat(1)

NAME
srec_cat - manipulate EPROM load files

SYNOPSIS
srec_cat [ option... ] filename...
srec_cat -Help
srec_cat -VERSion

DESCRIPTION
The srec_cat program is used to assemble the given input files into a single output file. The use of filters (see below) allows significant manipulations to be performed by this command.

  Data Order
The data from the input files is not immediately written to the output, but is stored in memory until the complete EPROM image has been assembled. Data is then written to the output file in ascending address order. The original ordering of the data (in those formats capable of random record ordering) is not preserved.

  Data Comparison
Because input record order is not preserved, textual comparison of input and output (such as the diff(1) or tkdiff(1) commands) can be misleading. Not only can lines appear in different address orders, but line lengths and line termination can differ as well. Use the srec_cmp(1) program to compare two EPROM load files. If a text comparison is essential, run both files through the srec_cat(1) program to ensure both files to be compared have identical record ordering and line lengths.

  Data Conflicts
The storing of data in memory enables the detection of data conflicts, typically caused by linker sections unintentionally overlapping.

•   A warning will be issued for each address which is redundantly set to the same value.

•   A fatal error will be issued if any address is set with contradictory values. To avoid this error use an -exclude -within filter (see srec_input(1)) or, to make it a warning, use the -multiple option (see below).

•   A warning will be issued for input files where the data records are not in strictly ascending address order. To suppress this warning, use the -disable-sequence-warning option (see below).

These features are designed to detect problems which are difficult to debug, and detects them before the data is written to an EPROM and run in your embedded system.

OPTIONS
The following options are understood:

-Output filename [ format ]
    This option may be used to specify the output file to be used. The special file name “-[rq] is understood to mean the standard output. Output defaults to the standard output if this option is not used.

    The format may be specified as:

    -Absolute_Object_Module_Format
        An Intel Absolute Object Module Format file will be written. (See srec_aomf(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Ascii_Hex
        An Ascii-Hex file will be written. (See srec_ascii_hex(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -ASM [ prefix ][ -option... ]
        A series of assembler DB statements will be written.

        The optional prefix may be specified to change the names of the symbols generated. The defaults to "eprom" if not set.

        Several options are available to modify the style of output:

        -Dot_STyle
            Use "dot" style pseudo-ops instead of words. For example .byte instead of the DB default.

        -HEXadecimal_STyle
            Use hexadecimal numbers in the output, rather than the default decimal numbers.

        -Section_STyle
            By default the generated assemble of placed at the correct address using ORG pseudo-ops. Section style output emits tables of section addresses and lengths, so the data may be related at runtime.

        -A430
            Generate output which is compliant to the a430.exe compiler as it is used, e.g. in IAR Embedded Workbench. This is short-hand for -section-style -hex-style

        -CL430
            Generate output which is Code Composer Essentials compliant, i.e. the compiler of it. This is short-hand for -section-style -hex-style -dot-style

        -Output_Word
            Generate output which is in two-byte words rather than bytes. This assumes little-endian words; you will need to use the -Byte-Swap filter if your target is big-endian. No attempt is made to align the words onto even address boundaries; use and input filter such as
            input-file -fill 0xFF -within input-file
            -range-pad 2
            to pad the data to whole words first.

    -Atmel_Generic
        An Atmel Generic file will be written. (See srec_atmel_generic(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -BASic
        A series of BASIC DATA statements will be written.

    -B-Record
        A Freescale MC68EZ328 Dragonball bootstrap b-record format file will be written. (See srec_brecord(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Binary
        A raw binary file will be written. If you get unexpected results please see the srec_binary(5) manual for more information.

    -C-Array [ identifier ][ -option... ]
        A C array defintion will be written.

        The optional identifier is the name of the variable to be defined, or bugus if not specified.

        -INClude
            This option asks for an include file to be generated as well.

        -No-CONST
            This options asks for the variables to not use the const keyword (they are declared constant be default, so that they are placed into the read-only segment in embedded systems).

        -C_COMpressed
            These options ask for an compressed c-array whose memory gaps will not be filled.

        -Output_Word
            This option asks for an output which is in words not in bytes. This is little endian, so you may need to

    -COsmac
        An RCA Cosmac Elf format file will be written. (See srec_cosmac(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Dec_Binary
        A DEC Binary (XXDP) format file will be written. (See srec_dec_binary(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Elektor_Monitor52
        This option says to use the EMON52 format file when writing the file. (See srec_emon52(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -FAIrchild
        This option says to use the Fairchild Fairbug format file when writing the file. (See srec_fairchild(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Fast_Load
        This option says to use the LSI Logic Fast Load format file when writing the file. (See srec_fastload(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Formatted_Binary
        A Formatted Binary format file will be written. (See srec_formatted_binary(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -FORTH [ -option ]
        A FORTH input file will be written. Each line of output includes a byte value, an address, and a command.

        -RAM
            The store command is C! This is the default.

        -EEPROM
            The store command is EEC!

    -Four_Packed_Code
        This option says to use the PFC format file when writing the file. (See srec_fpd(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -HEX_Dump
        A human readable hexadecimal dump (including ASCII) will be printed.

    -IDT
        An IDT System Integration Manager (IDT/sim) binary file will be written. (See srec_idt(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Intel
        An Intel hex format file will be written. (See srec_intel(5) for a description of this file format.) The default is to emit “i32hex” 32-bit linear addressing; if you want “i16hex” 20-bit extended segment addressing use the -address-length=3 option, if you want “i8hex” 16-bit addressing use the -address-length=2 option.

    -Intel_HeX_16
        An Intel-16 hex format (INHX16) file will be written. (See srec_intel16(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Memory_Initialization_File [ width ]
        (Altera) Memory Initialization File (MIF) format will be written. The width defaults to 8 bits. (See srec_mif(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Mips_Flash_BigEndian

    -Mips_Flash_LittleEndian
        MIPS Flash file format will be written. (See srec_mips_flash(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -MOS_Technologies
        An Mos Technologies format file will be written. (See srec_mos_tech(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Motorola [ width ]
        A Motorola S-Record file will be written. (See srec_motorola(5) for a description of this file format.) This is the default output format. By default, the smallest possible address length is emitted, this will be S19 for data in the first 64KB; if you wish to force S28 use the -address-length=3 option; if you wish to force S37 use the -address-length=4 option

        The optional width argument describes the number of bytes which form each address multiple. For normal uses the default of one (1) byte is appropriate. Some systems with 16-bit or 32-bit targets mutilate the addresses in the file; this option will imitate that behavior. Unlike most other parameters, this one cannot be guessed.

    -MsBin
        This option says to use the Windows CE Binary Image Data Format to write the file. See srec_msbin(5) for a description of this file format.

    -Needham_Hexadecimal
        This option says to use the Needham Electronics ASCII file format to write the file. See srec_needham(5) for a description of this file format.

    -Ohio_Scientific
        This option says to use the Ohio Scientific hexadecimal format. See srec_os65v(5) for a description of this format.

    -PPB
        This option says to use the Stag Prom Programmer binary format. See srec_ppb(5) for a description of this format.

    -PPX
        This option says to use the Stag Prom Programmer hexadecimal format. See srec_ppx(5) for a description of this format.

    -SIGnetics
        This option says to use the Signetics hex format. See srec_signetics(5) for a description of this format.

    -SPAsm
        This option says to use the SPASM assembler output format (commonly used by PIC programmers). See srec_spasm(5) for a description of this format.

    -SPAsm_LittleEndian
        This option says to use the SPASM assembler output format (commonly used by PIC programmers). But with the data the other way around.

    -STewie
        A Stewie binary format file will be written. (See srec_stewie(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Tektronix
        A Tektronix hex format file will be written. (See srec_tektronix(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Tektronix_Extended
        A Tektronix extended hex format file will be written. (See srec_tektronix_extended(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Texas_Instruments_Tagged
        A TI-Tagged format file will be written. (See srec_ti_tagged(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Texas_Instruments_Tagged_16
        A Texas Instruments SDSMAC 320 format file will be written. (See srec_ti_tagged_16(5) for a description of this file format.)

    -Texas_Instruments_TeXT
        This option says to use the Texas Instruments TXT (MSP430) format to write the file. See srec_ti_txt(5) for a description of this file format.

    -VHdl [ bytes-per-word [ name ]]
        A VHDL format file will be written. The bytes-per-word defaults to one, the name defaults to eprom. The etc/x_defs_pack.vhd file in the source distribution contains an example ROM definitions pack for the type-independent output. You may need to use the -byte-swap filter to get the byte order you want.

    -VMem [ memory-width ]
        A Verilog VMEM format file will be written. The memory-width may be 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits; defaults to 32 if unspecified. (See srec_vmem(5) for a description of this file format.) You may need to use the -byte-swap filter to get the byte order you want.

    -WILson
        A wilson format file will be written. (See srec_wilson(5) for a description of this file format.)

-Address_Length number
    This option many be used to specify the minimum number of bytes to be used in the output to represent an address (padding with leading zeros if necessary). This helps when talking to imbecilic EPROM programmer devices which do not fully implement the format specification.

-Data_Only
    This option implies the -disable=header, -disable=data-count, -disable=exec-start-address and -disable=footer options.

-ENable feature-name
    This option is used to enable the output of a named feature.

    Header
        This feature controls the presence of header records, records which appear before the data itself. Headers often, but not always, include descriptive text.

    Data_Count
        This feature controls the presence of data record count records, which appear aftre the data, and state how many data records preceeded them. Usually a data integrity mechanism.

    Execution_Start_Address
        This feature controls the presence of execution start address records, which is where the monitor will jump to and start executing code once the hex file has finished loading.

    Footer
        This feature controls the presence of a file termination record, one that does not double as an execution start address record.

    Optional_Address
        In formats that have the address and the data separated or partially separated (as opposed to having a complete address in every record) it is possible to disable emitting the first address where that address would be zero, as these format often default the address to zero if no address is seen beofre the first data record. This is disabled by default, the zero address is always emitted.

    Not all formats have all of the above features. Not all formats are able to optionally omit any or all the above features. Feature names may be abbreviated like command line option names.

-DISable feature-name
    This option is used to disable the output of a named feature. See the -enable option for a description of the available features.

-IGnore_Checksums

-CRLF
    This option is short-hand for the -line-termination=crlf option. For use with harebrained EPROM programmer devices which assume all the world uses Evil Bill's operating system's line termination.

-Line_Termination style-name
    This option may be used to specify line termination style for text output. The default is to use the host operating system's default line termination style (but Cygwin behaves as if it's Unix). Use this option with caution, because it will also introduce extra (i.e. wrong) CR bytes into binary formats.

    Carriage_Return_Line_Feed
        Use the CRLF line termination style, typical of DOS and M$ Windows.

    NewLine
        Use the NL line termination style, typical of Unix and Linux.

    Carriage_Return
        Use the CR line termination style, typical of Apple Macintosh.

    All other line termination style names will produce a fatal error. Style names may be abbreviated like command line option names.

-Line_Length number
    This option may be used to limit the length of the output lines to at most number characters. (Not meaningful for binary file format.) Defaults to something less than 80 characters, depending on the format. If you need to control the maximum number of bytes in each output record, use the --Ouput_Block_Size option.

-HEAder string
    This option may be used to set the header comment, in those formats which support it. This option implies the -enable=header option.

-Execution_Start_Address number
    This option may be used to set the execution start address, in those formats which support it. The execution start address is where the monitor will jump to and start executing code once the hex file has finished loading, think of it as a “goto” address. Usually ignored by EPROM programmer devices. This option implies the -enable=exec-start-addr option.

    Please note: the execution start address is a different concept than the first address in memory of your data. If you want to change where your data starts in memory, use the -offset filter.

-Output_Block_Size number
    This option may be used to specify the exact number of data bytes to appear in each output record. There are format-specific limitations on this value, you will get an error if the value isn't valid. If you need to control the maximum number of characters on a line of text output, use the --Line_Length option.

-Output_Block_Packing
    From time to time, with large files, you may notice that your data records are spit unexpectedly on output. This usually happens where record lengths are not a power of 2. If this bothers you (or your comparison tools) this option may be used to repack the output so that SRecord's internal block boundaries are not visable in the output.

-Output_Block_Alignment
    This option is similar to the -Output_Block_Packing option, except that short records are used after holes to cause subsequent records to be placed on a block size boundary.

All other options will produce a diagnostic error.