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 xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.1"
 xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
 xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
 xmlns:cpel="http://cpe.mitre.org/language/2.0"
 xmlns:cpe="http://cpe.mitre.org/dictionary/2.0"
 xmlns:dsig="http://w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
 xmlns:cdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.1"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.1 http://nvd.nist.gov/schema/xccdf-1.1.4.xsd http://cpe.mitre.org/dictionary/2.0 http://cpe.mitre.org/files/cpe-dictionary_2.1.xsd" 
 resolved="1"
 id="scap-fedora14-xccdf.xml"
 xml:lang="en">
  <status date="2011-10-12">draft</status>
  <title>Example of SCAP Security Guidance</title>
  <description>This example security guidance has been created to demonstrate SCAP functionality
on Linux.</description>
  <version>0.1</version>
  <model system="urn:xccdf:scoring:default" />
  <model system="urn:xccdf:scoring:flat" />
  <!-- ==================================================================================================== -->
  <!-- ============================================ PROFILES  ============================================= -->
  <!-- ==================================================================================================== -->
  <!--                                                                                                      -->
  <!-- These profiles outline the specific guidance outlined by this document.                              -->
  <!-- Each defines the set of XCCDF rules that are applicable for that guidance as well as specific values -->
  <!-- to be used when determining complinace.                                                              -->
  <!--                                                                                                      -->
  <Profile id="F14-Default" abstract="false">
    <title xml:lang="en">Default install settings</title>
    <description xml:lang="en">This profile is an example policy that simply checks if some of Fedora 14 default
install settings have been modified. It is not comprehensive nor checks security hardening. It is just for testing
purposes.</description>
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /tmp -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.1.b" selected="false"/>		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Minimum size of /tmp -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.2.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Minimum size of /var -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.3.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var/log -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.4.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var/log/audit -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.1.1.5.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /home -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.1.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure that GPG Key for Fedora is installed -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable the yum-updatesd daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.2.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Automatic Update Retrieval should be scheduled with Cron -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.3.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure gpgcheck is Globally Activated -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.4.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure Package Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.5.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Globally Activated -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.2.3.6.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.3.1.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Install AIDE -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.3.1.4.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- run AIDE (integrity check) periodically -->
    <select idref="rule-2.1.3.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown)-->	<!-- Verify Package Integrity Using RPM -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.1.1.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Add nodev Option to Non-Root Local Partitions --> 
    <select idref="rule-2.2.1.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown)-->	<!-- Add nodev Option to Removable Media Partitions -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.1.2.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown)-->	<!-- Add noexec Option to Removable Media Partitions -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.1.2.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown)-->	<!-- Add nosuid Option to Removable Media Partitions -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.1.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Modprobe Loading of USB Storage Driver -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.1.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Remove USB Storage Driver -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.1.3.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Kernel Support for USB via Bootloader Configuration (will disable all USB devices including keyboards, mice, etc) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.1.4.a" selected="false" /> 	<!-- READY (unknown)-->	<!-- Disable Booting from USB Devices -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable the Automounter if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- BUG? -->     	<!-- Disable GNOME Automounting if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of cramfs -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.b" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of freevxfs -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.c" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of jffs2 -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.d" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of hfs -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.e" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of hfsplus -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.f" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of squashfs -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.2.4.g" selected="false" />		<!-- READY -->		<!-- Disable Mounting of udf -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify user who owns '/etc/shadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify group who owns '/etc/shadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.c" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify user who owns '/etc/group' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.d" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify group who owns '/etc/group' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.e" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify user who owns '/etc/gshadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.f" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify group who owns '/etc/gshadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.g" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify user who owns '/etc/passwd' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.h" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify group who owns '/etc/passwd' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.i" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->  	<!-- Verify permissions on '/etc/shadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.j" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->  	<!-- Verify permissions on '/etc/group' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.k" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify permissions on '/etc/gshadow' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.1.l" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ --> 	<!-- Verify permissions on '/etc/passwd' file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.2.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify that All World-Writable Directories Have Sticky Bits Set -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.3.a" selected="true" />    	<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Find Unauthorized World-Writable Files -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.4.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Find Unauthorized SGID System Executables -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.4.b" selected="true" />   	<!-- READY+ --> 	<!-- Find Unauthorized SUID System Executables -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.5.a" selected="true" />    	<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Find files unowned by a user -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.5.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Find files unowned by a group -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.3.6.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Find world writable directories not owned by a system account--> 

    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->	        <!-- Set Daemon umask -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Core Dumps for all users -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.2.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Disable Core Dumps for SUID programs -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.3.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Enable ExecShield -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.3.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Enable ExecShield randomized placement of virtual memory regions -->
    <select idref="rule-2.2.4.4.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE (unknown) -->	<!-- Enable NX or XD Support in the BIOS -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.1.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restrict Root Logins to System Console -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.1.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restrict virtual console Root Logins -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.1.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restrict deprecated virtual console Root Logins -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.1.d" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Restrict serial port Root Logins -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit su Access to the Root Account -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.2.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit su Access to the wheel group -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Configure sudo to Improve Auditing of Root Access -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Block Shell and Login Access for Non-Root System Accounts -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.5.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify that No Accounts Have Empty Password Fields -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.5.2.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify that all Account Password Hashes are Shadowed -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.6.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify that No Non-Root Accounts Have UID 0 -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.7.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set password minimum length -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.7.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set minimum password age -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.7.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set maximum password age -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.7.d" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set password warn age -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.8.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/shadow -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.8.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/group -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.1.8.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/passwd -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.1.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set Password Quality Requirements using pam_cracklib -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.1.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set Password Quality Requirements using pam_passwdqc -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set Lockouts for Failed Password Attempts -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.2.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown) -->	<!-- Do not leak information on authorization failure -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restrict Execution of userhelper to Console Users -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.4.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restrict File permissions of userhelper -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.5.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set Password hashing algorithm -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.3.6.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit password reuse -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure that No Dangerous Directories Exist in Root's Path -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.1.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Write permissions are disabled for group and other in all directories in Root's Path -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.2.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure that User Home Directories are not Group-Writable or World-Readable -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.4.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure that Users Have Sensible Umask Values in /etc/bashrc -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.4.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Ensure that Users Have Sensible Umask Values in /etc/cshrc -->

    <select idref="rule-2.3.4.5.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown) -->	<!-- Check for existance of .netrc file -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.2.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set Boot Loader user owner -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.2.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set Boot Loader group owner -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.2.c" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set permission on /etc/grub.conf -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.2.d" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set Boot Loader Password -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- ToDo -->		<!-- Require Authentication for Single-User Mode -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Interactive Boot -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.5.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Implement Inactivity Time-out for csh Shell -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.5.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown) -->	<!-- Implement Inactivity Time-out for bash Shell -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.6.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Implement Inactivity Time-out for Login Shells -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.6.1.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Implement idle activation of screen saver -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.6.1.c" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Implement idle activation of screen lock -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.6.1.d" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Implement blank screen saver -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.5.6.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Configure console screen locking -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.7.1.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Modify the System Login Banner -->
    <select idref="rule-2.3.7.2.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- BUG  -->		<!-- Implement a GUI Warning Banner -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.2.a"     selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Enable SELinux in /etc/grub.conf -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.2.b"     selected="false" />	<!-- DONE --> 		<!-- Enable SELinux enforcement in /etc/grub.conf -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.2.c"     selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set the SELinux state -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.2.d"     selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Set the SELinux policy -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.2.1.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- DONE (unknown) --> <!-- Ensure SELinux is Properly Enabled -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.3.2.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.3.3.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Restorecon Service (restorecond) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.4.5.a"     selected="false" />	<!-- DONE (unknown) --> <!-- Check for Unconfined Daemons -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.1.a"   selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects for Hosts Only -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.1.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects for Hosts Only -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.1.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable net.ipv4.ip forward for Hosts Only -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.b" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.c" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.d" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.e" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.f" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.g" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.h" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.i" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.j" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.k" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.1.2.l" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Set net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter for Hosts and Routers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.2.2.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Wireless in BIOS -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.2.2.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Deactivate Wireless Interfaces -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.2.2.3.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Wireless Drivers -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.1.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable Automatic Loading of IPv6 Kernel Module -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.1.2.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable NETWORKING_IPV6 in /etc/sysconfig/network -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.1.2.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable IPV6INIT in /etc/sysconfig/network -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.1.2.c" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable IPV6INIT in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-* -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable IPV6_AUTOCONF in /etc/sysconfig/network -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.1.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->    	<!-- Disable accepting IPv6 router advertisements (net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.1.c" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable accepting redirects from IPv6 routers (net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.1.d" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Disable accepting redirects from IPv6 routers (net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.3.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Use Privacy Extensions for Address if Necessary -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.c" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.d" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.e" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.f" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.3.2.5.g" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.5.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify ip6tables is enabled -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.5.1.b" selected="true" />		<!-- READY+ -->		<!-- Verify iptables is enabled -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.5.3.1.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the INPUT built-in chain -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.5.3.1.b" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the FORWARD built-in chain -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.7.1.a" selected="false" />		<!-- ERASE -->		<!-- Disable Support for DCCP -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.7.2.a" selected="false" />		<!-- ERASE -->		<!-- Disable Support for SCTP -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.7.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- ERASE -->		<!-- Disable Support for RDS -->
    <select idref="rule-2.5.7.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- ERASE -->		<!-- Disable Support for TIPC -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- DONE+ -->		<!-- Configure Syslog -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.2.a" selected="true" />		<!-- DONE+ -->		<!-- Confirm user that owns System Log Files -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.2.b" selected="true" />		<!-- DONE+ -->		<!-- Confirm group that owns System Log Files -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.2.c" selected="true" />		<!-- DONE+ -->		<!-- Confirm Permissions of System Log Files -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- OK -->		<!-- Send Logs to a Remote Loghost -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.4.a" selected="false" />		<!-- F14 test needed--> <!-- Disable syslogd from Accepting Remote Messages on Loghosts Only -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.5.a" selected="false" />		<!-- missing -->	<!-- Ensure All Logs are Rotated by logrotate -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.1.6.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE (unknown) --> <!-- Monitor Suspicious Log Messages using Logwatch -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.1.a" selected="true" />		<!-- DONE+ -->		<!-- Enable the auditd Service -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.3.a" selected="false" />		<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Enable Auditing for Processes Which Start Prior to the Audit Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.1.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Records Events that Modify Date and Time Information -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.2.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Record Events that Modify User/Group Information -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.3.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Record Events that Modify the System’s Network Environment -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.4.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Record Events that Modify the System’s Mandatory Access Controls -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.5.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Logon and Logout Events -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.6.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Process and Session Initiation Information -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.7.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Discretionary Access Control Permission Modiﬁcation Events -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.8.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Unauthorized Access Attempts to Files (unsuccessful -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.9.a"  selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.10.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Information on Exporting to Media (successful) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.11.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Files Deletion Events by User (successful and unsuccessful) -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.12.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects System Administrator Actions -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.13.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Ensure auditd Collects Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading -->
    <select idref="rule-2.6.2.4.14.a" selected="false" />	<!-- DONE -->		<!-- Make the auditd Conﬁguration Immutable -->



    <select idref="rule-3.2.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable Inetd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable Xinetd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.1.c" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall Inetd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.1.d" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall Xinetd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Telnet server package is uninstalled -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.2.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable telnet service -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.2.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove the telnet client command from the System -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.2.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove the kerberos telnet client from the System -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove the Rsh Server Commands from the System -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- ERASE -->  <!-- disable rcp -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.1.c" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- disable rsh -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.1.d" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- disable rlogin -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove .rhosts Support from PAM Configuration Files -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.3.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove the Rsh Client Commands from the System -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.4.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall NIS -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.4.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable NIS -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.5.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall TFTP Server -->
    <select idref="rule-3.2.5.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- disable TFTP Server -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Installation Helper Service (firstboot) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Console Mouse Service (gpm) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Interrupt Distribution on Multiprocessor Systems (irqbalance) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.4.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- ISDN Support (isdn) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.5.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Kdump Kernel Crash Analyzer (kdump) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.6.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Kudzu Hardware Probing Utility (kudzu) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.7.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Software RAID Monitor (mdmonitor) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.8.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- A32 Microcode Utility(microcodectl) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.9.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable All Networking if Not Needed) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.9.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable All External Network Interfaces if Not Needed -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.9.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable Zeroconf Networking -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.10.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Smart Card Support (pcscd) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.11.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- SMART Disk Monitoring Support (smartd) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.12.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Boot Caching (readahead early/readahead later) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.12.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Boot Caching (readahead early/readahead later) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.13.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- D-Bus IPC Service (messagebus) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.13.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- HAL Daemon (haldaemon) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.14.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Bluetooth Host Controller Interface Daemon (bluetooth) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.14.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Bluetooth Input Devices (hidd) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.14.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- TODO -->  <!-- Disable Bluetooth Kernel Modules -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.15.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Advanced Power Management Subsystem (apmd) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.15.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (acpid) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.3.15.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- CPU Throttling (cpuspeed) -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Enable Cron Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable anacron if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall anacron if Possible     -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.1.a" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/crontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.1.b" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/crontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.1.c" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set Permissions on /etc/crontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.2.a" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/anacrontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.2.b" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/anacrontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.2.c" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set Permissions on /etc/anacrontab -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.a" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/cron.hourly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.b" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/cron.daily -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.c" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/cron.weekly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.d" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set group owner on /etc/cron.monthly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.e" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->   <!-- Set group owner on /etc/cron.d -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.f" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/cron.hourly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.g" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/cron.daily -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.h" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/cron.weekly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.i" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/cron.monthly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.j" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set user owner on /etc/cron.d -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.k" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set permissions on /etc/cron.hourly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.l" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set permissions on /etc/cron.daily -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.m" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set permissions on /etc/cron.weekly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.n" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set permissions on /etc/cron.monthly -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.3.o" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set permissions on /etc/cron.d -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.4.a" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict group owner on /var/spool/cron file -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.4.b" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict user owner on /var/spool/cron file -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.2.4.c" selected="true" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict Permissions  on /var/spool/cron file -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable at Daemon if possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.3.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- uninstall at Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.4.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove /etc/cron.deny -->
    <select idref="rule-3.4.4.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove /etc/at.deny -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.1.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable OpenSSH Software -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.1.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove OpenSSH Software -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.1.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove SSH Server iptables Firewall Exception -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.1.2.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Remove SSH Server ip6tables Firewall Exception -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Ensure Only Protocol 2 Connections Allowed -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set Idle Timeout Interval for User Logins -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.3.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Set ClientAliveCountMax for User Logins -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.4.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable .rhosts Files -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.5.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable Host-Based Authentication -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.6.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable root Login via SSH -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.7.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable Empty Passwords -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.8.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Enable a Warning Banner -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.9.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Do not allow users to set Environment options -->
    <select idref="rule-3.5.2.10.a" selected="false" />  <!-- TODO -->  <!-- Use Only Approved Ciphers -->
    <select idref="rule-3.6.1.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable X Windows at System Boot -->
    <select idref="rule-3.6.1.2.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Remove X Windows from the System if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.6.1.3.2.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Disable X Window System Listening -->
    <select idref="rule-3.6.2.1.a" selected="false" />          <!-- Create Warning Banners for GUI Login Users -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.1.1.a" selected="false" />          <!-- Disable Avahi Server Software -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Do not serve ipv6 Protocol -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.1.b" selected="false" />         <!-- Do not serve ipv4 Protocol -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.2.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Check Responses' TTL Field -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.3.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Prevent Other Programs from Using Avahi's Port -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.4.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable Publishing if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.5.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Restrict disable-user-service-publishing -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.5.b" selected="false" />         <!-- Restrict publish-addresses -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.5.c" selected="false" />         <!-- Restrict publish-hinfo -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.5.d" selected="false" />         <!-- Restrict publish-workstation -->
    <select idref="rule-3.7.2.5.e" selected="false" />         <!-- Restrict publish-domain -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable the CUPS Service if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.2.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable Firewall Access to Printing Service over IPv4 if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.2.b" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable Firewall Access to Printing Service over IPv6 if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.3.1.1.a" selected="false" />       <!-- Disable Printer Browsing Entirely if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.3.1.1.b" selected="false" />       <!-- Deny CUPS ability to listen for Incoming printer information -->
    <select idref="rule-3.8.4.1.a" selected="false" />          <!-- Disable HPLIP Service if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable DHCP Client if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.3.a" selected="false" />            <!-- Disable DHCP Server if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.3.b" selected="false" />            <!-- Uninstall DHCP Server if possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Do Not Use Dynamic DNS -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.2.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Deny Decline Messages -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.3.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Deny BOOTP Queries -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.a" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send domain-name -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.b" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send domain-name-servers -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.c" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send nis-domain -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.d" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send nis-servers -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.e" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send ntp-servers -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.f" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send routers -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.4.g" selected="false" />         <!-- DHCP should not send time-offset -->
    <select idref="rule-3.9.4.5.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Configure DHCP Logging -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.2.2.1.a" selected="false" />       <!-- Enable the NTP Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.2.2.2.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Deny All Access to ntpd by Default -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.2.2.3.a" selected="false" />       <!-- Specify a Remote NTP Server for Time Data -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.3.1.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Obtain NTP Software -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.3.2.1.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Enable the NTP Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-3.10.3.2.2.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Configure the Client NTP Daemon to Use the Local Server -->
    <select idref="rule-3.11.2.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable the Listening Sendmail Daemon -->
    <select idref="rule-3.12.2.2.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Configure LDAP to Use TLS for All Transactions -->
    <select idref="rule-3.12.3.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable OpenLDAP service -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.1.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable nfslock -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.1.1.b" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable rpcgssd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.1.1.c" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable rpcidmapd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.1.2.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable netfs if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure lockd to Use Fixed Ports for TCP -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure statd to Use a outgoing static port-->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.c" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure statd to Use a static port -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.d" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure lockd to Use a static port for UDP -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.e" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure mountd to Use a static port -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.2.3.f" selected="false" />        <!-- Configure rquotad to Use Fixed Ports -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.3.1.a" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable nfs service -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.3.1.b" selected="false" />         <!-- Disable rpcsvcgssd service -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.3.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- INCOMPLETE OVAL -->       <!-- Mount Remote Filesystems with nodev -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.3.2.b" selected="false" />         <!-- Mount Remote Filesystems with nosuid -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.3.2.c" selected="false" />         <!-- Mount Remote Filesystems with noexec -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.4.1.2.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Use Root-Squashing on All Exports -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.4.1.3.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Restrict NFS Clients to Privileged Ports -->
    <select idref="rule-3.13.4.1.4.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Export Filesystems Read-Only if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable DNS Server if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.1.b" selected="false" />           <!-- Uninstall bind if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.3.2.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Run DNS Software in a chroot Jail owned by root group -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.3.2.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Run DNS Software in a chroot Jail owned by root user -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.3.2.c" selected="false" />        <!-- Set permissions on chroot Jail for DNS -->
    <select idref="rule-3.14.4.5.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Disable DNS Dynamic Updates if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable vsftpd if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.1.b" selected="false" />           <!-- Uninstall vsftpd if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.3.1.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Enable Logging of All FTP Transactions -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.3.2.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Create Warning Banners for All FTP Users -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.3.3.1.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Restrict Access to Anonymous Users if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.15.3.4.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Disable FTP Uploads if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable Apache if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.1.b" selected="false" />           <!-- Uninstall Apache if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.3.1.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict Information Leakageusing ServerTokens -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.3.1.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict Information Leakage using ServerSignature -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.5.1.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict permissions on /etc/httpd/conf -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.5.1.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict permissions on /etc/httpd/conf/* -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.5.1.c" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict permissions on /usr/sbin/httpd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.5.1.d" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict group access to /etc/httpd/conf/* -->
    <select idref="rule-3.16.5.1.e" selected="false" />        <!-- Restrict permissions on /var/log/httpd -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable Dovecot if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.1.b" selected="false" />           <!-- Uninstall Dovecot if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.1.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Dovecot should not support imaps -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.1.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Dovecot should not support pop3s -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.1.c" selected="false" />        <!-- Dovecot should not support pop3 -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.1.d" selected="false" />        <!-- Dovecot should not support imap -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.2.4.a" selected="false" />      <!-- Disable Plaintext Authentication -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.3.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Enable Dovecot Option mail_drop_priv_before_exec -->
    <select idref="rule-3.17.2.3.b" selected="false" />        <!-- Enable Dovecot Option mail_drop_priv_before_exec -->
    <select idref="rule-3.18.1.a" selected="false" />           <!-- Disable smb if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.18.2.3.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Disable Guest Access and Local Login Support -->
    <select idref="rule-3.18.2.10.a" selected="false" />        <!-- Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using smbclient -->
    <select idref="rule-3.18.2.11.a" selected="false" />   <!-- NO OVAL 5.5 test -->     <!-- Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using mount.cifs -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable squid if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall squid if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify ftp_passive setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify ftp_sanitycheck setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.c" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify check_hostnames stting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.d" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify request_header_max_size setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.e" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify reply_header_max_size setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.f" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify cache_effective_user setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.g" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify cache_effective_group setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.2.h" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Verify ignore_unknown_nameservers setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.3.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Check allow_underscore setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.3.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Check httpd_suppress_version setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.3.c" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Check forwarded_for setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.3.d" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Check log_mime_hdrs setting -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict gss-http traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict https traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.c" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict wais traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.d" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict multiling http traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.e" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict http traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.f" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict ftp traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.g" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict gopher traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.h" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict filemaker traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.i" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict proxy access to localhost -->
    <select idref="rule-3.19.2.5.j" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Restrict http-mgmt traffic -->
    <select idref="rule-3.20.1.a" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Disable snmpd if Possible -->
    <select idref="rule-3.20.1.b" selected="false" />  <!-- DONE -->  <!-- Uninstall net-snmp if Possible -->
    
    <refine-value idref="var-2.2.3.1.i" selector="000" />              <!-- Permissions for shadow -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.2.3.1.j" selector="644" />              <!-- Permissions for group -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.2.3.1.k" selector="000" />              <!-- Permissions for gshadow -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.2.3.1.l" selector="644" />              <!-- Permissions for passwd -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.2.4.1.a" selector="022" />              <!-- daemon umask -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.1.7.a" selector="5" />               <!-- password minimum length -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.1.7.b" selector="1_day" />            <!-- minimum password age (days) -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.1.7.c" selector="60_days" />          <!-- maximum password age -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.1.7.d" selector="7_days" />          <!-- password warn age -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.retry" selector="3" />        <!-- Number of retry attempts before erroring out -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.minlen" selector="14" />      <!-- Minimum number of characters in password -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.dcredit" selector="2" />      <!-- Mininum number of digits in password -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ucredit" selector="2" />      <!-- Mininum number of upper case in password -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ocredit" selector="2" />      <!-- Mininum number of other (special characters) in password< -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.lcredit" selector="2" />      <!-- Mininum number of lower case in password -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.difok" selector="3" />        <!-- Mininum number of characters not present in old password -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.2.a.deny" selector="3" />           <!-- Deny access if tally for this user exceeds n. -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.2.a.lock_time" selector="3" />      <!-- Always deny for n seconds after failed attempt -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.2.a.unlock_time" selector="none" /> <!-- Allow access after n seconds after failed attempt -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.4.a" selector="usergroup" />        <!-- Name of group containing human users -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.4.b" selector="4710" />             <!-- userhelper file permissions -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.5.a" selector="SHA-512" />          <!-- Password hashing algorithm -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.3.6.a" selector="5" />                <!-- Passwords to remember -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.4.4" selector="002" />                <!-- Sensible umask -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.5.2.a" selector="root" />             <!-- User that owns /etc/grub.conf -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.5.2.b" selector="root" />             <!-- Group that owns /etc/grub.conf -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.5.2.c" selector="600" />              <!-- permissions on /etc/hrub.conf -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.5.5" selector="15_minutes" />         <!-- Inactivity timout -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.3.7" selector="Empty_text" />           <!-- login banner verbiage -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.4.2.c" selector="enforcing" />          <!-- SELinux state -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.4.2.d" selector="targeted" />           <!-- SELinux policy -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.a" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.b" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirectse -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.c" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.d" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.e" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.f" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.g" selector="disabled" />         <!-- net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.h" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcast -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.i" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.j" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.tcp_syncookie -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.k" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filtere -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.3.2.1.b" selector="disabled" />       <!-- accept default router advertisements -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.3.2.1.c" selector="disabled" />       <!-- accept default router advertisements -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.5.1.2.l" selector="enabled" />          <!-- net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.6.1.2.a" selector="root" />             <!-- user that owns system log files -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.6.1.2.b" selector="root" />             <!-- group that owns system log files -->
    <refine-value idref="var-2.6.1.2.c" selector="600" />              <!-- permissions of system log files -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.group" selector="root" />          <!-- group owner of /etc/crontab -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.user" selector="root" />           <!-- user owner of /etc/crontab -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.permissions" selector="644" />     <!-- permissions on /etc/crontab file -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.group" selector="root" />               <!-- group owner of /etc/anacrontab -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.user" selector="root" />                <!-- user owner of /etc/anacrontab -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.permissions" selector="644" />          <!-- permissions on /etc/anacrontab file -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" selector="root" />      <!-- group owner of cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" selector="root" />       <!-- user owner of cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" selector="755" /> <!-- permissions on cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.5.2.3.a" selector="5_minutes" />       <!-- SSH session Idle time -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.5.2.3.b" selector="0" />               <!-- SSH session ClientAliveCountMax -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.group" selector="root"/>               <!-- Group owner of /var/spool/cron -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.user" selector="root"/>                <!-- User owner of /var/spool/cron -->
    <refine-value idref="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.permissions" selector="700"/>          <!-- Permissions on /var/spool/cron -->
    
  </Profile>
  

  <!-- ==================================================================================================== -->
  <!-- ========================================  SECURITY GUIDANCE  ======================================= -->
  <!-- ==================================================================================================== -->
  <!--                                                                                                      -->
  <!-- The following groups represent the collection of guidance for this document.  For                    -->
  <!-- specific recommendations regarding which rules to enable and which values to use, please refer to    -->
  <!-- the XCCDF profiles above.                                                                            -->
  <!--                                                                                                      -->
  <Group id="group-1" hidden="false">
    <title xml:lang="en">Introduction</title>
    <description xml:lang="en">
      The purpose of this guide is to provide security configuration
      recommendations for Fedora Linux. Recommended settings for the basic 
      operating system are provided, as well as for many commonly-used services 
      that the system can host in a network environment.<xhtml:br/>
      <xhtml:br/>
      The guide is intended for system administrators. Readers are
      assumed to possess basic system administration skills for Unix-like systems, as well as some
      familiarity with Red Hat's documentation and administration conventions. Some instructions
      within this guide are complex. All directions should be followed completely and with
      understanding of their effects in order to avoid serious adverse effects on the system and its
      security.
    </description>
    <Group id="group-1.1" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">General Principles</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The following general principles motivate much of the advice in
        this guide and should also influence any configuration decisions that are not explicitly
        covered.</description>
      <Group id="group-1.1.1" hidden="false" weight="1.0">
        <title xml:lang="en">Encrypt Transmitted Data Whenever Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Data transmitted over a network, whether wired or wireless, is
          susceptible to passive monitoring. Whenever practical solutions for encrypting such data
          exist, they should be applied. Even if data is expected to be transmitted only over a
          local network, it should still be encrypted. Encrypting authentication data, such as
          passwords, is particularly important. Networks of machines can and should be
          configured so that no unencrypted authentication data is ever transmitted between
          machines.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.1.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Minimize Software to Minimize Vulnerability</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The simplest way to avoid vulnerabilities in software is to avoid
          installing that software. The RPM Package Manager allows for careful management of the 
          set of software packages installed on a system. Installed software contributes to system 
          vulnerability in several ways. Packages that include setuid programs may provide local 
          attackers a potential path to privilege escalation. Packages that include network services 
          may give this opportunity to network-based attackers. Packages that include programs 
          which are predictably executed by local users (e.g. after graphical login) may provide 
          opportunities for trojan horses or other attack code to be run undetected. The number of 
          software packages installed on a system can almost always be significantly pruned to include only 
          the software for which there is an environmental or operational need.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.1.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Run Different Network Services on Separate Systems</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Whenever possible, a server should be dedicated to serving
          exactly one network service. This limits the number of other services that can be
          compromised in the event that an attacker is able to successfully exploit a software flaw
          in one network service.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.1.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Security Tools to Improve System Robustness</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Several tools exist which can be effectively used to improve a
          system's resistance to and detection of unknown attacks. These tools can improve
          robustness against attack at the cost of relatively little configuration effort. In
          particular, this guide recommends and discusses the use of Iptables for host-based
          firewalling, SELinux for protection against vulnerable services, and a logging and
          auditing infrastructure for detection of problems.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.1.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Least Privilege</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Grant the least privilege necessary for user accounts and 
          software to perform tasks. For example, do not allow users except those that need 
          administrator access to use sudo. Another example is to limit logins on server
          systems to only those administrators who need to log into them in order to perform 
          administration tasks. Using SELinux also follows the principle of least privilege: 
          SELinux policy can conﬁne software to perform only actions on the system that are 
          speciﬁcally allowed. This can be far more restrictive than the actions permissible 
          by the traditional Unix permissions model.</description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-1.2" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">How to Use This Guide</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">Readers should heed the following points when using the guide.</description>
      <Group id="group-1.2.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Read Sections Completely and in Order</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Each section may build on information and recommendations
          discussed in prior sections. Each section should be read and understood completely;
          instructions should never be blindly applied. Relevant discussion will occur after
          instructions for an action. The system-level configuration guidance in Chapter 2 must be
          applied to all machines. The guidance for individual services in Chapter 3 must be
          considered for all machines as well: apply the guidance if the machine is either a server
          or a client for that service, and ensure that the service is disabled according to the
          instructions provided if the machine is neither a server nor a client.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.2.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Test in Non-Production Environment</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This guidance should always be tested in a non-production
          environment before deployment. This test environment should simulate the setup in which
          the system will be deployed as closely as possible.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.2.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Root Shell Environment Assumed</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Most of the actions listed in this document are written with the
          assumption that they will be executed by the root user running the /bin/bash shell. Any
          commands preceded with a hash mark (#) assume that the administrator will execute the
          commands as root, i.e. apply the command via sudo whenever possible, or use su to gain
          root privileges if sudo cannot be used.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.2.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Formatting Conventions</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Commands intended for shell execution, as well as configuration
          file text, are featured in a monospace font. Italics are used to indicate instances where
          the system administrator must substitute the appropriate information into a command or
          configuration file.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-1.2.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Reboot Required</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          A system reboot is implicitly required after some actions in
          order to complete the reconfiguration of the system. In many cases, the changes will not
          take effect until a reboot is performed. In order to ensure that changes are applied
          properly and to test functionality, always reboot the system after applying a set of
          recommendations from this guide.</description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
  </Group>
  <Group id="group-2" hidden="false">
    <title xml:lang="en">System-wide Configuration</title>
    <Group id="group-2.1" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Installing and Maintaining Software</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The following sections contain information on security-relevant
        choices during the initial operating system installation process and the setup of software
        updates.</description>
      <Group id="group-2.1.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Initial Installation Recommendations</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The recommendations here apply to a clean installation of the
          system, where any previous installations are wiped out. The sections presented here are in
          the same order that the installer presents, but only installation choices with security
          implications are covered. Many of the configuration choices presented here can also be
          applied after the system is installed. The choices can also be automatically applied via 
          Kickstart ﬁles.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disk Partitioning</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Some system directories should be placed on their own partitions 
            (or logical volumes). This allows for better separation and protection of data.
            <xhtml:br/>
            The installer’s default partitioning scheme creates separate partitions (or logical volumes) 
            for /, /boot, and swap.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>If starting with any of the default layouts, check the box to “Review and modify 
            partitioning.” This allows for the easy creation of additional logical volumes inside 
            the volume group already created, though it may require making /’s logical volume smaller 
            to create space. In general, using logical volumes is preferable to using partitions 
            because they can be more easily adjusted later.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If creating a custom layout, create the partitions mentioned in the previous paragraph 
                (which the installer will require anyway), as well as separate ones described in the 
                following sections.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If a system has already been installed, and the default partitioning scheme was 
            used, it is possible but nontrivial to modify it to create separate logical volumes for the 
            directories listed above. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) makes this possible. See the LVM 
            HOWTO at http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/ for more detailed information on LVM.
          </description>
          <Group id="group-2.1.1.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /tmp</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for 
              temporary ﬁle storage. Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Because software may need to use /tmp to temporarily store large ﬁles, ensure 
              that it is of adequate size.  For a modern, general-purpose system, 10GB should be adequate. Smaller or larger sizes could be used, depending on
              the availability of space on the drive and the system’s operating requirements
            </description>
            <Value id="var-2.1.1.1.1.b" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>Minimum size for /tmp</title>
              <question xml:lang="en">Choose minimum size of /tmp</question>
              <value>2G</value>
              <value selector="125M">125M</value>
              <value selector="500M">500M</value>
              <value selector="2G">2G</value>
              <value selector="10G">10G</value>
              <value selector="40G">40G</value>
              <match>^[\d]+[KMGkmg]?$</match>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /tmp has its own partition or logical volume</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary ﬁle storage.  Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20000" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="2.0">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /tmp is of adequate size</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Because software may need to use /tmp to temporarily store large ﬁles, ensure that it is of adequate size.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20001"/>
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.1.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The /var directory is used by daemons and other system 
              services to store frequently-changing data. It is not uncommon for the /var directory 
              to contain world-writable directories, installed by other software packages.
              Ensure that /var has its own partition or logical volume.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Because the yum package manager and other software uses /var to temporarily store 
              large ﬁles, ensure that it is of adequate size. For a modern, general-purpose system, 
              10GB should be adequate.
            </description>
            <Value id="var-2.1.1.1.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>Minimum size of /var</title>
              <description>Choose minimum size of /var</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Choose minimum size of /var</question>
              <value>5G</value>
              <value selector="500k">500K</value>
              <value selector="1G">1G</value>
              <value selector="5G">5G</value>
              <value selector="10G">10G</value>
              <value selector="15G">15G</value>
              <value selector="20G">20G</value>
              <match>^[\d]+[KMGkmg]?$</match>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /var has its own partition or logical volume</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to store frequently-changing data. It is not uncommon for the /var directory to contain world-writable directories, installed by other software packages. Ensure that /var has its own partition or logical volume.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20002" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /var is of adequate size</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Because the yum package manager and other software uses /var to temporarily store large ﬁles, ensure that it is of adequate size. For a modern, general-purpose system, 10GB should be adequate.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.1.1.1.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20003" /><!-- TBD -->
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20003" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.1.1.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var/log</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              System logs are stored in the /var/log directory.  
              Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.
              <xhtml:br/>
              See 2.6 for more information about logging and auditing.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /var/log has its own partition or logical volume</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                System logs are stored in the /var/log directory.  
                Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20004" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.1.1.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /var/log/audit</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Audit logs are stored in the /var/log/audit directory. 
              Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.  Make absolutely certain 
              that it is large enough to store all audit logs that will be created by the auditing
              daemon.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              See 2.6.2.2 for discussion on deciding on an appropriate size for the volume.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /var/log/audit has its own partition or logical volume</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                Audit logs are stored in the /var/log/audit directory.  
                Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume.  
                Make absolutely certain that it is large enough to store 
                all audit logs that will be created by the auditing daemon.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20005" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.1.1.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Separate Partition or Logical Volume for /home if Using Local Home Directories</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If user home directories will be stored locally, create a separate 
              partition for /home. If /home will be mounted from another system such as an NFS server, then 
              creating a separate partition is not necessary at this time, and the mountpoint can 
              instead be conﬁgured later.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.1.1.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that /home has its own partition or logical volume</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                If user home directories will be stored locally, create a separate partition for /home. 
                If /home will be mounted from another system such as an NFS server, then creating a 
                separate partition is not necessary at this time, and the mountpoint can instead be 
                conﬁgured later.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20006" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Boot Loader Configuration</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Check the box to "Use a boot loader password" and create a
            password. Once this password is set, anyone who wishes to change the boot loader
            configuration will need to enter it. More information is available in Section
            2.3.5.2.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Assigning a boot loader password prevents a local user
            with physical access from altering the boot loader configuration at system startup.
          </description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Network Devices</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default network device configuration uses DHCP, which is
            not recommended.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Unless use of DHCP is absolutely necessary, click
            the "Edit" button and:
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>
              Uncheck "Use Dynamic IP configuration
              (DHCP)".Uncheck "Enable IPv4 Support" if the system does not require IPv4. (This is
              uncommon.)
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              Uncheck "Enable IPv6 Support" if the system does not require
              IPv6.
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              Enter appropriate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and prefixes as
              required.
              </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            With the DHCP setting disabled, the hostname, gateway, and DNS
            servers should then be assigned on the main screen.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Sections 3.9.1
            and 3.9.2 contain more information on network configuration and the use of DHCP.
          </description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Root Password</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The security of the entire system depends on the strength of
            the root password. The password should be at least 12 characters long, and should
            include a mix of capitalized and lowercase letters, special characters, and numbers. It
            should also not be based on any dictionary word.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Software Packages</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Uncheck all package groups, including the package groups
            "Software Development" and "Web Server", unless there is a specific requirement to
            install software using the system installer. If the machine will be used as a web
            server, it is preferable to manually install the necessary RPMs instead of installing
            the full "Web Server" package group. See Section 3.16 for installation and configuration
            details.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Use the "Customize now" radio box to prune package groups
            as much as possible. This brings up a two-column view of categories and package groups.
            If appropriate, uncheck "X Window System" in the "Base System" category to avoid
            installing X entirely. Any other package groups not necessary for system operation
            should also be unchecked.
          </description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.1.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">First-boot Configuration</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The system presents more configuration options during the first
            boot after installation. For the screens listed, implement the security-related
              recommendations:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>
              Firewall - Leave set to
              'Enabled.' Only check the 'Trusted Services' that this system needs to serve. Uncheck
              the default selection of SSH if the system does not need to serve
              SSH.
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              SELinux - Leave SELinux set to 'Enforcing' mode.
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              Kdump -
              Leave Kdump off unless the feature is required, such as for kernel development and
              testing.
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              Set Up Software Updates - If the system is connected to the
              Internet now, click 'Yes, I'd like to register now.' This will require a connection to
              either the Red Hat Network servers or their proxies or satellites. This can also be
              configured later as described in Section 2.1.2.1.
              </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>
              Create User - If the
              system will require a local user account, it can be created here. Even if the system
              will be using a network-wide authentication system as described in Section 2.3.6, do
              not click on the 'Use Network Login...' button. Manually applying configuration later
              is preferable.
              </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
          </description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.1.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Security Updates</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          As security vulnerabilities are discovered, the affected software must be updated in order 
          to limit any potential security risks. If the software is part of a package within a Fedora 
          distribution that is currently supported, Fedora is committed to releasing updated packages 
          that fix the vulnerability as soon as is possible. Often, announcements about a given 
          security exploit are accompanied with a patch (or source code that fixes the problem). 
          This patch is then applied to the Fedora package and tested and released as an errata update. 
          However, if an announcement does not include a patch, a developer first works with the maintainer 
          of the software to fix the problem. Once the problem is fixed, the package is tested 
          and released as an errata update.
        </description>
        <Group id="group-2.1.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Updating Software</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The yum command line tool is used to install and update software
            packages. The system also provides package management service called PackageKit
            that allows the session users to manage packages in a secure way. There are several
            graphical utilities designed for installing, updating and removing packages on your 
            system that use PackageKit API. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is recommended to use these mechanisms to keep systems up to date with the latest
            security patches.
          </description>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Fedora GPG Key is Installed</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To ensure that the system can cryptographically verify update packages run the following command to verify 
              that the system has the Fedora GPG properly installed:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>$ rpm -q --queryformat "%{SUMMARY}\n" gpg-pubkey</xhtml:code><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The command should return the string:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              gpg(Fedora (14) &lt;fedora@fedoraproject.org&gt;)</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10">
              <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Fedora GPG Key is Installed</title>
              <description>The GPG key should be installed.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200065" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Obtain Software Package Updates with yum</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The yum update utility can be run by hand from the command
            line, called through one of the provided front-end tools, or configured to run
            automatically at specified intervals.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Automatic Update Retrieval and Installation with Cron</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The yum-updatesd service is not mature enough for an
              enterprise environment, and the service may introduce unnecessary overhead. When
              possible, replace this service with a cron job that calls yum
              directly.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Create the file yum.cron, make it executable, and place it in
              /etc/cron.daily:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#!/bin/sh<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              /usr/bin/yum -R 120 -e 0 -d 0 -y update yum
              <xhtml:br/>
              /usr/bin/yum -R 10 -e 0 -d 0 -y update<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This particular script instructs yum to update any
              packages it finds. Placing the script in /etc/cron.daily ensures its daily execution.
              To only apply updates once a week, place the script in /etc/cron.weekly instead.
            </description>
            <Value id="var-2.1.2.3.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>Schedule yum update using cron</title>
	      <description>Enter frequency of with which to invoke yum update</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select frequency of yum update</question>
              <value>daily</value>
              <value selector="hourly">hourly</value>
              <value selector="daily">daily</value>
              <value selector="weekly">weekly</value>
              <value selector="monthly">monthly</value>
              <match>hourly|daily|weekly|monthly</match>
              <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>hourly</choice>
                <choice>daily</choice>
                <choice>weekly</choice>
                <choice>monthly</choice>
              </choices>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
              <title>yum-updatesd service should be disabled</title>
              <description>The yum-updatesd service should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4218-4</ident>
              <fix># chkconfig yum-updatesd off</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20008" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Automatic Update Retrieval should be scheduled with Cron</title>
              <description>Place the yum.cron script somewhere in /etc/cron.*/</description>
              <fix>echo -e "/usr/bin/yum -R 120 -e 0 -d 0 -y update yum\n/usr/bin/yum -R 10 -e 0 -d 0 -y update" &gt; /etc/cron.weekly/yum.cron</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.1.2.3.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14.dcb:var:20009" /> <!-- TBD -->
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20009" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Package Signature Checking is Globally Activated</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The gpgcheck option should be used to ensure that checking of an RPM package’s signature always occurs prior
              to its installation.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To force yum to check package signatures before installing them, ensure that the following line appears in
              /etc/yum.conf in the [main] section:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              gpgcheck=1
              <xhtml:br/>
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Ensure gpgcheck is Globally Activated</title>
              <description>
                The gpgcheck option should be used to ensure that checking of an RPM package’s signature always occurs prior to its installation.<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>To force yum to check package signatures before installing them, ensure that the following line appears in /etc/yum.conf in the [main] section: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                gpgcheck=1</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20010" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.3.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Package Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To ensure that signature checking is not disabled for any repos, ensure that the following line DOES NOT
              appear in any repo conﬁguration ﬁles in /etc/yum.repos.d or elsewhere:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              gpgcheck=0
              <xhtml:br/>
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Ensure Package Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos</title>
              <description>
                To ensure that signature checking is not disabled for any repos, ensure that the following line DOES NOT appear in any repo conﬁguration ﬁles in /etc/yum.repos.d or elsewhere:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>gpgcheck=0</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20011" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.3.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Globally Activated</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The repo_gpgcheck option should be used to ensure that checking of a signature on repodata is performed prior
              to using it.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To force yum to check the signature on repodata sent by a repository prior to using it, ensure that the
              following line appears in /etc/yum.conf in the [main] section:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              repo_gpgcheck=1
              <xhtml:br/>
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Globally Activated</title>
              <description>
                The repo_gpgcheck option should be used to ensure that checking of a signature on repodata is performed prior to using it.<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>To force yum to check the signature on repodata sent by a repository prior to using it, ensure that the following line appears in /etc/yum.conf in the [main] section:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>repo_gpgcheck=1</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20012" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.2.3.6" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To ensure that signature checking is not disabled for any repos, ensure that the following line DOES NOT
              appear in any repo conﬁguration ﬁles in /etc/yum.repos.d or elsewhere:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              gpgcheck=0<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: Red Hat’s repositories support signatures on repodata, but some public repositories do not. If a repository
              does not support signature checking on repodata, then this risk must be weighed against the value of using the
              repository.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.2.3.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Ensure Repodata Signature Checking is Not Disabled For Any Repos</title>
              <description>
                To ensure that signature checking is not disabled for any repos, ensure that the following line DOES NOT appear in any repo conﬁguration ﬁles in /etc/yum.repos.d or elsewhere: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>gpgcheck=0</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20013" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.1.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Software Integrity Checking</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) software is
          included with the system to provide software integrity checking. It is designed to be a
          replacement for the well-known Tripwire integrity checker. Integrity checking cannot
          <xhtml:em>prevent</xhtml:em>
          intrusions into your system, but can detect that they have occurred.<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Any integrity checking software should be configured before
          the system is deployed and able to provides services to users. Ideally, the integrity
          checking database would be built before the system is connected to any network, though
          this may prove impractical due to registration and software updates.
        </description>
        <Group id="group-2.1.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure AIDE</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Requirements for software integrity checking should be defined
            by policy, and this is highly dependent on the environment in which the system will be
            used. As such, a general strategy for implementing integrity checking is provided, but
            precise recommendations (such as to check a particular file) cannot be. Documentation
            for AIDE, including the quick-start on which this advice is based, is available in
            /usr/share/doc/aide-0.12.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.1.3.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install AIDE</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">AIDE is not installed by default.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.3.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Install AIDE</title>
              <description>The AIDE package should be installed</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4209-3</ident>
              <fix>yum install aide</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20014" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.3.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Customize Configuration File</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Customize /etc/aide.conf to meet your requirements. The
              default configuration is acceptable for many environments.
              <xhtml:br/>
              The man page aide.conf(5)
              provides detailed information about the configuration file format.
            </description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.3.1.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Build, Store, and Test Database</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Generate a new database:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># /usr/sbin/aide --init<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              By default, the database will be written to
              the file /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz. The database, as well as the configuration file
              /etc/aide.conf and the binary /usr/sbin/aide (or hashes of these files) should be
              copied and stored in a secure location. Storing these copies or hashes on read-only
              media may provide further confidence that they will not be
              altered.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Install the newly-generated database:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cp /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Run a manual check:
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># /usr/sbin/aide --check<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If this check produces any unexpected output, investigate.
            </description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.3.1.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Implement Periodic Execution of Integrity Checking</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              By default, AIDE does not install itself for periodic execution.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Implement checking with whatever frequency is required
              by your security policy. A once-daily check may be suitable for many environments. For
              example, to implement a daily execution of AIDE at 4:05am, add the following line to
              /etc/crontab:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              05 4 * * * root /usr/sbin/aide --check<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              AIDE output may be an indication of an attack against
              your system, or it may be the result of something innocuous such as an administrator's
              configuration change or a software update. The steps in Section 2.1.3.1.3 should be
              repeated when configuration changes or software updates necessitate. This will
              certainly be necessary after applying guidance later in this guide.
            </description>
            <Value id="var-2.1.3.1.4.a" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>Schedule AIDE check using cron</title>
	      <description>Frequency with which to run AIDE check</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select frequency with which to run AIDE check</question>
              <value>daily</value>
              <value selector="hourly">hourly</value>
              <value selector="daily">daily</value>
              <value selector="weekly">weekly</value>
              <value selector="monthly">monthly</value>
              <match>hourly|daily|weekly|monthly</match>
              <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>hourly</choice>
                <choice>daily</choice>
                <choice>weekly</choice>
                <choice>monthly</choice>
              </choices>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.3.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" role="full" severity="medium">
              <title>Run AIDE periodically</title>
              <description>Setup cron to run AIDE periodically using cron.</description>
              <!-- note that anything periodic will pass including monthly -->
              <fix>echo -e "/usr/sbin/aide --check" &gt; /etc/cron.daily/aide.cron</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.1.3.1.4.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20015" /> <!-- TBD -->
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20015" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.1.3.1.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Manually Verify Integrity of AIDE</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Because integrity checking is a means of intrusion detection
              and not intrusion prevention, it cannot be guaranteed that the AIDE binaries,
              configuration files, or database have not been tampered with. An attacker could
              disable or alter these files after a successful intrusion. Because of this, manual and
              frequent checks on these files is recommended. The safely stored copies (or hashes) of
              the database, binary, and configuration file were created earlier for this
              purpose.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Manually verify the integrity of the AIDE binaries,
              configuration file, and database. Possibilities for doing so include:
              <xhtml:ol>
                <xhtml:li>Use sha1sum or md5sum to generate checksums on the
                files and then visually compare them to those generated from the safely stored
                versions. This does not, of course, preclude the possibility that such output could
                also be faked.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Mount the stored versions on read-only media and run
                /bin/diff to verify that there are no differences between the
                files.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Copying the files to another system and performing the hash or file
                comparisons there may impart additional confidence that the manual verification
                process is not being interfered with.</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ol>
            </description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.1.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Verify Package Integrity Using RPM</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The RPM package management system includes the ability to 
              verify the integrity of installed packages by comparing the installed ﬁles with 
              information about the ﬁles taken from the package metadata stored in the RPM
              database. Although an attacker could corrupt the RPM database (analogous to 
              attacking the AIDE database as described above), this check can still reveal 
              modiﬁcation of important ﬁles.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To determine which ﬁles on the system differ from what is expected by the RPM 
              database:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rpm -qVa<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              A “c” in the second column indicates that a ﬁle is a conﬁguration ﬁle (and may be 
              expected to change). In order to exclude conﬁguration ﬁles from this list, run:
              <xhtml:br/><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rpm -qVa | awk '$2!="c" {print $0}'<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The man page rpm(8) describes the format of the output. Any ﬁles that do not 
              match the expected output demand further investigation if the system is being 
              seriously examined. This check could also be run as a cron job.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.1.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Verify Package Integrity Using RPM</title>
              <description>Verify the integrity of installed packages by comparing the installed ﬁles with information about the ﬁles taken from the package metadata stored in the RPM database.</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200155" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-2.2" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">File Permissions and Masks</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        Traditional Unix security relies heavily on file and directory
        permissions to prevent unauthorized users from reading or modifying files to which they
        should not have access. Adhere to the principle of least privilege — configure each file,
        directory, and filesystem to allow only the access needed in order for that file to serve
        its purpose.<xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        However, Linux systems contain a large number of files, so
        it is often prohibitively time-consuming to ensure that every file on a machine has exactly
        the permissions needed. This section introduces several permission restrictions which are
        almost always appropriate for system security, and which are easy to test and
        correct. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Note: Several of the commands in this section search
        filesystems for files or directories with certain characteristics, and are intended to be
        run on every local ext2, ext3 and ext4 partition on a given machine. When the variable
        <xhtml:em>PART</xhtml:em>
        appears in one of the commands below, it means that the command
        is intended to be run repeatedly, with the name of each local partition substituted for
        <xhtml:em>PART</xhtml:em>
        in turn.<xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        The following command prints a
        list of ext2, ext3 and ext4 partitions on a given machine:<xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:code>$ mount -t ext2,ext3,ext4 | awk '{print $3}'<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
        <xhtml:br/>
        If your site uses a local filesystem type other than ext{234}, you will need to modify 
        this command.
      </description>
      <Group id="group-2.2.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Partition Mount Options</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          System partitions can be mounted with certain options which limit
          what files on those partitions can do. These options are set in the file /etc/fstab, and
          can be used to make certain types of malicious behavior more difficult.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.2.1.1" hidden="false" weight="1.0">
          <title xml:lang="en">Add nodev Option to Non-Root Local Partitions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The nodev option prevents users from mounting unauthorized
            devices on any partition which is known not to contain any authorized devices. The root
            partition typically contains the /dev partition, which is the primary location for
            authorized devices, so this option should not be set on /. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However, if system programs are being run in chroot jails, this advice may need to be 
            modified further, since it is often necessary to create device files inside the chroot 
            directory for use by the restricted program.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" role="full" severity="unknown">
            <title>Add nodev Option to Non-Root Local Partitions</title>
            <description>The nodev option should be disabled as appropriate for all non-root partitions.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4249-9</ident>
            <fixtext> 
              Edit the ﬁle /etc/fstab. The important columns for purposes of 
              this section are column 2 (mount point), column 3 (ﬁlesystem type), and column 4 (mount 
              options). For any line which satisﬁes all of the conditions:
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>The ﬁlesystem type is ext2, ext3 or ext4</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>The mount point is not /</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
              add the text “,nodev” to the list of mount options in column 4. <xhtml:br/>
            </fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20016" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Add nodev, nosuid, and noexec Options to Removable Media Partitions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Users should not be allowed to introduce arbitrary devices or
            setuid programs to a system. These options are used to prevent that. In addition, while
            users are usually allowed to add executable programs to a system, the noexec option
            prevents code from being executed directly from the media itself, and may therefore
            provide a line of defense against certain types of worms or malicious code.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Add nodev Option to Removable Media Partitions</title>
            <description>The nodev option should be disabled for all removable media.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3522-0</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit the file /etc/fstab. Filesystems which represent removable media can be
              located by finding lines whose mount points contain strings like floppy or cdrom, or
              whose types are iso9660, vfat, or msdos. For each line representing a removable media
              mountpoint, add the text ',nodev' to the list of mount options in column 4.</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20017" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Add noexec Option to Removable Media Partitions</title>
            <description>The noexec option should be disabled for all removable media.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4275-4</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit the file /etc/fstab. Filesystems which represent removable media can be
              located by finding lines whose mount points contain strings like floppy or cdrom, or
              whose types are iso9660, vfat, or msdos. For each line representing a removable media
              mountpoint, add the text ',noexec' to the list of mount options in column 4.</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20018" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.1.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Add nosuid Option to Removable Media Partitions</title>
            <description>The nosuid option should be disabled for all removable media.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4042-8</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit the file /etc/fstab. Filesystems which represent removable media can be
              located by finding lines whose mount points contain strings like floppy or cdrom, or
              whose types are iso9660, vfat, or msdos. For each line representing a removable media
              mountpoint, add the text ',nosuid' to the list of mount options in column 4.</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20019" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.2.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Dynamic Mounting and Unmounting of Filesystems</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Linux includes a number of facilities for the automated addition
          and removal of filesystems on a running system. These facilities may increase convenience,
          but they all bring some risk, whether direct risk from allowing unprivileged users to
          introduce arbitrary filesystems to a machine, or risk that software flaws in the automated
          mount facility itself will allow an attacker to compromise the
          system. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Use caution when enabling any such facility, and find out
          whether better configuration management or user education might solve the same problem
          with less risk.
        </description>
        <Group id="group-2.2.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable USB Device Support</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">USB flash or hard drives allow an attacker with physical access to a system to quickly copy an enormous amount of data from it.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.2.2.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Modprobe Loading of USB Storage Driver</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If USB storage devices should not be used, the modprobe
              program used for automatic kernel module loading should be configured to not load the
              USB storage driver upon demand. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This will prevent the modprobe program from loading the usb-storage module, but will 
              not prevent an administrator (or another program) from using the insmod program to 
              load the module manually.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Disable Modprobe Loading of USB Storage Driver</title>
              <description>The USB device support module should not be loaded</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4187-1</ident>
              <fix>echo -e "\nblacklist usb_storage" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20021" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.2.2.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Remove USB Storage Driver</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If your system never requires the use of USB storage devices,
              then the supporting driver can be removed. Though more effective (as USB storage
              certainly cannot be used if the driver is not available at all), this is less elegant
              than the method described in Section 2.2.2.1.1. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note that this guidance will not prevent USB storage devices from being mounted if a 
              custom kernel (i.e., not the one supplied with the system) with built-in USB support 
              is used.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Remove USB Storage Driver</title>
              <description>
                The USB device support module should not be installed.  The command in 
                the FIX will need to be repeated every time the kernel is updated. This command 
                will also cause the command rpm -q --verify kernel to fail, which may be an 
                undesirable side effect.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4006-3</ident>
              <fix>rm /lib/modules/2.6.*/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20022" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.2.2.1.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Kernel Support for USB via Bootloader Configuration</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Another means of disabling USB storage is to disable all USB
              support provided by the operating system. This can be accomplished by adding the
              'nousb' argument to the kernel's boot loader configuration. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              NOTE
              - Disabling all kernel support for USB will cause problems for systems with USB-based
              keyboards, mice, or printers. This guidance is inappropriate for systems which require
              USB connectivity.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Disable Kernel Support for USB via Bootloader Configuration</title>
              <description>USB kernel support should be disabled.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4173-1</ident>
              <fixtext>To disable kernel support for USB, append 'nousb' to the kernel line in
                /etc/grub.conf as follows: kernel /vmlinuz-version ro vga=ext
                root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet nousb</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20023" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.2.2.1.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Booting from USB Devices</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              An attacker with physical access could try to boot the system
              from a USB flash drive and then access any data on the system's hard drive,
              circumventing the normal operating system's access controls. To prevent this,
              configure the BIOS to disallow booting from USB drives. Also configure the BIOS or
              firmware password as described in Section 2.3.5.1 to prevent unauthorized
              configuration changes.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Disable Booting from USB Devices in the BIOS</title>
              <description>The ability to boot from USB devices should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3944-6</ident>
              <fixtext>BIOS settings</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20024" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable the Automounter if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If the autofs service is not needed to dynamically mount NFS
            filesystems or removable media, disable the service. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The autofs daemon mounts and unmounts filesystems, such as user home directories shared 
            via NFS, on demand. In addition, autofs can be used to handle removable media, and the 
            default configuration provides the cdrom device as /misc/cd. However, this method of 
            providing access to removable media is not common, so autofs can almost always be 
            disabled if NFS is not in use. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Even if NFS is required, it is almost always
            possible to configure filesystem mounts statically by editing /etc/fstab rather than
            relying on the automounter.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable the Automounter if Possible</title>
            <description>The autofs service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4072-5</ident>
            <fix>chkconfig autofs off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20025" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable GNOME Automounting if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The system's default desktop environment, GNOME, runs the
            program gnome-volume-manager to mount devices and removable media (such as DVDs, CDs and
            USB flash drives) whenever they are inserted into the system. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The system's capabilities for automatic mounting should be configured to match whatever 
            is defined by security policy. Disabling USB storage as described in Section 2.2.2.2.1 
            will prevent the use of USB storage devices, but this step can also be taken as an 
            additional layer of prevention and to prevent automatic mounting of CDs and DVDs if
            required. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Particularly for kiosk-style systems, where users should
            have extremely limited access to the system, more detailed information can be found in
            Red Hat Desktop: Deployment Guide. The gconf-editor program, available in an RPM of the
            same name, can be used to explore other settings available in the GNOME environment.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable GNOME Automounting if Possible</title>
            <description>The GNOME automounter (gnome-volume-manager) should be disabled if possible</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4231-7</ident>
            <fixtext>Execute the following commands to prevent gnome-volume-manager from automatically
              mounting devices and media: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>
              # gconftool-2 --direct --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory
                            --type bool --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/automount_media false 
              <xhtml:br/> <xhtml:br/>
              # gconftool-2 --direct
                            --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory
                            --type bool
                            --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/automount_drives false
              </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify the changes by executing
              the following command, which should return a list of settings: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># gconftool-2 -R /desktop/gnome/volume_manager <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The automount drives and automount media settings should
              be set to false. Survey the list for any other options that should be adjusted.</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20026" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Mounting of Uncommon Filesystem Types</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Specifying kernel module in /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf will prevent
            kernel module loading system from inserting the modele into the kernel. 
            This mechanism effectively prevents usage of these uncommon ﬁlesystems.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of cramfs</title>
            <description>cramfs is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist cramfs" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20027" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of freevxfs</title>
            <description>freevxfs is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist freevxfs" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20028" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of jffs2</title>
            <description>jffs2 is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist jffs2" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20029" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of hfs</title>
            <description>hfs is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist hfs" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20030" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of hfsplus</title>
            <description>hfsplus is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist hfsplus" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20031" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of squashfs</title>
            <description>squashfs is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist squashfs" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20032" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.2.4.g" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Mounting of udf</title>
            <description>udf is uncommon ﬁlesystems</description>
            <fix>echo "blacklist udf" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20033" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.2.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Verify Permissions on Important Files and Directories</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Permissions for many files on a system should be set to conform
          to system policy. This section discusses important permission restrictions which
          should be checked on a regular basis to ensure that no harmful discrepancies have arisen.
        </description>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify Permissions on passwd, shadow, group and gshadow Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            These are the default permissions for these files. Many
            utilities need read access to the passwd file in order to function properly, but read
            access to the shadow file allows malicious attacks against system passwords, and should
            never be enabled.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.2.3.1.i" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Permissions for shadow</title>
		      	<description>File permissions for /etc/shadow</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select permissions for /etc/shadow</question>
            <value>000000000</value>
            <value selector="000">000000000</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="644">110100100</value>
            <match>^[10]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.2.3.1.j" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Permissions for group</title>
      			<description>File permissions for /etc/group</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select permissions for /etc/group</question>
            <value>110100100</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="644">110100100</value>
            <value selector="700">111000000</value>
            <match>^[10]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.2.3.1.k" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Permissions for gshadow</title>
	      		<description>File permissions for /etc/gshadow</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select permissions for /etc/gshadow</question>
            <value>000000000</value>
            <value selector="000">000000000</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="644">110100100</value>
            <match>^[10]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.2.3.1.l" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Permissions for passwd</title>
		      	<description>File permissions for /etc/password</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select permissions for /etc/password</question>
            <value>110100100</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="644">110100100</value>
            <value selector="700">111000000</value>
            <match>^[10]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify user who owns 'shadow' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/shadow file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3918-0</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20034" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify group who owns 'shadow' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/shadow file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3988-3</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20035" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify user who owns 'group' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/group file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3276-3</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20036" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify group who owns 'group' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/group file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3883-6</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20037" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.e" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify user who owns 'gshadow' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/gshadow file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4210-1</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20038" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.f" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify group who owns 'gshadow' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/gshadow file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4064-2</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20039" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.g" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify user who owns 'passwd' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/passwd file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3958-6</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20040" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.h" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify group who owns 'passwd' file</title>
            <description>The /etc/passwd file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3495-9</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20041" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.i" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify permissions on 'shadow' file</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/shadow should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4130-1</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.2.3.1.i" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20042" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20042" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.j" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify permissions on 'group' file</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/group should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3967-7</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.2.3.1.j" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20043" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20043" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.k" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify permissions on 'gshadow' file</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/gshadow should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3932-1</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.2.3.1.k" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20044" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20044" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.1.l" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify permissions on 'passwd' file</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/passwd should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3566-7</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.2.3.1.l" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20045" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20045" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify that All World-Writable Directories Have Sticky Bits Set</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            When the so-called 'sticky bit' is set on a directory, only the
            owner of a given file may remove that file from the directory. Without the sticky bit,
            any user with write access to a directory may remove any file in the directory. Setting
            the sticky bit prevents users from removing each other's files. In cases where there is
            no reason for a directory to be world-writable, a better solution is to remove that
            permission rather than to set the sticky bit. However, if a directory is used by a
            particular application, consult that application's documentation instead of blindly
            changing modes.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Verify that All World-Writable Directories Have Sticky Bits Set</title>
            <description>The sticky bit should be set for all world-writable directories.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3399-3</ident>
            <fixtext>Locate any directories in local partitions which are world-writable and do not have
              their sticky bits set. The following command will discover and print these. Run it
              once for each local partition PART: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/> <xhtml:code># find PART -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a !
              -perm -1000 \) -print </xhtml:code><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
	      If this command produces any output, fix each reported directory
              /dir using the command: <xhtml:br/> 
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chmod +t /dir</xhtml:code></fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20046" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Find Unauthorized World-Writable Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Data in world-writable files can be modified by any user on the
            system. In almost all circumstances, files can be configured using a combination of user
            and group permissions to support whatever legitimate access is needed without the risk
            caused by world-writable files. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is generally a good idea to
            remove global (other) write access to a file when it is discovered. However, check with
            documentation for specific applications before making changes. Also, monitor for
            recurring world-writable files, as these may be symptoms of a misconfigured application
            or user account.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Find Unauthorized World-Writable Files</title>
            <description>The world-write permission should be disabled for all files.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3795-2</ident>
            <fixtext>The following command discovers and prints any world-writable files in local
              partitions. Run it once for each local partition PART: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>find PART -xdev -type f -perm -0002 -print | xargs chmod o-w</xhtml:code></fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20047" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Find Unauthorized SUID/SGID System Executables</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The following command discovers and prints any setuid or setgid
            files on local partitions. Run it once for each local partition : <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code> # for PART in `mount -t ext2,ext3,ext4 | awk '{print $3}'`; 
            do find $PART  -xdev \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f -print; 
            done </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the file does not require a setuid or
            setgid bit as discussed below, then these bits can be removed with the command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code> # chmod -s file </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/> 
            <xhtml:br/>
            The following table contains all setuid and setgid files which are expected to
            be on a stock system. The setuid or setgid bit on these files may be disabled to reduce
            system risk if only an administrator requires their functionality. The table indicates
            those files which may not be needed. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: Several of these files are used for applications which are unlikely to be 
            relevant to most production environments, such as ISDN networking, SSH hostbased 
            authentication, or modification of network interfaces by unprivileged users. It is 
            extremely likely that your site can disable a subset of these files with no loss of 
            functionality. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Any files found by the above command which are not in the table should be examined. 
            If the files are not authorized, they should have permissions removed, and further 
            investigation may be warranted.
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:table>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>File</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Set-ID</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Package</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/mount</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>util-linux-ng</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/ping</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>iputils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/ping6</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>iputils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/su</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>coreutils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/umount</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>util-linux-ng</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/fusermount</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>fuse</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/bin/cgexec</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>libcgroup</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/sbin/mount.nfs</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>nfs-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/sbin/umount.nfs</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>nfs-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/sbin/netreport</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>initscripts</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/sbin/pam_timestamp_check</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>pam</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/sbin/unix_chkpwd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>pam</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/at</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>at</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/chage</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>shadow-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/chfn</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>util-linux-ng</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/chsh</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>util-linux-ng</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/crontab</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid/gid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>cronie</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/gpasswd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>shadow-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/locate</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid slocate</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>mlocate</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/lockfile</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid mail</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>procmail</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/gnomine</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid games</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gnome-games</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/iagno</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid games</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gnome-games</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/newgrp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>shadow-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/passwd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>passwd</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/pkexec</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>polkit</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/rcp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>rsh</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/rlogin</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>rsh</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/rsh</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>rsh</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/staprun</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>systemtap-runtime</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/ssh-agent</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid nobody</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>openssh-clients</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/sudo</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>sudo</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/sudoedit</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>sudo</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/wall</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid tty</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>sysvinit-tools</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/write</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid tty</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>util-linux-ng</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/screen</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid screen</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>screen</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/jwhois</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid jwhois</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>jwhois</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/Xorg</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>xorg-x11-server-Xorg</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/bin/ksu</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>krb5-workstation</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/lockdev</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid lock</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>lockdev</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid smmsp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>sendmail</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/suexec</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>httpd</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/seunshare</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>policycoreutils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/userhelper</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>usermode</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/userisdnctl</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>isdn4k-utils</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/mtr</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>mtr</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/usernetctl</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>initscripts</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/sbin/ccreds_chkpwd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>pam_ccreds</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>ssh</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/kde4/kpac_dhcp_helper</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>kdelibs</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>polkit</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/pt_chown</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>glibc-common</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/pulse/proximity-helper</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>pulseaudio-module-bluetooth</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/news/innbind</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>inn</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/news/rnews</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid uucp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>inn</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/libexec/utempter/utempter</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid utmp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>libutempter</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/lib/nspluginwrapper/plugin-config</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>nspluginwrapper</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/lib/vte/gnome-pty-helper</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid utmp</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>vte</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/usr/share/BackupPC/sbin/BackupPC_Admin</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid backuppc</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>BackupPC</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/var/cache/jwhois/jwhois.db</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>gid jwhois</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>jwhois</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>/lib/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>uid root</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>dbus</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
            </xhtml:table>
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Find Unauthorized SGID System Executables</title>
            <description>The sgid bit should not be set for all files.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4178-0</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20048" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Find Unauthorized SUID System Executables</title>
            <description>The suid bit should not be set for all files.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3324-1</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20049" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Find and Repair Unowned Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The following command will discover and print any files on
            local partitions which do not belong to a valid user and a valid group. Run it once for
            each local partition PART: <xhtml:br/> 
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># find PART -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If this command prints any results, investigate each reported file and either assign it to an
            appropriate user and group or remove it. Unowned files are not directly exploitable, but
            they are generally a sign that something is wrong with some system process. They may be
            caused by an intruder, by incorrect software installation or incomplete software
            removal, or by failure to remove all files belonging to a deleted account. The files
            should be repaired so that they will not cause problems when accounts are created in the
            future, and the problem which led to unowned files should be discovered and addressed.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Find files unowned by a user</title>
            <description>All files should be owned by a user</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4223-4</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20050" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Find files unowned by a group</title>
            <description>All files should be owned by a group</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3573-3</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20051" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.3.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify that All World-Writable Directories Have Proper Ownership</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Locate any directories in local partitions which are world-writable and 
            ensure that they are owned by root or another system account. The following command will discover 
            and print these (assuming only system accounts have a uid lower than 500). Run it once for each 
            local partition PART:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># find PART -xdev -type d -perm -0002 -uid +500 -print<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If this command produces any output, investigate why the current owner is not root or another 
            system account.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Allowing a user account to own a world-writeable directory is undesirable because it allows the 
            owner of that directory to remove or replace any ﬁles that may be placed in the directory by 
            other users.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.3.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Find world writable directories not owned by a system account</title>
            <description>All world writable directories should be owned by a system user</description>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20052" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.2.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Programs from Dangerous Execution Patterns</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The recommendations in this section provide broad protection
          against information disclosure or other misbehavior. These protections are applied at the
          system initialization or kernel level, and defend against certain types of
          badly-configured or compromised programs.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.2.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Daemon umask</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The system umask for scripts in /etc/init.d must be set to at least 022, or daemon 
            processes may create world-writable files. The more restrictive setting
            027 protects files, including temporary files and log files, from unauthorized reading
            by unprivileged users on the system. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If a particular daemon needs a
            less restrictive umask, consider editing the startup script or sysconfig file of that
            daemon to make a specific exception.
          </description>
          <Value id="var-2.2.4.1.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>daemon umask</title>
            <description>Enter umask for daemons</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enter umask which will be used for new files created by daemons</question>
            <value>022</value>
            <value selector="022">022</value>
            <value selector="027">027</value>
            <match>^0?[0-7][0-7][0-7]?$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set Daemon umask</title>
            <description>The daemon umask should be set to profile value</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4220-0</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit the file /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions, and add or correct the following line: umask
              <sub idref="var-2.2.4.1.a"/></fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.2.4.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20053" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20053" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Core Dumps</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            A core dump file is the memory image of an executable program
            when it was terminated by the operating system due to errant behavior. In most cases,
            only software developers would legitimately need to access these files. The core dump
            files may also contain sensitive information, or unnecessarily occupy large amounts of
            disk space. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, the system sets a soft limit to stop the
            creation of core dump files for all users. This is accomplished in /etc/profile with the
            line: ulimit -S -c 0 &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 However, compliance with this
            limit is voluntary; it is a default intended only to protect users from the annoyance of
            generating unwanted core files. Users can increase the allowed core file size up to the
            hard limit, which is unlimited by default. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Once a hard limit is set
            in /etc/security/limits.conf, the user cannot increase that limit within his own
            session. If access to core dumps is required, consider restricting them to only certain
            users or groups. See the limits.conf man page for more
            information. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The core dumps of setuid programs are further
            protected. The sysctl variable fs.suid_dumpable controls whether the kernel allows core
            dumps from these programs at all. The default value of 0 is recommended.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable Core Dumps for all users</title>
            <description>Core dumps for all users should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4225-9</ident>
            <fixtext>To disable core dumps for all users, add or correct the following line in
              /etc/security/limits.conf: * hard core 0</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20055" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable Core Dumps for SUID programs</title>
            <description>Core dumps for setuid programs should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4247-3</ident>
            <fixtext>To ensure that core dumps can never be made by setuid programs, edit
              /etc/sysctl.conf and add or correct the line: fs.suid_dumpable = 0</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20056" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable ExecShield</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            ExecShield comprises a number of kernel features to provide
            protection against buffer overflows. These features include random placement of the
            stack and other memory regions, prevention of execution in memory that should only hold
            data, and special handling of text buffers. This protection is enabled by default, but
            the sysctl variables kernel.exec-shield and kernel.randomize va space should be checked
            to ensure that it has not been disabled. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ExecShield uses the
            segmentation feature on all x86 systems to prevent execution in memory higher than a
            certain address. It writes an address as a limit in the code segment descriptor, to
            control where code can be executed, on a per-process basis. When the kernel places a
            process's memory regions such as the stack and heap higher than this address, the
            hardware prevents execution there. However, this cannot always be done for all memory
            regions in which execution should not occur, so follow guidance in Section 2.2.4.4 to
            further protect the system.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Enable ExecShield</title>
            <description>ExecShield should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4168-1</ident>
            <fixtext>To ensure ExecShield (including random placement of virtual memory regions) is
              activated at boot, add or correct the following settings in /etc/sysctl.conf:
              kernel.exec-shield = 1</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20057" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Enable ExecShield randomized placement of virtual memory regions</title>
            <description>ExecShield randomized placement of virtual memory regions should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4146-7</ident>
            <fixtext>To ensure ExecShield (including random placement of virtual memory regions) is
              activated at boot, add or correct the following settings in /etc/sysctl.conf:
              kernel.randomize_va_space = 2</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20058" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.2.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable Execute Disable (XD) or No Execute (NX) Support on x86 Systems</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Recent processors in the x86 family support the ability to
            prevent code execution on a per memory page basis. Generically and on AMD processors,
            this ability is called No Execute (NX), while on Intel processors it is called Execute
            Disable (XD). This ability can help prevent exploitation of buffer overflow
            vulnerabilities and should be activated whenever possible. Extra steps must be taken to
            ensure that this protection is enabled, particularly on 32-bit x86 systems. Other
            processors, such as Itanium and POWER, have included such support since inception and
            the standard kernel for those platforms supports the feature.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.2.4.4.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Check for Processor Support on x86 Systems</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Check to see if the processor supports the PAE and NX
              features: <xhtml:code>$ cat /proc/cpuinfo</xhtml:code> If supported, the flags field will contain pae and nx.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.2.4.4.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Enable NX or XD Support in the BIOS</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Computers with the ability to prevent this type of code
              execution frequently put an option in the BIOS that will allow users to turn the
              feature on or off at will. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              See Section 2.3.5.1 for information on protecting this and
              other BIOS settings.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.2.4.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Enable NX or XD Support in the BIOS</title>
              <description>The XD/NX processor feature should be enabled in the BIOS</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4177-2</ident>
              <fixtext>Reboot the system and enter the BIOS or 'Setup' configuration menu. Navigate the
                BIOS configuration menu and make sure that the option is enabled. The setting may be
                located under a 'Security' section. Look for Execute Disable (XD) on Intel-based
                systems and No Execute (NX) on AMD-based systems.</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20060" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-2.3" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Account and Access Control</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        In traditional Unix security, if an attacker gains shell access to
        a certain login account, he can perform any action or access any file to which that account
        has access. Therefore, making it more difficult for unauthorized people to gain shell access
        to accounts, particularly to privileged accounts, is a necessary part of securing a system.
        This section introduces mechanisms for restricting access to login accounts.</description>
      <Group id="group-2.3.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Protect Accounts by Restricting Password-Based Login</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Conventionally, Unix shell accounts are accessed by providing a
          username and password to a login program, which tests these values for correctness using
          the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files. Password-based login is vulnerable to guessing of
          weak passwords, and to sniffing and man-in-the-middle attacks against passwords entered
          over a network or at an insecure console. Therefore, mechanisms for accessing accounts by
          entering usernames and passwords should be restricted to those which are operationally
          necessary.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Root Logins to System Console</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/securetty. Ensure that the file contains
            only the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>The primary system console device: <xhtml:br/>console</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The virtual console devices: <xhtml:br/>tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 tty5 
                tty6 ... </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If required by your organization, the deprecated virtual console interface 
                may be retained for backwards compatibility:<xhtml:br/>vc/1 vc/2 vc/3 vc/4 vc/5 
                vc/6 ...</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If required by your organization, the serial consoles may be added:<xhtml:br/> 
                ttyS0 ttyS1</xhtml:li> 
            </xhtml:ul>
            Direct root logins should be allowed only for
            emergency use. In normal situations, the administrator should access the system via a
            unique unprivileged account, and use su or sudo to execute privileged commands.
            Discouraging administrators from accessing the root account directly ensures an audit
            trail in organizations with multiple administrators. Locking down the channels through
            which root can connect directly reduces opportunities for password-guessing against the
            root account. The login program uses the file /etc/securetty to determine which
            interfaces should allow root logins. The virtual devices /dev/console and /dev/tty*
            represent the system consoles (accessible via the Ctrl-Alt-F1 through Ctrl-Alt-F6
            keyboard sequences on a default installation). The default securetty file also contains
            /dev/vc/*. These are likely to be deprecated in most environments, but may be retained
            for compatibility. Root should also be prohibited from connecting via network protocols.
            See Section 3.5 for instructions on preventing root from logging in via SSH.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Restrict Root Logins to System Console</title>
            <description>Logins through the specified virtual console interface should be disabled
            </description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3820-8</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit /etc/securetty</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20061" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Restrict Root Logins to System Console</title>
            <description>Logins through the specified virtual console device should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3485-0</ident>
            <fixtext> Edit /etc/securetty</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20062" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Restrict virtual console Root Logins</title>
            <description>Logins through the virtual console devices should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4111-1</ident>
            <fixtext> Edit /etc/securetty</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20063" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Restrict serial port Root Logins</title>
            <description>Login prompts on serial ports should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4256-4</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit /etc/securetty</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20064" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit su Access to the Root Account</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The su command allows a user to gain the privileges of another user by entering the 
            password for that user's account. It is desirable to restrict the root user so that only 
            known administrators are ever allowed to access the root account. This restricts 
            password-guessing against the root account by unauthorized users or by accounts which 
            have been compromised. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By convention, the group wheel contains all users who are allowed to run privileged 
            commands. The PAM module pam_wheel.so is used to restrict root access to this set of 
            users.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Limit su Access to the Root Account</title>
            <description>The wheel group should exist</description>
            <fixtext> Ensure that the group wheel exists, and that the usernames of all administrators 
              who should be allowed to execute commands as root are members of that group.
            </fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20065" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Limit su Access to the wheel group</title>
            <description>Command access to the root account should be restricted to the wheel group.</description>
            <fixtext> Edit the file /etc/pam.d/su. Add, uncomment, or correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid</xhtml:code>
            </fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20066" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure sudo to Improve Auditing of Root Access</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Ensure that the group wheel exists, and that the usernames
            of all administrators who should be allowed to execute commands as root are members of
            that group. <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># grep ^wheel /etc/group</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Edit the file /etc/sudoers. Add, uncomment, or
              correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL</xhtml:li> 
            </xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The sudo command allows fine-grained control over
            which users can execute commands using other accounts. The primary benefit of sudo when
            configured as above is that it provides an audit trail of every command run by a
            privileged user. It is possible for a malicious administrator to circumvent this
            restriction, but, if there is an established procedure that all root commands are run
            using sudo, then it is easy for an auditor to detect unusual behavior when this
            procedure is not followed. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Editing /etc/sudoers by hand can be dangerous, since a configuration error may make it 
            impossible to access the root account remotely. The recommended means of editing this 
            file is using the visudo command, which checks the file's syntax for correctness before 
            allowing it to be saved.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note that sudo allows any attacker who gains access to the password of an administrator 
            account to run commands as root. This is a downside which must be weighed against the 
            benefits of increased audit capability and of being able to heavily restrict the use of 
            the high-value root password (which can be logistically difficult to change often). As 
            a basic precaution, never use the NOPASSWD directive, which would allow anyone with 
            access to an administrator account to execute commands as root without knowing the 
            administrator's password. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The sudo command has many options which can be used to further customize its behavior. 
            See the sudoers(5) man page for details.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Configure sudo to Improve Auditing of Root Access</title>
            <description>Sudo privileges should granted to the wheel group</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4044-4</ident>
            <fix>echo "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL" >> /etc/sudoers</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20067" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Block Shell and Login Access for Non-Root System Accounts</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Using /etc/passwd, obtain a listing of all users, their UIDs, 
            and their shells, for instance by running: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># awk -F: '{print $1 ":" $3 ":" $7}' /etc/passwd<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Identify the system accounts from this listing.  These will primarily be the accounts 
            with UID numbers less than 500, other than root.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For each identified system account SYSACCT , lock the account: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># usermod -L SYSACCT <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/>
            and disable its shell: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># usermod -s /sbin/nologin SYSACCT <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These are the accounts which are
            not associated with a human user of the system, but which exist to perform some
            administrative function. Make it more difficult for an attacker to use these accounts by
            locking their passwords and by setting their shells to some non-valid shell. The Fedora
            default non-valid shell is /sbin/nologin, but any command which will exit with a failure
            status and disallow execution of any further commands, such as /bin/false or /dev/null,
            will work.</description>
          <warning xml:lang="en" category="functionality">Do not perform the steps in this section on the root account.
            Doing so might cause the system to become inaccessible.</warning>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Block Shell and Login Access for Non-Root System Accounts</title>
            <description>Login access to non-root system accounts should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3987-5</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit /etc/passwd</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20068" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.5" hidden="false" >
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify Proper Storage and Existence of Password Hashes</title>
          <Group id="group-2.3.1.5.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Verify that No Accounts Have Empty Password Fields</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Run the command: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># awk -F: '($2 == "") {print}' /etc/shadow <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If this produces any output, fix the problem by locking each account 
              (see Section 2.3.1.4 above) or by setting a password. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If an account has an empty password, anybody may log in and run commands with the 
              privileges of that account. Accounts with empty passwords should never be used in 
              operational environments.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.5.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Verify that No Accounts Have Empty Password Fields</title>
              <description>Login access to accounts without passwords should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4238-2</ident>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20069" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.3.1.5.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Verify that All Account Password Hashes are Shadowed</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To ensure that no password hashes are stored in /etc/passwd, the following command should have no output:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># awk -F: '($2 != "x") {print}' /etc/passwd<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The hashes for all user account passwords should be stored in the ﬁle /etc/shadow and never in /etc/passwd,
              which is readable by all users.
             </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.5.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Verify that All Account Password Hashes are Shadowed</title>
              <description>Check that passwords are shadowed</description>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200695" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify that No Non-Root Accounts Have UID 0</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            This command will print all password file entries for accounts
            with UID 0: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This should print only one line, for the user root. If any other lines appear, ensure 
            that these additional UID-0 accounts are authorized, and that there is a good reason for 
            them to exist. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In general, the best practice solution for auditing use of the root account is to restrict 
            the set of cases in which root must be accessed anonymously by requiring use of su or sudo 
            in almost all cases. Some sites choose to have more than one account with UID 0 in order 
            to differentiate between administrators, but this practice may have unexpected side
            effects, and is therefore not recommended.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Verify that No Non-Root Accounts Have UID 0</title>
            <description>Anonymous root logins should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4009-7</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20070" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Password Expiration Parameters</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/login.defs to specify password expiration
            settings for new accounts. Add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/><xhtml:code>
            PASS_MAX_DAYS=180<xhtml:br/>
            PASS_MIN_DAYS=7 <xhtml:br/>
            PASS_MIN_LEN=8 <xhtml:br/>
            PASS_WARN_AGE=7 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For each existing human user USER , modify the current expiration settings to match 
            these: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chage -M 180 -m 7 -W 7 USER<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Users should be forced to change their passwords, in order to decrease the utility of
            compromised passwords. However, the need to change passwords often should be balanced
            against the risk that users will reuse or write down passwords if forced to change them
            too often. Forcing password changes every 90-360 days, depending on the environment, is
            recommended. Set the appropriate value as PASS_MAX_DAYS and apply it to existing
            accounts with the -M flag. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The PASS_MIN_DAYS (-m) setting prevents password changes for 7 days after the first 
            change, to discourage password cycling. If you use this setting, train users to contact 
            an administrator for an emergency password change in case a new password becomes 
            compromised. The PASS_WARN_AGE (-W) setting gives users 7 days of warnings at login time 
            that their passwords are about to expire.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The PASS_MIN_LEN setting, which controls minimum password length, should be set to 
            whatever is required by your site or organization security policy. The example value of 
            8 provided here may be inadequate for many environments. See Section 2.3.3 for 
            information on how to enforce more sophisticated requirements on password length and 
            quality
          </description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.1.7.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title xml:lang="en">minimum password length</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Minimum number of characters in password</description>
            <warning>This will only check new passwords</warning>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum number of characters in password</question>
            <value>14</value>
            <value selector="5">5</value>
            <value selector="6">6</value> <!-- NIST 800-53 requires 1 in a million using brute force which translates to six numbers -->
            <value selector="8">8</value>
            <value selector="10">10</value>
            <value selector="14">14</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.1.7.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>minimum password age</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter minimum duration before allowing a password change</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum duration (in days) before allowing a password change</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="1_day">1</value>
            <value selector="7_days">7</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.1.7.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>maximum password age</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter age before which a password must be changed</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select age (in days) before which a password must be changed</question>
            <value>60</value>
            <value selector="0_days">0</value>
            <value selector="30_days">30</value>
            <value selector="60_days">60</value>
            <value selector="90_days">90</value>
            <value selector="120_days">120</value>
            <value selector="150_days">150</value>
            <value selector="180_days">180</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.1.7.d" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>password warn age</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero
              means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative
              value means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will
              be provided.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select number of days warning is given before a password expires</question>
            <value>14</value>
            <value selector="7_days">7</value>
            <value selector="8_days">8</value>
            <value selector="14_days">14</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.7.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set password minimum length</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">The password minimum length should be set to: 
              <sub idref="var-2.3.1.7.a"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4154-1</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.1.7.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20071" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20071" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.7.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set minimum password age</title>
            <description>The minimum password age should be set to:
              <sub idref="var-2.3.1.7.b"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4180-6</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.1.7.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20072" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20072" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.7.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set maximum password age</title>
            <description>The maximum password age should be set to:
              <sub idref="var-2.3.1.7.c"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4092-3</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.1.7.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20073" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20073" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.7.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set password warn age</title>
            <description>The password warn age should be set to:
              <sub idref="var-2.3.1.7.d"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4097-2</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.1.7.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20074" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20074" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.1.8" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove Legacy + Entries from Password Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># grep "^+:" /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            should produce no output. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The + symbol was used by systems to include data from NIS maps
            into existing files. However, a certain configuration error in which a NIS inclusion
            line appears in /etc/passwd, but NIS is not running, could lead to anyone being able to
            access the system with the username + and no password. Therefore, it is important to
            verify that no such line appears in any of the relevant system files. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The correct way to
            tell the local system to consult network databases such as LDAP or NIS for user
            information is to make appropriate modifications to /etc/nsswitch.conf.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.8.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/shadow</title>
            <description>NIS file inclusions should be set appropriately in the /etc/shadow file</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/shadow</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20075" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.8.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/group</title>
            <description>NIS file inclusions should be set appropriately in the /etc/group file</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/group</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20076" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.1.8.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Remove Legacy + Entries from /etc/passwd</title>
            <description>NIS file inclusions should be set appropriately in the /etc/passwd file</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4114-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/passwd</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20077" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Use Unix Groups to Enhance Security</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The access control policies which can be enforced by standard
          Unix permissions are limited, and configuring SELinux (Section 2.4) is frequently a better
          choice. However, this guide recommends that security be enhanced to the extent possible by
          enforcing the Unix group policies outlined in this section.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.3.2.1" hidden="false" weight="1.0">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create a Unique Default Group for Each User</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            When running useradd, do not use the -g flag or otherwise
            override the default group. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Red Hat default is that each new user account should
            have a unique primary group whose name is the same as that of the account. This default
            is recommended, in order to provide additional protection against files which are
            created with group write permission enabled.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create and Maintain a Group Containing All Human Users</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Identify all user accounts on the system which correspond to
            human users. Depending on your system configuration, this may be all entries in
            /etc/passwd with UID values of at least 500. Once, you have identified such a set of
            users, create a group named usergroup (substitute some name appropriate to your
            environment) and populate it with each human user: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># groupadd usergroup <xhtml:br/>
            # usermod -G usergroup human1 <xhtml:br/>
            # usermod -G usergroup human2 ... <xhtml:br/>
            # usermod -G usergroup humanN <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Then modify your procedure for creating new user accounts by adding -G usergroup to the 
            set of flags with which useradd is invoked, so that new human users will be placed in 
            the correct group by default. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Creating a group of human users does not, by itself, enhance
            system security. However, as you work on securing your system, you will often find
            commands which never need to be run by system accounts, or which are only ever needed by
            users logged into the graphical console (which should only ever be available to human
            users, even on workstations). Once a group of users has been created, it is easy to
            restrict access to a given command, for instance /path/to/graphical/command , to
            authorized users: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chgrp usergroup /path/to/graphical/command <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 750 /path/graphical/command <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Without a group of human users, it is necessary to restrict
            access by somehow preventing each system account from running the command, which is an
            error-prone process even when it is possible at all.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Protect Accounts by Configuring PAM</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          PAM, or Pluggable Authentication Modules, is a system which
          implements modular authentication for Linux programs. PAM is well-integrated into Linux's
          authentication architecture, making it difficult to remove, but it can be configured to
          minimize your system's exposure to unnecessary risk. This section contains guidance on how
          to accomplish that, and how to ensure that the modules used by your PAM configuration do
          what they are supposed to do. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          PAM is implemented as a set of shared objects which are
          loaded and invoked whenever an application wishes to authenticate a user. Typically, the
          application must be running as root in order to take advantage of PAM. Traditional
          privileged network listeners (e.g. sshd) or SUID programs (e.g. sudo) already meet this
          requirement. An SUID root application, userhelper, is provided so that programs which are
          not SUID or privileged themselves can still take advantage of PAM. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          PAM looks in the
          directory /etc/pam.d for application-specific configuration information. For instance, if
          the program login attempts to authenticate a user, then PAM's libraries follow the
          instructions in the file /etc/ pam.d/login to determine what actions should be taken. 
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>One
          very important file in /etc/pam.d is /etc/pam.d/system-auth. This file, which is included
          by many other PAM configuration files, defines 'default' system authentication measures.
          Modifying this file is a good way to make far-reaching authentication changes, for
          instance when implementing a centralized authentication service.
        </description>
        <warning xml:lang="en">
          Be careful when making changes to PAM's configuration files. The syntax for these files 
          is complex, and modifications can have unexpected consequences.1 The default 
          configurations shipped with applications should be sufficient for most users.
        </warning>
        <warning xml:lang="en">
          Running authconfig or system-config-authentication will re-write the PAM configuration 
          files, destroying any manually made changes and replacing them with a series of system 
          defaults. 1One reference to the configuration file syntax can be found at
          http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/ sag-configuration-file.html.
        </warning>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Password Quality Requirements</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default pam_cracklib PAM module provides strength checking
            for passwords. It performs a number of checks, such as making sure passwords are not
            similar to dictionary words, are of at least a certain length, are not the previous
            password reversed, and are not simply a change of case from the previous password.  It 
            can also require passwords to be in certain character classes.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The pam_passwdqc PAM module provides the ability to enforce even more stringent 
            password strength requirements. It is provided in an RPM of the same name. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The man pages pam_cracklib(8) and pam_passwdqc(8) provide information on the 
            capabilities and configuration of each.
          </description>
          <Group id="group-2.3.3.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Set Password Quality Requirements, if using pam_cracklib</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The pam_cracklib PAM module can be conﬁgured to meet 
              recommendations for DoD systems as stated in [12].<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To conﬁgure pam_cracklib to require at least one uppercase character, lowercase 
              character, digit, and other (special) character, locate the following line in 
              /etc/pam.d/system-auth:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and then alter it to read:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              password required pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 minlen=14 dcredit=-1 /
              ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=0<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If necessary, modify the arguments to ensure compliance with your organization’s 
              security policy.
            </description>
            <warning xml:lang="en">Note that the password quality requirements are not enforced 
              for the root account for some reason.
            </warning>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.retry">
              <title xml:lang="en">retry</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Number of retry attempts before erroring out</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select number of password retry attempts before erroring out</question>
              <value>3</value>
              <value selector="1">1</value>
              <value selector="2">2</value>
              <value selector="3">3</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.difok">
              <title xml:lang="en">difok</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Mininum number of characters not present in old password</description>
              <warning xml:lang="en">Keep this high for short passwords</warning>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum number of characters not present in old password</question>
              <value>5</value>
              <value selector="2">2</value>
              <value selector="3">3</value>
              <value selector="4">4</value> 
              <value selector="5">5</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.minlen">
              <title xml:lang="en">minlen</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Minimum number of characters in password</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum number of characters in pasword</question>
              <value>14</value>
              <value selector="6">6</value> <!-- NIST 800-53 requires 1 in a million using brute force which translates to six numbers -->
              <value selector="8">8</value>
              <value selector="10">10</value>
              <value selector="14">14</value>
              <value selector="15">15</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.dcredit">
              <title xml:lang="en">dcredit</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Mininum number of digits in password</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select number of digits in password</question>
              <value>-2</value>
              <value selector="2">-2</value>
              <value selector="1">-1</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <match>^-?[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ocredit">
              <title xml:lang="en">ocredit</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Mininum number of other (special characters) in password</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select number of special characters in password</question>
              <value>-2</value>
              <value selector="2">-2</value>
              <value selector="1">-1</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <match>^-?[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.lcredit">
              <title xml:lang="en">lcredit</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Mininum number of lower case in password</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum number of lower case in password</question>
              <value>-2</value>
              <value selector="2">-2</value>
              <value selector="1">-1</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <match>^-?[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ucredit">
              <title xml:lang="en">ucredit</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Mininum number of upper case in password</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select minimum number of upper case in password</question>
              <value>-2</value>
              <value selector="2">-2</value>
              <value selector="1">-1</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <match>^-?[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Set Password Quality Requirements</title>
              <description>The password strength should meet minimum requirements</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3762-2</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via PAM</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.retry" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200781" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.minlen" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200782" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.dcredit" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200783" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ucredit" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200784" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.ocredit" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200785" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.lcredit" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200786" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.1.a.difok" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200787" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20078" /> <!-- TBD -->
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.3.3.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Set Password Quality Requirements, if using pam_passwdqc</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If password strength stronger than that guaranteed by 
              pam_cracklib is required, conﬁgure PAM to use pam_passwdqc.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To activate pam_passwdqc, locate the following line in /etc/pam.d/system-auth:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and then replace it with the line:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              password requisite pam_passwdqc.so min=disabled,disabled,16,12,8<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If necessary, modify the arguments (min=disabled,disabled,16,12,8) to ensure 
              compliance with your organization’s security policy. Conﬁguration options are 
              described in the man page pam_passwdqc(8) and also in /usr/share/doc/pam_passwdqc-version. 
	      		  The minimum lengths provided here supercede that speciﬁed
              by the argument PASS MIN LEN as described in Section 2.3.1.7.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The options given in the example above set a minimum length for each of the 
              password “classes” that pam_passwdqc recognizes. Setting a particular minimum 
              value to disabled will stop users from choosing a password that falls into 
              that category alone.
            </description>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N0"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">N0</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                N0 is used for passwords consisting of characters 
                from one character class only. The character classes are: digits, 
                lower-case letters, upper-case letters, and other characters. There is 
                also a special class for non-ASCII characters which could not be 
                classified, but are assumed to be non-digits. </description>
              <value>24</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <value selector="24">24</value>
              <value selector="30">30</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N1"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">N1</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                N1 is used for passwords consisting of characters 
                from two character classes which do not meet the requirements for a 
                passphrase.</description>
              <value>16</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <value selector="18">18</value>
              <value selector="24">24</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N2"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">N2</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                N2 is used for passphrases. Note that besides 
                meeting this length requirement, a passphrase must also consist of a 
                sufficient number of words (see the "passphrase" option below). </description>
              <value>16</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <value selector="16">16</value>
              <value selector="17">17</value>
              <value selector="18">18</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N3"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">N3</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">N3 is the number of characters required for a password that uses characters from 3 character classes.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select the number of characters required for a password that uses characters from 3 character classes</question>
              <value>16</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <value selector="14">14</value>
              <value selector="15">15</value>
              <value selector="16">16</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N4"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">N4</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">N4 is the number of characters required for a password that uses characters from 4 character classes.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select the number of characters required for a password that uses characters from 4 character classes</question>
              <value>14</value>
              <value selector="10">10</value>
              <value selector="12">12</value>
              <value selector="14">14</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.passphrase"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">passphrase</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">The number of words required for a passphrase, or 0 to disable the support for user-chosen passphrases. </description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select the number of words required for a passphrase</question>
              <value>3</value>
              <value selector="disabled">0</value>
              <value selector="3">3</value>
              <value selector="5">5</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.match"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">match</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                The length of common substring required to 
                conclude that a password is at least partially based on information 
                found in a character string, or 0 to disable the substring search. 
                Note that the password will not be rejected once a weak substring is 
                found; it will instead be subjected to the usual strength requirements 
                with the weak substring removed.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enter the length of common substring required to conclude that a password is at least partially based on information found in a character string</question>
              <value>5</value>
              <value selector="disable">0</value>
              <value selector="3">3</value>
              <value selector="4">4</value>
              <value selector="5">5</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.retry"><!-- TODO -->
              <title xml:lang="en">retry</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                The number of times the module will ask for a 
                new password if the user fails to provide a sufficiently strong 
                password and enter it twice the first time. </description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enter the number of times the module will ask for a new password if user fail to provide a sufficiently strong password</question>
              <value>3</value>
              <value selector="2">2</value>
              <value selector="3">3</value>
              <value selector="4">4</value>
              <match>^[\d]+$</match>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Set Password Quality Requirements using pam_passwdqc</title>
              <description>The password strength should meet minimum requirements</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3762-2</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via PAM</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N0" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200790" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N1" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200791" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N2" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200792" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N3" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200793" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.N4" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200794" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.passphrase" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200795" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.match" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200796" />
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.1.2.a.retry" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200797" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20079" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Lockouts for Failed Password Attempts</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The pam_tally2 PAM module provides the capability to lock out
            user accounts after a number of failed login attempts. Its documentation is available in
            /usr/share/doc/pam-version/txts/README.pam_tally2. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If locking out accounts after a number of incorrect login attempts is required by your 
            security policy, implement use of pam_tally2.so for the relevant PAM-aware programs 
            such as login, sshd, and vsftpd. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Find the following line in /etc/pam.d/system-auth: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            and then change it so that it reads as follows: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth required pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In the same file, comment out or delete the lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid &gt;= 500 quiet <xhtml:br/>
            auth required pam_deny.so <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To enforce password lockout, add the following to the individual programs' 
            configuration files in /etc/pam.d. First, add to end of the auth lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth required pam_tally2.so deny=5 onerr=fail <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Second, add to the end of the account lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            account required pam_tally2.so<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Adjust the deny argument to conform to your system security policy. The pam_tally2
            utility can be used to unlock user accounts as follows: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># /sbin/pam_tally2 --user username --reset <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          </description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">
            Locking out user accounts presents the risk of a denial-of-service attack. The security 
            policy regarding system lockout must weigh whether the risk of such a denial-of-service 
            attack outweighs the benefits of thwarting password guessing attacks. The pam_tally2 
            utility can be run from a cron job on a hourly or daily basis to try and offset this 
            risk.
          </warning>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.2.a.deny"><!-- TODO -->
            <title xml:lang="en">deny</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Deny access if tally for this user exceeds n.</description>
            <value>3</value>
            <value selector="1">1</value>
            <value selector="3">3</value>
            <value selector="5">5</value>
            <value selector="10">10</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.2.a.lock_time">
            <title xml:lang="en">lock_time</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Always deny for n seconds after failed attempt.</description>
            <value>5</value>
            <value selector="1">1</value>
            <value selector="3">3</value>
            <value selector="5">5</value>
            <value selector="10">10</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.2.a.unlock_time">
            <title xml:lang="en">unlock_time</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Allow access after n seconds after failed attempt. If this 
              option is used the user will be locked out for the specified amount of time after 
              he exceeded his maximum allowed attempts. Otherwise the account is locked until the 
              lock is removed by a manual intervention of the system administrator.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Select time (in seconds) user will be locked out after he exceeded his maximum allowed attempts</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="none">1</value>
            <value selector="15_minutes">900</value>
            <value selector="30_minutes">1800</value>
            <value selector="1_hour">3600</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set Lockouts for Failed Password Attempts</title>
            <description>The "account lockout threshold" policy should meet minimum requirements.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3410-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via PAM</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.2.a.deny" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200801" />
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.2.a.lock_time" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200802" />
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.2.a.unlock_time" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:200803" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20080" /> <!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Do not leak information on authorization failure</title>
            <description>Authorization failures should not alert attackers as to what went wrong.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/pam.d/system-auth</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200805" /> <!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Do not log authorization failures and successes</title>
            <description>Remove pam_succeed_if module with quiet option and remove auth pam_deny line.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/pam.d/system-auth</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200806" /> <!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use pam_deny.so to Quickly Deny Access to a Service</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            In order to deny access to a service SVCNAME via PAM, edit the
            file /etc/pam.d/SVCNAME . Prepend this line to the beginning of the file: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth requisite pam_deny.so <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Under most circumstances, there are better ways to disable a service than to
            deny access via PAM. However, this should suffice as a way to quickly make a service
            unavailable to future users (existing sessions which have already been authenticated,
            are not affected). The requisite tag tells PAM that, if the named module returns
            failure, authentication should fail, and PAM should immediately stop processing the
            configuration file. The pam_deny.so module always returns failure regardless of its
            input.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Execution of userhelper to Console Users</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If your environment has defined a group, usergroup containing
            all the human users of your system, restrict execution of the userhelper program to only
            that group: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chgrp usergroup /usr/sbin/userhelper <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 4710 /usr/sbin/userhelper <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The userhelper program provides authentication for graphical services which must run 
            with root privileges, such as the system-config- family of graphical configuration 
            utilities. Only human users logged into the system console are likely to ever have a 
            legitimate need to run these utilities. This step provides some protection against 
            possible flaws in userhelper's implementation, and against further privilege escalation 
            when system accounts are compromised. See Section 2.3.2.2 for more information on 
            creating a group of human users. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The userhelper program is configured by the files in /etc/security/console.apps/. Each 
            file specifies, for some program, what user the program should run as, and what program 
            should be executed after successful authentication. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: The configuration in /etc/security/console.apps/ is applied in
            combination with the PAM configuration of the service defined in /etc/pam.d/. First,
            userhelper determines what user the service should run as. (Typically, this will be
            root.) Next, userhelper uses the PAM API to allow the user who ran the program to
            attempt to authenticate as the desired user. The PAM API exchange is wrapped in a GUI if
            the application's configuration requests one.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.4.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Name of group containing human users</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter group to aggregate human users</description>
            <value>usergroup</value>
            <value selector="usergroup">usergroup</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.4.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>userhelper file permissions</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter file permissions for /usr/sbin/userhelper</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enter file permission for /usr/bin/userhelper</question>
            <value>100111001000</value>
            <value selector="4710">100111001000</value>
            <match>^[10]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict Execution of userhelper to Console Users</title>
            <description>The /usr/sbin/userhelper file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4185-5</ident>
            <fix># chgrp usergroup /usr/sbin/userhelper</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.4.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20081" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20081" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict File permissions of userhelper</title>
            <description>File permissions for /usr/sbin/userhelper should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3952-9</ident>
            <fix># chmod 4710 /usr/sbin/userhelper</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.4.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20082" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20082" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Password Hashing Algorithm</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default algorithm for storing password hashes should be SHA-512. 
          </description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.5.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Password hashing algorithm</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter /etc/shadow password hashing algorithm</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enter /etc/shadow password hashing algorithm</question>
            <value>sha512</value>
            <value selector="MD5">md5</value>
            <value selector="SHA-256">sha256</value>
            <value selector="SHA-512">sha512</value>
            <choices>
                <choice>md5</choice>
                <choice>sha256</choice>
                <choice>sha512</choice>
            </choices>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Password hashing algorithm</title>
            <description>The password hashing algorithm should be set to SHA-512</description>
            <fix>/usr/sbin/authconfig --passalgo=sha512 --update</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.5.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20083" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20083" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.3.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Password Reuse</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Do not allow users to reuse recent passwords. This can be 
            accomplished by using the remember option for the pam_unix PAM module. In order to 
            prevent a user from re-using any of his or her last <sub idref="var-2.3.3.6.a"/> passwords, 
            append remember=<sub idref="var-2.3.3.6.a"/> to the password line which uses the 
            pam_unix module in the ﬁle /etc/pam.d/system-auth, as shown:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            password sufficient pam_unix.so existing_options remember=<sub idref="var-2.3.3.6.a"/><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Old (and thus no longer valid) passwords are stored in the ﬁle /etc/security/opasswd.
          </description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.3.6.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>remember</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The last n passwords for each user are saved in 
              /etc/security/opasswd in order to force password change history and keep the user from 
              alternating between the same password too frequently. </description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enter how many last passwords will be saved to keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently</question>
            <value>5</value>
            <value selector="5">5</value>
            <value selector="10">10</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.3.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Limit password reuse</title>
            <description>The passwords to remember should be set to: <sub idref="var-2.3.3.6.a"/></description>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.3.6.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20084" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20084" /> <!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Secure Session Configuration Files for Login Accounts</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          When a user logs into a Unix account, the system configures the
          user's session by reading a number of files. Many of these files are located in the user's
          home directory, and may have weak permissions as a result of user error or
          misconfiguration. If an attacker can modify or even read certain types of account
          configuration information, he can often gain full access to the affected user's account.
          Therefore, it is important to test and correct configuration file permissions for
          interactive accounts, particularly those of privileged users such as root or system
          administrators.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.3.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that No Dangerous Directories Exist in Roots Path '</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The active path of the root account can be obtained by starting
            a new root shell and running: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># echo $PATH <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            This will produce a colon-separated list of directories in the path. For each directory 
            DIR in the path, ensure that DIR is not equal to a single . character. Also ensure that 
            there are no 'empty' elements in the path, such as in these examples: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>PATH=:/bin <xhtml:br/>
            PATH=/bin: <xhtml:br/>
            PATH=/bin::/sbin <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These empty elements have the same effect as a single . character. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For each element in the path, run: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ls -ld DIR <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            and ensure that write permissions are disabled for group and other. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is important to prevent root from executing unknown or untrusted programs, since such
            programs could contain malicious code. Therefore, root should not run programs installed
            by unprivileged users. Since root may often be working inside untrusted directories, the
            . character, which represents the current directory, should never be in the root path,
            nor should any directory which can be written to by an unprivileged or semi-privileged
            (system) user. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is a good practice for administrators to always execute privileged
            commands by typing the full path to the command.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure that No Dangerous Directories Exist in Root's Path</title>
            <description>The PATH variable should be set correctly for user root</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3301-9</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20085" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Write permissions are disabled for group and other in all directories in Root's Path</title>
            <description>Check each directory in root's path and make use it does not grant write permission to group and other</description>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:200855" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that User Home Directories are not Group-Writable or
            World-Readable</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For each human user USER of the system, view the permissions of the
            user's home directory: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ls -ld /home/USER <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Ensure that the directory is not group-writable and that it is not world-readable. If 
            necessary, repair the permissions:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chmod g-w /home/USER <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod o-rwx /home/USER <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            User home directories contain many
            configuration files which affect the behavior of a user's account. No user should ever
            have write permission to another user's home directory. Group shared directories can be
            configured in subdirectories or elsewhere in the filesystem if they are needed.
            Typically, user home directories should not be world-readable. If a subset of users need
            read access to one another's home directories, this can be provided using groups.</description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Sections 2.3.4.2–2.3.4.5 recommend modifying user home
            directories. Notify your user community, and solicit input if appropriate, before making
            this type of change. </warning>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure that User Home Directories are not Group-Writable or World-Readable</title>
            <description>File permissions should be set correctly for the home directories for all user accounts.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4090-7</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20086" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that User Dot-Files are not World-writable</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For each human user USER of the system, view the permissions of
            all dot-files in the user's home directory: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ls -ld /home/USER /.[A-Za-z0-9]* <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Ensure that none of these files are group- or world-writable. Correct each misconfigured file
            FILE by executing: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chmod go-w /home/USER /FILE <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A user who can modify another user's configuration files can likely execute commands 
            with the other user's privileges, including stealing data, destroying files, or 
            launching further attacks on the system.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that Users Have Sensible Umask Values</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Edit the global configuration files /etc/bashrc and /etc/csh.cshrc. 
              Add or correct the line: umask <sub idref="var-2.3.4.4"/></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>View the additional configuration files /etc/csh.login and /etc/profile.d/*, 
                and ensure that none of these files redefine the umask to a more permissive value 
                unless there is a good reason for it.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>  
            With a default umask setting of 077, files and directories created by users will not be
            readable by any other user on the system. Users who wish to make specific files group-
            or world-readable can accomplish this using the chmod command. Additionally, users can
            make all their files readable to their group by default by setting a umask of 027 in
            their shell configuration files. If default per-user groups exist (that is, if every
            user has a default group whose name is the same as that user's username and whose only
            member is the user), then it may even be safe for users to select a umask of 007, making
            it very easy to intentionally share files with group s of which the user is a member. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In addition, it may be necessary to change root's umask temporarily in order to install
            software or files which must be readable by other users, or to change the default umasks
            of certain service accounts such as the FTP user. However, setting a restrictive default
            protects the files of users who have not taken steps to make their files more available,
            and preventing files from being inadvertently shared.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.4.4" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Sensible umask</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enter default user umask</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enter default user umask</question>
            <value>002</value>
            <value selector="002">002</value>
            <value selector="007">007</value>
            <value selector="022">022</value>
            <value selector="027">027</value>
            <value selector="077">077</value>
            <match>^0?[0-7][0-7][0-7]?$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure that Users Have Sensible Umask Values in /etc/bashrc</title>
            <description>The default umask for all users for the bash shell should be set to: 
                <sub idref="var-2.3.4.4"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3844-8</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.4.4" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20087" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20087" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure that Users Have Sensible Umask Values in /etc/csh.cshrc</title>
            <description>The default umask for all users for the csh shell should be set to: 
              <sub idref="var-2.3.4.4"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4227-5</ident>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.4.4" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20087" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20088" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.4.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure that Users do not Have .netrc Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For each human user USER of the system, ensure that the user
            has no .netrc file. The command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ls -l /home/USER /.netrc <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            should return the error 'No such file or directory'. If any user has such a file, 
            approach that user to discuss removing this file. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The .netrc file is a configuration file used to make unattended
            logins to other systems via FTP. When this file exists, it frequently contains
            unencrypted passwords which may be used to attack other systems.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.4.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title xml:lang="en">Check for existance of .netrc file</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">No user directory should contain file .netrc</description>
            <fix>rm .netrc</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20091" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Protect Physical Console Access</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          It is impossible to fully protect a system from an attacker with
          physical access, so securing the space in which the system is located should be considered
          a necessary step. However, there are some steps which, if taken, make it more difficult
          for an attacker to quickly or undetectably modify a system from its console.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set BIOS Password</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The BIOS (on x86 systems) is the first code to execute during
            system startup and controls many important system parameters, including which devices
            the system will try to boot from, and in which order. Assign a password to prevent any
            unauthorized changes to the BIOS configuration. The exact steps will vary depending on
            your machine, but are likely to include:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Reboot the machine.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Press the appropriate key during the initial boot screen (F2 is typical)</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Navigate the BIOS configuration menu to add a password.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
            The exact process will be system-specific and the system's
            hardware manual may provide detailed instructions. This password should prevent
            attackers with physical access from attempting to change important parameters, such as
            those described in Sections 2.5.2.2.1 and 2.2.2.2.4. However, an attacker with physical
            access can usually clear the BIOS password. The password should be written down and
            stored in a physically-secure location, such as a safe, in the event that it is
            forgotten and must be retrieved.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Boot Loader Password</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            During the boot process, the boot loader is responsible for
            starting the execution of the kernel and passing options to it. The boot loader allows
            for the selection of different kernels – possibly on different partitions or media.
            Options it can pass to the kernel include 'single-user mode,' which provides root access
            without any authentication, and the ability to disable SELinux. To prevent local users
            from modifying the boot parameters and endangering security, the boot loader
            configuration should be protected with a password. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default Fedora boot loader for x86 systems is called GRUB. To protect its 
            configuration: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Select a password and then generate a hash from it by running: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># grub-md5-crypt </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/> <xhtml:br/> </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Insert the following line into /etc/grub.conf immediately after the header 
                comments. (Use the output from grub-md5-crypt as the value of password-hash ): <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code>password --md5 password-hash </xhtml:code> <xhtml:br/> <xhtml:br/> </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Verify the permissions on /etc/grub.conf (which is a symlink to ../boot/grub/grub.conf): 
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># chown root:root /boot/grub/grub.conf <xhtml:br/>
                # chmod 600 /boot/grub/grub.conf</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
              Boot loaders for other platforms should offer a similar password protection feature.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.5.2.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>User that owns /boot/grub/grub.conf</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Choose user that should own /boot/grub/grub.conf</description>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.5.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Group that owns /boot/grub/grub.conf</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Choose group that should own /boot/grub/grub.conf</description>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.3.5.2.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>permissions on /boot/grub/grub.conf</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Choose file permissions on /boot/grub/grub.conf</description>
            <value>110000000</value>
            <value selector="600">110000000</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set Boot Loader user owner</title>
            <description>The /boot/grub/grub.conf file should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4144-2</ident>
            <fix>chown root /boot/grub/grub.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.2.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20092" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20092" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set Boot Loader group owner</title>
            <description>The /boot/grub/grub.conf file should be owned by group root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4197-0</ident>
            <fix>chown :root /boot/grub/grub.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20093" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20093" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set permission on /boot/grub/grub.conf</title>
            <description>File permissions for /boot/grub/grub.conf should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3923-0</ident>
            <fix>chmod 600 /boot/grub/grub.conf</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.2.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20094" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20094" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.2.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Set Boot Loader Password</title>
            <description>The grub boot loader should have password protection enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3818-2</ident>
            <fixtext>Edit /boot/grub/grub.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20095" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Require Authentication for Single-User Mode</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Single-user mode is intended as a system recovery method,
            providing a single user root access to the system by providing a boot option at startup.
            By default, no authentication is performed if single-user mode is selected. This
            provides a trivial mechanism of bypassing security on the machine and gaining root
            access. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To require entry of the root password even if the system is started in
            single-user mode, add the following line to the /etc/inittab file:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Require Authentication for Single-User Mode</title>
            <description>The requirement for a password to boot into single-user mode should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4241-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/inittab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20096" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Interactive Boot</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/init. Add or correct the setting:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            PROMPT=no <xhtml:br/>
            The PROMPT option allows the console user to perform an interactive system
            startup, in which it is possible to select the set of services which are started on
            boot. Using interactive boot, the console user could disable auditing, firewalls, or
            other services, weakening system security.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Interactive Boot</title>
            <description>The ability for users to perform interactive startups should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4245-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/init</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20097" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Implement Inactivity Time-out for Login Shells</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If the system does not run X Windows, then the login shells can
            be configured to automatically log users out after a period of inactivity. The following
            instructions are not practical for systems which run X Windows, as they will close
            terminal windows in the X environment. For information on how to automatically lock
            those systems, see Section 2.3.5.6. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To implement a 15-minute idle time-out for the
            default /bin/bash shell, create a new file tmout.sh in the directory /etc/profile.d with
            the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            TMOUT=900 <xhtml:br/>
            readonly TMOUT <xhtml:br/>
            export TMOUT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To implement a 15-minute idle
            time-out for the tcsh shell, create a new file autologout.csh in the directory
            /etc/profile.d with the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            set -r autologout 15 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Similar actions should be taken for any other login shells used. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The example time-out here of 15 minutes should be
            adjusted to whatever your security policy requires. The readonly line for bash and the
            -r option for tcsh can be omitted if policy allows users to override the value. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The automatic shell logout only occurs when the shell is the foreground process. If, for
            example, a vi session is left idle, then automatic logout would not occur. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            When logging in through a remote connection, as with SSH, it may be more effective to set 
            the timeout value directly through that service. To learn how to set automatic timeout 
            intervals for SSH, see Section 3.5.2.3.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.3.5.5" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Inactivity timout</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Choose allowed duration of inactive SSH connections, shells, and X sessions</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Choose allowed duration of inactive SSH connections, shells and X sessions in minutes</question>
            <value>15</value>
            <value selector="0_minutes">0</value>
            <value selector="10_minutes">10</value>
            <value selector="15_minutes">15</value>
            <match>^[\d]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Implement Inactivity Time-out for Login Shells</title>
            <description>The idle time-out value for the default /bin/tcsh shell should be: 
              <sub idref="var-2.3.5.5"/></description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3689-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/profile.d/autologout.csh</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.5" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20098" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20098" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Implement Inactivity Time-out for Login Shells</title>
            <description>The idle time-out value for the default /bin/bash shell should be: 
              <sub idref="var-2.3.5.5"/></description>
            <warning xml:lang="en">Time out is in seconds</warning>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3707-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/profile.d/tmout.sh</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.5" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20099" /> <!-- turn minutes into seconds -->
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20099" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Screen Locking</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            When a user must temporarily leave an account logged-in, screen
            locking should be employed to prevent passersby from abusing the account. User education
            and training is particularly important for screen locking to be effective. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A policy should be implemented that trains all users to lock the screen when they plan to
            temporarily step away from a logged-in account. Automatic screen locking is only meant
            as a safeguard for those cases where a user forgot to lock the screen.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.3.5.6.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure GUI Screen Locking</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              In the default GNOME desktop, the screen can be locked by
              choosing Lock Screen from the System menu. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The gconftool-2 program can be used to
              enforce mandatory screen locking settings for the default GNOME environment. Run the
              following commands to enforce idle activation of the screen saver, screen locking, a
              blank-screen screensaver, and 15-minute idle activation time: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/><xhtml:pre><xhtml:code>
              # gconftool-2 --direct \
                            --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \ 
                            --type bool \ 
                            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/idle_activation_enabled true 
              # gconftool-2 --direct \
                            --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \ 
                            --type bool \ 
                            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/lock_enabled true 
              # gconftool-2 --direct \
                            --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
                            --type string \
                            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/mode blank-only 
              # gconftool-2 --direct \
                            --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
                            --type int \
                            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/idle_delay 15
              </xhtml:code></xhtml:pre>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The default setting of 15 minutes for idle
              activation is reasonable for many office environments, but the setting should conform
              to whatever policy is defined. The screensaver mode blank-only is selected to conceal
              the contents of the display from passersby. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Because users should be trained to lock
              the screen when they step away from the computer, the automatic locking feature is
              only meant as a backup. The Lock Screen icon from the System menu can also be dragged
              to the taskbar in order to facilitate even more convenient screen-locking. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The root
              account cannot be screen-locked, but this should have no practical effect as the root
              account should never be used to log into an X Windows environment, and should only be
              used to for direct login via console in emergency circumstances. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              For more information
              about configuring GNOME screensaver, see http://live.gnome.org/GnomeScreensaver. For
              more information about enforcing preferences in the GNOME environment using the GConf
              configuration system, see http://www.gnome.org/projects/gconf and the man page
              gconftool-2(1).</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.6.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Implement Inactivity Time-out for Login Shells</title>
              <description>The idle time-out value for period of inactivity gnome desktop lockout should be 15 minutes</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3315-9</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via gconftool-2</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.3.5.5" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20098" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20100" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.6.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Implement idle activation of screen saver</title>
              <description>Idle activation of the screen saver should be enabled</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via gconftool-2</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201005" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.6.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Implement idle activation of screen lock</title>
              <description>Idle activation of the screen lock should be enabled</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via gconftool-2</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201006" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.6.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Implement blank screen saver</title>
              <description>The screen saver should be blank</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via gconftool-2</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201007" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.3.5.6.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Console Screen Locking</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              A console screen locking mechanism is provided in the vlock
              package, which is not installed by default. If the ability to lock console screens is
              necessary, install the vlock package: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># yum install vlock <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Instruct users to invoke the
              program when necessary, in order to prevent passersby from abusing their login: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>$ vlock <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The -a option can be used to prevent switching to other virtual consoles.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.3.5.6.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Configure console screen locking</title>
              <description>The vlock package should be installed</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3910-7</ident>
              <fix>yum install vlock</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20101" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.5.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Unnecessary Ports</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Though unusual, some systems may be managed only remotely and yet 
            also exposed to risk from attackers with direct physical access to them. In these cases, 
            reduce an attacker’s access to the system by disabling unnecessary external ports (e.g. 
            USB, FireWire, NIC) in the system’s BIOS.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Disable ports on the system which are not necessary for normal system operation. The exact 
            steps will vary depending on your machine, but are likely to include: 
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Reboot the machine.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Press the appropriate key during the initial boot screen (F2 is typical). </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Navigate the BIOS conguration menu to disable ports, such as USB, FireWire, and NIC.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
          </description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Disabling USB ports is particularly unusual and will cause problems 
            for important input devices such as keyboards or mice attached to the system.</warning>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Use a Centralized Authentication Service</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          A centralized authentication service is any method of maintaining
          central control over account and authentication data and of keeping this data synchronized
          between machines. Such services can range in complexity from a script which pushes
          centrally-generated password files out to all machines, to a managed scheme such as LDAP
          or Kerberos. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If authentication information is not centrally managed, it quickly becomes
          inconsistent, leading to out-of-date credentials and forgotten accounts which should have
          been deleted. In addition, many older protocols (such as NFS) make use of the UID to
          identify users over a network. This is not a good practice, and these protocols should be
          avoided if possible. However, since most sites must still make use of some older
          protocols, having consistent UIDs and GIDs site-wide is a significant benefit. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Centralized
          authentication services do have the disadvantage that authentication information must be
          transmitted over a network, leading to a risk that credentials may be intercepted or
          manipulated. Therefore, these services must be deployed carefully. The following
          precautions should be taken when configuring any authentication service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure that authentication information and any sensitive account information 
              are never sent over the network unencrypted.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure that the root account has a local password, to allow recovery in case 
              of network outage or authentication server failure.</xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul>
           This guide recommends
          the use of LDAP. Secure configuration of OpenLDAP for clients and servers is described in
          Section 3.12. Kerberos is also a good choice for a centralized authentication service, but
          a description of its configuration is beyond the scope of this guide. The NIS service is
          not recommended, and should be considered obsolete. (See Section 3.2.4.)</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.3.7" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Warning Banners for System Accesses</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Each system should expose as little information about itself as
          possible. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          System banners, which are typically displayed just before a login prompt, give
          out information about the service or the host's operating system. This might include the
          distribution name and the system kernel version, and the particular version of a network
          service. This information can assist intruders in gaining access to the system as it can
          reveal whether the system is running vulnerable software. Most network services can be
          configured to limit what information is displayed. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Many organizations implement security
          policies that require a system banner provide notice of the system's ownership, provide
          warning to unauthorized users, and remind authorized users of their consent to monitoring.</description>
        <Value id="var-2.3.7" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>login banner verbiage</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Enter an appropriate login banner for your organization</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Enter an appropriate login banner for your organization</question>
          <value></value>
          <value selector="Empty_text"></value>
        </Value>
        <Group id="group-2.3.7.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Modify the System Login Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The contents of the file /etc/issue are displayed on the screen
            just above the login prompt for users logging directly into a terminal. Remote login
            programs such as SSH or FTP can be configured to display /etc/issue as well.
            Instructions for configuring each server daemon to show this file can be found in the
            relevant sections of Chapter 3. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, the system will display the version of the
            OS, the kernel version, and the host name. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/issue. Replace the default text
            with a message compliant with the local site policy or a legal disclaimer.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.7.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Modify the System Login Banner</title>
            <description>The system login banner text should be: "<sub idref="var-2.3.7"/>"</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4060-0</ident>
            <fixtext>Take value of DOD_text and put it in /etc/issue</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.7" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20102" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20102" /> <!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.3.7.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Implement a GUI Warning Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            In the default graphical environment, users logging directly
            into the system are greeted with a login screen provided by the GNOME display manager.
            The warning banner should be displayed in this graphical environment for these
            users.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The files for the default RHEL theme can be found in
            /usr/share/gdm/themes/RHEL. Add the following sample block of XML to
            /usr/share/gdm/themes/RHEL/RHEL.xml after the first two "pixmap"
            entries:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:pre>
            &lt;item type="rect"&gt;
              &lt;pos anchor="n" x="50%" y="10" width="box" height="box"/&gt;
              &lt;box&gt;
                &lt;item type="label"&gt;
                  &lt;normal font="Sans 14" color="#ffffff"/&gt;
                    &lt;text&gt;Insert the text of your warning banner here.&lt;/text&gt;
                &lt;/item&gt;
              &lt;/box&gt;
            &lt;/item&gt;
            </xhtml:pre>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The
            full syntax that GDM theme files expect is documented elsewhere, but the above XML will
            create a text box centered at the top of the screen. The font, text color, and exact
            positioning can all be easily modified by editing the appropriate values. The latest
            current GDM theme manual can be found at http://www.gnome.org/
            projects/gdm/docs/thememanual.html.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.3.7.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Implement a GUI Warning Banner</title>
            <description>The direct gnome login warning banner text should be: "<sub idref="var-2.3.7"/>"</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4188-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via RHEL.xml</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.3.7" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20102" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20103" /><!-- TBD -->
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-2.4" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">SELinux</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        SELinux is a feature of the Linux kernel which can be used to guard
        against misconfigured or compromised programs. SELinux enforces the idea that programs
        should be limited in what files they can access and what actions they can take. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        The default
        SELinux policy, as configured on RHEL5, has been sufficiently developed and debugged that it
        should be usable on almost any Red Hat machine with minimal configuration and a small amount
        of system administrator training. This policy prevents system services — including most of
        the common network-visible services such as mail servers, ftp servers, and DNS servers —
        from accessing files which those services have no valid reason to access. This action alone
        prevents a huge amount of possible damage from network attacks against services, from
        trojaned software, and so forth. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        This guide recommends that SELinux be enabled using the
        default (targeted) policy on every Red Hat system, unless that system has requirements which
        make a stronger policy appropriate.</description>
      <reference>Frank Mayer, K. M., and Caplan, D. SELinux by Example: Using Security Enhanced Linux</reference>
      <Group id="group-2.4.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">How SELinux Works</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          In the traditional Linux/Unix security model, known as
          Discretionary Access Control (DAC), processes run under a user and group identity, and
          enjoy that user and group's access rights to all files and other objects on the system.
          This system brings with it a number of security problems, most notably: that processes
          frequently do not need and should not have the full rights of the user who ran them; that
          user and group access rights are not very granular, and may require administrators to
          allow too much access in order to allow the access that is needed; that the Unix
          filesystem contains many resources (such as temporary directories and world-readable
          files) which are accessible to users who have no legitimate reason to access them; and
          that legitimate users can easily provide open access to their own resources through
          confusion or carelessness. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          SELinux provides a Mandatory Access Control (MAC) system that
          greatly augments the DAC model. Under SELinux, every process and every object (e.g. file,
          socket, pipe) on the system is given a security context, a label which include detailed
          type information about the object. The kernel allows processes to access objects only if
          that access is explicitly allowed by the policy in effect. The policy defines transitions,
          so that a user can be allowed to run software, but the software can run under a different
          context than the user's default. This automatically limits the damage that the software
          can do to files accessible by the calling user — the user does not need to take any action
          to gain this benefit. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          For an action to occur, both the traditional DAC permissions must be
          satisifed as well as SELinux's MAC rules. If either do not permit the action, then it will
          not be allowed. In this way, SELinux rules can only make a system's permissions more
          restrictive and secure. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          SELinux requires a complex policy in order to allow all the
          actions required of a system under normal operation. Three such policies have been
          designed for use with RHEL5, and are included with the system. In increasing order of
          power and complexity, they are: targeted, strict, and mls. The targeted SELinux policy
          consists mostly of Type Enforcement (TE) rules, and a small number of Role-Based Access
          Control (RBAC) rules. It restricts the actions of many types of programs, but leaves
          interactive users largely unaffected. The strict policy also uses TE and RBAC rules, but
          on more programs and more aggressively. The mls policy implements Multi-Level Security
          (MLS), which introduces even more kinds of labels — sensitivity and category — and rules
          that govern access based on these. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The remainder of this section provides guidance for the
          configuration of the targeted policy and the administration of systems under this policy.
          Some pointers will be provided for readers who are interested in further strengthening
          their systems by using one of the stricter policies provided with RHEL5 or in writing
          their own policy.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Enable SELinux</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Edit the file /etc/selinux/config. Add or correct the following
          lines: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code>SELINUX=enforcing <xhtml:br/>
          SELINUXTYPE=targeted <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Edit the file /etc/grub.conf. Ensure that
          the following arguments DO NOT appear on any kernel command line in the file: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code>selinux=0 <xhtml:br/>
          enforcing=0 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The directive SELINUX=enforcing enables SELinux at boot time. If SELinux is
          causing a lot of problems or preventing the system from booting, it is possible to boot
          into the warning-only mode SELINUX=permissive for debugging purposes. Make certain to
          change the mode back to enforcing after debugging, set the filesystems to be relabelled
          for consistency using the command touch /.autorelabel, and reboot. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          However, the RHEL5
          default SELinux configuration should be sufficiently reasonable that most systems will
          boot without serious problems. Some applications that require deep or unusual system
          privileges, such as virtual machine software, may not be compatible with SELinux in its
          default configuration. However, this should be uncommon, and SELinux's application support
          continues to improve. In other cases, SELinux may reveal unusual or insecure program
          behavior by design. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The directive SELINUXTYPE=targeted configures SELinux to use the
          default targeted policy. See Section 2.4.6 if a stricter policy is appropriate for your
          site. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The SELinux boot mode specified in /etc/selinux/config can be overridden by
          command-line arguments passed to the kernel. It is necessary to check grub.conf to ensure
          that this has not been done and to protect the bootloader as described in Section 2.3.5.2.</description>
        <Value id="var-2.4.2.c" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>SELinux state</title>
          <description xml:lang="en"> 
            enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. <xhtml:br/>
            permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.<xhtml:br/>
            disabled - SELinux is fully disabled.
          </description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Set the SELinux state</question>
          <value>enforcing</value>
          <value selector="enforcing">enforcing</value>
          <value selector="permissive">permissive</value>
          <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
          <match>enforcing|permissive|disabled</match>
          <choices mustMatch="1">
            <choice>enforcing</choice>
            <choice>permissive</choice>
            <choice>disabled</choice>
          </choices>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-2.4.2.d" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>SELinux policy</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Type of policy in use. Possible values are:<xhtml:br/>
            targeted - Only targeted network daemons are protected.<xhtml:br/>
            strict - Full SELinux protection.<xhtml:br/>
            mls - Multiple levels of security</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Set the SELinux policy</question>
          <value>targeted</value>
          <value selector="targeted">targeted</value>
          <value selector="strict">strict</value>
          <value selector="mls">mls</value>
          <match>targeted|strict|mls</match>
          <choices mustMatch="1">
            <choice>targeted</choice>
            <choice>strict</choice>
            <choice>mls</choice>
          </choices>
        </Value>
        <Group id="group-2.4.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure SELinux is Properly Enabled</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Run the command:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>$ /usr/sbin/sestatus<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the system is properly conﬁgured, the output should indicate:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>SELinux status: enabled</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Current mode: enforcing</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Mode from conﬁg ﬁle: enforcing</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Policy from conﬁg ﬁle: targeted</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.4.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure SELinux is Properly Enabled</title>
            <description>Check output of /usr/sbin/sestatus</description>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201035" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Rule id="rule-2.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Enable SELinux in /etc/grub.conf</title>
          <description>SELinux should NOT be disabled in /etc/grub.conf.  Check that selinux=0 is not found</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3977-6</ident>
          <fixtext>Remove offending line from /etc/grub.conf</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20104" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-2.4.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Enable SELinux enforcement in /etc/grub.conf</title>
          <description>SELinux enforcement should NOT be disabled in /etc/grub.conf.  Check that enforcing=0 is not found.</description>
          <fixtext>Remove offending line from /etc/grub.conf</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20105" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-2.4.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set the SELinux state</title>
          <description>The SELinux state should be: <sub idref="var-2.4.2.c"/></description>
          <fixtext>Edit /etc/selinux/config</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-2.4.2.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20106" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20106" /><!-- TBD -->
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-2.4.2.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set the SELinux policy</title>
          <description>The SELinux policy should be set appropriately.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3624-4</ident>
          <fixtext>Edit /etc/selinux/config</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-2.4.2.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20107" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20107" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Unnecessary SELinux Daemons</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Several daemons are installed by default as part of the RHEL5
          SELinux support mechanism. These daemons may improve the system's ability to enforce
          SELinux policy in a useful fashion, but may also represent unnecessary code running on the
          machine, increasing system risk. If these daemons are not needed on your system, they
          should be disabled.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.4.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable and Remove SETroubleshoot if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is there a mission-critical reason to allow users to view
            SELinux denial information using the sealert GUI? If not, disable the service and remove
            the RPM: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig setroubleshoot off <xhtml:br/>
            # yum erase setroubleshoot <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The setroubleshoot
            service is a facility for notifying the desktop user of SELinux denials in a
            user-friendly fashion. SELinux errors may provide important information about intrusion
            attempts in progress, or may give information about SELinux configuration problems which
            are preventing correct system operation. In order to maintain a secure and usable
            SELinux installation, error logging and notification is necessary. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However,
            setroubleshoot is a service which has complex functionality, which runs a daemon and
            uses IPC to distribute information which may be sensitive, or even to allow users to
            modify SELinux settings, and which does not yet implement real authentication
            mechanisms. This guide recommends disabling setroubleshoot and using the kernel audit
            functionality to monitor SELinux's behavior. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In addition, since setroubleshoot
            automatically runs client-side code whenever a denial occurs, regardless of whether the
            setroubleshootd daemon is running, it is recommended that the program be removed
            entirely unless it is needed.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.4.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Remove SETroubleshoot if Possible</title>
            <description>The setroubleshoot package should be uninstalled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4148-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20108" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.4.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable SETroubleshoot if Possible</title>
            <description>The setroubleshoot service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4254-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20109" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.4.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Unless there is some overriding need for the convenience of
            category label translation, disable the MCS translation service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig mcstrans off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The mcstransd daemon provides the category label translation information defined in
            /etc/selinux/targeted/ setrans.conf to client processes which request this information.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Category labelling is unlikely to be used except in sites with special requirements.
            Therefore, it should be disabled in order to reduce the amount of potentially vulnerable
            code running on the system. See Section 2.4.6 for more information about systems which
            use category labelling.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.4.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) if Possible</title>
            <description>The mcstrans service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3668-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20110" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.4.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restorecon Service (restorecond)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The restorecond daemon monitors a list of files which are
            frequently created or modified on running systems, and whose SELinux contexts are not
            set correctly. It looks for creation events related to files listed in /etc/
            selinux/restorecond.conf, and sets the contexts of those files when they are discovered.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The restorecond program is fairly simple, so it brings low risk, but, in its default
            configuration, does not add much value to a system. An automated program such as
            restorecond may be used to monitor problematic files for context problems, or system
            administrators may be trained to check file contexts of newly-created files using the
            command ls -lZ, and to repair contexts manually using the restorecon command. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This guide
            makes no recommendation either for or against the use of restorecond.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.4.3.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable restorecon Service (restorecond)</title>
            <description>The restorecond service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4129-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20111" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Check for Unconfined Daemons</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Daemons that SELinux policy does not know about will inherit the
          context of the parent process. Because daemons are launched during startup and descend
          from the init process, they inherit the initrc t context. This is a problem because it may
          cause AVC denials, or it could allow privileges that the daemon does not require. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          To check for unconfined daemons, run the following command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># ps -eZ | egrep "initrc" | egrep -vw "tr|ps|egrep|bash|awk" | tr ':' ' ' | awk '{ print $NF }'<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          It should produce no output in a well-configured system.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Check for Unconfined Daemons</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Device ﬁles are used for communication with important system 
          resources. SELinux contexts should exist for these. If a device ﬁle is not labeled, then 
          misconﬁguration is likely.<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          To check for unlabeled device ﬁles, run the following command:<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># ls -Z | grep unlabeled_t<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          It should produce no output in a well-conﬁgured system.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-2.4.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Check for Unconfined Daemons</title>
          <description>Check for device ﬁle that is not labeled.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201115" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Debugging SELinux Policy Errors</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          SELinux's default policies have improved significantly over time,
          and most systems should have few problems using the targeted SELinux policy. However,
          policy problems may still occasionally prevent accesses which should be allowed. This is
          especially true if your site runs any custom or heavily modified applications. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          This section gives some brief guidance on discovering and repairing SELinux-related access
          problems. Guidance given here is necessarily incomplete, but should provide a starting
          point for debugging. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If you suspect that a permission error or other failure may be caused
          by SELinux (and are certain that misconfiguration of the traditional Unix permissions are
          not the cause of the problem), search the audit logs for AVC events: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># ausearch -m AVC,USER_AVC -sv no <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The output of this command will be a set of events. The timestamp,
          along with the comm and pid fields, should indicate which line describes the problem. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Look
          up the context under which the process is running. Assuming the process ID is PID , find
          the context by running: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># ps -p PID -Z <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The AVC denial message should identify the
          offending file or directory. The name field should contain the filename (not the full
          pathname by default), and the ino field can be used to search by inode, if necessary.
          Assuming the file is FILE , find its SELinux context: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># ls -Z FILE <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          An administrator should
          suspect an SELinux misconfiguration whenever a program gets a 'permission denied' error
          but the standard Unix permissions appear to be correct, or a program fails mysteriously on
          a task which seems to involve file access or network communication. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          As described in
          Section 2.4.1, SELinux augments each process with a context providing detailed type
          information about that process. The contexts under which processes run may be referred to
          as subject contexts. Similarly, each filesystem object is given a context. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The targeted
          policy consists of a set of rules, each of which allows a subject type to perform some
          operation on a given object type. The kernel stores information about these access
          decisions in an structure known as an Access Vector Cache (AVC), so authorization
          decisions made by the system are audited with the type AVC. It is also possible for
          userspace modules to implement their own policies based on SELinux, and these decisions
          are audited with the type USER_AVC. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          AVC denials are logged by the kernel audit facility
          (see Section 2.6.2 for configuration guidance on this subsystem) and may also be visible
          via setroubleshoot. This guide recommends the use of the audit userspace utilities to find
          AVC errors. It is possible to manually locate these errors by looking in the file
          /var/log/audit/audit.log or in /var/log/messages (depending on the syslog configuration in
          effect), but the ausearch tool allows finegrained searching on audit event types, which
          may be necessary if system call auditing is enabled as well. The command line above tells
          ausearch to look for kernel or userspace AVC messages (-m AVC,USER AVC) where the access
          attempt did not succeed (-sv no). <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If an AVC denial occurs when it should not have, the
          problem is generally one of the following: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>The program is running with the wrong subject
              context. This could happen as a result of an incorrect context on the program's executable
              file, which could happen if 3rd party software is installed and not given appropriate
              SELinux file contexts. </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>The file has the wrong object context because the current file's
              context does not match the specification. This can occur when files are created or
              modified in certain ways. It is not atypical for configuration files to get the wrong
              contexts after a system configuration change performed by an administrator. To repair the
              file, use the command: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># restorecon -v FILE <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This should produce output indicating that the
              file's context has been changed. The /usr/bin/chcon program can be used to manually change
              a file's context, but this is problematic because the change will not persist if it does
              not agree with the policy-defined contexts applied by restorecon.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>The file has the wrong
              object context because the specification is either incorrect or does not match the way the
              file is being used on this system. In this case, it will be necessary to change the system
              file contexts. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Run the system-config-selinux tool, and go to the 'File Labeling' menu.
              This will give a list of files and wildcards corresponding to file labelling rules on the
              system. Add a rule which maps the file in question to the desired context. As an
              alternative, file contexts can be modified from the command line using the semanage(8)
              tool.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>The program and file have the correct contexts, but the policy should allow some
              operation between those two contexts which is currently not allowed. In this case, it will
              be necessary to modify the SELinux policy. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Run the system-config-selinux tool, and go to
              the 'Boolean' menu. If your configuration is supported, but is not the Red Hat default,
              then there will be a boolean allowing real-time modification of the SELinux policy to fix
              the problem. Browse through the items in this menu, looking for one which is related to
              the service which is not working. As an alternative, SELinux booleans can be modified from
              the command line using the getsebool(8) and setsebool(8) tools. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is no boolean, it
              will be necessary to create and load a policy module. A simple way to build a policy
              module is to use the audit2allow tool. This tool can take input in the format of AVC
              denial messages, and generate syntactically correct Type Enforcement rules which would be
              sufficient to prevent those denials. For example, to generate and display rules which
              would allow all kernel denials seen in the past five minutes, run: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># ausearch -m AVC -sv no -ts recent | audit2allow <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              It is possible to use audit2allow to directly create a module
              package suitable for loading into the kernel policy. To do this, invoke audit2allow with
              the -M flag: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># ausearch -m AVC -sv no -ts recent | audit2allow -M localmodule <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If this is
              successful, several lines of output should appear. Review the generated TE rules in the
              file localmodule .te and ensure that they express what you wish to allow. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The file
              localmodule .pp should also have been created. This file is a policy module package that
              can be loaded into the kernel. To do so, use system-config-selinux, go to the 'Policy
              Module' menu and use the 'Add' button to enable your module package in SELinux, or load it
              from the command line using semodule(8): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># semodule -i localmodule .pp <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Section 45.2 of [9] covers this procedure in detail.</xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul></description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.7" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Further Strengthening</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The recommendations up to this point have discussed how to
          configure and maintain a system under the default configuration of the targeted policy,
          which constrains only the actions of daemons and system software. This guide strongly
          recommends that any site which is not currently using SELinux at all transition to the
          targeted policy, to gain the substantial security benefits provided by that policy.<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          However, the default policy provides only a subset of the full security gains available
          from using SELinux. In particular, the SELinux policy is also capable of constraining the
          actions of interactive users, of providing compartmented access by sensitivity level (MLS)
          and/or category (MCS), and of restricting certain types of system actions using booleans
          beyond the RHEL5 defaults. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          This section introduces other uses of SELinux which may be
          possible, and provides links to some outside resources about their use. Detailed
          description of how to implement these steps is beyond the scope of this guide.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.4.7.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Strengthen the Default SELinux Boolean Configuration</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            SELinux booleans are used to enable or disable segments of
            policy to comply with site policy. Booleans may apply to the entire system or to an
            individual daemon. For instance, the boolean allow execstack, if enabled, allows
            programs to make part of their stack memory region executable. This would apply to all
            programs on the system. The boolean ftp home dir allows ftpd processes to access user
            home directories, and applies only to daemons which implement FTP. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The command <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>$ getsebool -a <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            lists the values of all SELinux booleans on the system. Section 2.4.5
            discussed loosening boolean values in order to debug functionality problems which occur
            under more restrictive defaults. It is also useful to examine and strengthen the boolean
            settings, to disable functionality which is not required by legitimate programs on your
            system, but which might be symptomatic of an attack. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See the manpages booleans(8),
            getsebool(8), and setsebool(8) for general information about booleans. There are also
            manual pages for several subsystems which discuss the use of SELinux with those systems.
            Examples include ftpd selinux(8), httpd selinux(8), and nfs selinux(8). Another good
            reference is the html documentation distributed with the selinux-policy RPM. This
            documentation is stored under <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            /usr/share/doc/selinux-policy-version/html/ <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The pages
            global tunables.html and global booleans.html may be useful when examining booleans.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.4.7.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use a Stronger Policy</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Using a stronger policy can greatly enhance security, but will
            generally require customization to be compatible with the particular system's purpose,
            and this may be costly or time consuming. Under the targeted policy, interactive
            processes are given the type unconfined t, so interactive users are not constrained by
            SELinux even if they attempt to take strange or malicious actions. The first alternative
            policy available with RHEL5's SELinux distribution, called strict, extends the
            protections offered by the default policy from daemons and system processes to all
            processes. To use the strict policy, first ensure that the policy module is installed: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum install selinux-policy-strict <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Then edit /etc/selinux/config and correct the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>SELINUXTYPE=strict <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The mls policy type can be used to enforce sensitivity or category
            labelling, and requires site-specific configuration of these labels in order to be
            useful. To use this policy, install the appropriate policy module: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum install selinux-policy-mls <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Then edit /etc/selinux/config and correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>SELINUXTYPE=mls</xhtml:code></description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">
            Note: Switching between policies typically requires the entire disk to be relabelled, so
            that files get the appropriate SELinux contexts under the new policy. Boot with the
            additional grub command-line options <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>enforcing=0 single autorelabel </xhtml:code><xhtml:br/>
            to relabel the disk in single-user mode, then reboot normally.</warning>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.4.8" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">SELinux References</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>NSA SELinux resources:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>Web page: http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Mailing list: selinux@tycho.nsa.gov <xhtml:br/>
                  List information at: http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/info/list.cfm</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
            </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Fedora SELinux resources:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>FAQ: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-faq/</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Wiki: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux/</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Mailing list: fedora-selinux-list@redhat.com <xhtml:br/>
                  List information at:
                  https://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-selinux-list</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
            </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Chapters 43–45 of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5: Deployment Guide [9]</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>The book SELinux by Example: Using Security Enhanced Linux [13]</xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul></description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-2.5" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Network Configuration and Firewalls</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        Most machines must be connected to a network of some sort, and this
        brings with it the substantial risk of network attack. This section discusses the security
        impact of decisions about networking which must be made when configuring a system. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        This section also discusses firewalls, network access controls, and other network security
        frameworks, which allow system-level rules to be written that can limit attackers' ability
        to connect to your system. These rules can specify that network traffic should be allowed or
        denied from certain IP addresses, hosts, and networks. The rules can also specify which of
        the system's network services are available to particular hosts or networks.</description>
      <Group id="group-2.5.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Kernel Parameters which Affect Networking</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The sysctl utility is used to set a number of parameters which
          affect the operation of the Linux kernel. Several of these parameters are specific to
          networking, and the configuration options in this section are recommended.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Network Parameters for Hosts Only</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is this system going to be used as a firewall or gateway to
            pass IP traffic between different networks? <xhtml:br/>
            If not, edit the file /etc/sysctl.conf and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These settings disable hosts from
            performing network functionality which is only appropriate for routers.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects for Hosts Only</title>
            <description>The default setting for sending ICMP redirects should be disabled for network interfaces.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4151-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20112" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects for Hosts Only</title>
            <description>Sending ICMP redirects should be disabled for all interfaces.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4155-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20113" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable net.ipv4.ip forward for Hosts Only</title>
            <description>IP forwarding should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3561-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.ip_forward</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20114" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Network Parameters for Hosts and Routers</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysctl.conf and add or correct the following
            lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0<xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1<xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0<xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1<xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages = 1 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1<xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 <xhtml:br/>
            net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These options
            improve Linux's ability to defend against certain types of IPv4 protocol attacks. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The
            accept source route, accept redirects, and secure redirects options are turned off to
            disable IPv4 protocol features which are considered to have few legitimate uses and to
            be easy to abuse. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The net.ipv4.conf.all.log martians option logs several types of
            suspicious packets, such as spoofed packets, source-routed packets, and redirects. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The icmp echo ignore broadcasts icmp ignore bogus error messages options protect against
            ICMP attacks. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The tcp syncookies option uses a cryptographic feature called SYN cookies
            to allow machines to continue to accept legitimate connections when faced with a SYN
            flood attack. See [12] for further information on this option. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The rp filter option
            enables RFC-recommended source validation. It should not be used on machines which are
            routers for very complicated networks, but is helpful for end hosts and routers serving
            small networks. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For more information on any of these, see the kernel source
            documentation file /Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt.2</description>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.a" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>Deactivating "source routed packets"</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Trackers could be using source-routed packets to generate traffic that seems to be intra-net, but actually was created outside and has been redirected.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable source routed packets</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.b" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>ICMP redirect messages</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance?</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable ICMP redirect messages</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.c" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enable to prevent hijacking of routing path by only allowing redirects from gateways known in routing table. </description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv4 prevent hijacking of routing paths</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.d" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Disable so you don't Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets </description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv4 logging Spoofed packets, source routed packets and redirect packets</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.e" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Disable IP source routing?</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv4 source routing</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.f" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance?</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable default IPv4 ICMP Redirect Acceptance</question>
            <value>0</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.g" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Log packets with impossible addresses to kernel log?</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv4 logging packets with impossible addresses to kernel log</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.h" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcast</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Ignore all ICMP ECHO and TIMESTAMP requests sent to it via broadcast/multicast</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv4 ignoring ICMP ECHO and TIMESTAMP requests from broadcast/multicast</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.i" type="boolean" operator="equals"><!-- TODO -->
            <title>net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enable to prevent certain types of attacks</description>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.j" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.tcp_syncookie</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enable to turn on TCP SYN Cookie Protection</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable TCP SYN Cookie Protection</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.k" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enable to enforce sanity checking, also called ingress filtering or egress filtering.  The point is to drop a packet if the source and destination IP addresses in the IP header do not make sense when considered in light of the physical interface on which it arrived. </description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable all enforcing sanity checks</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.5.1.2.l" type="boolean" operator="equals">
            <title>net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Enables source route verification</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable default source route verification</question>
            <value>1</value>
            <value selector="enabled">1</value>
            <value selector="disabled">0</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Accepting source routed packets should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.a"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4236-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20115" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20115" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Accepting ICMP redirects should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.b"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4217-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20116" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20116" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Accepting "secure" ICMP redirects (those from gateways listed in the default gateways list) should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.c"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3472-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20117" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20117" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Logging of "martian" packets (those with impossible addresses) should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.d"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4320-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20118" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20118" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.e" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>The default setting for accepting source routed packets should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.e"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4091-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.e" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20119" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20119" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.f" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>The default setting for accepting ICMP redirects should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.f"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4186-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.f" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20120" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20120" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.g" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>The default setting for accepting "secure" ICMP redirects (those from gateways listed in the default gateways list) should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.g"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3339-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.g" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20121" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20121" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.h" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Ignoring ICMP echo requests (pings) sent to broadcast / multicast addresses should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.h"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3644-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.h" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20122" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20122" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.i" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Ignoring bogus ICMP responses to broadcasts should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.i"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4133-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.i" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20123" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20123" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.j" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Sending TCP syncookies should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.j"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4265-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.j" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20124" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20124" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.k" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>Performing source validation by reverse path should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.k"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4080-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.k" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20125" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20125" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.1.2.l" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter for Hosts and Routers</title>
            <description>The default setting for performing source validation by reverse path should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.1.2.l"/> for all interfaces as appropriate.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3840-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.5.1.2.l" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20126" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20126" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Wireless Networking</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Wireless networking (sometimes referred to as 802.11 or Wi-Fi)
          presents a serious security risk to sensitive or classified systems and networks. Wireless
          networking hardware is much more likely to be included in laptop or portable systems than
          desktops or servers. See Section 3.3.14 for information on Bluetooth wireless support.
          Bluetooth serves a different purpose and possesses a much shorter range, but it still
          presents serious security risks. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Removal of hardware is the only way to absolutely ensure
          that the wireless capability remains disabled. If it is completely impractical to remove
          the wireless hardware, and site policy still allows the device to enter sensitive spaces,
          every effort to disable the capability via software should be made. In general,
          acquisition policy should include provisions to prevent the purchase of equipment that
          will be used in sensitive spaces and includes wireless capabilities.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove Wireless Hardware if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Identifying the wireless hardware is the first step in removing
            it. The system's hardware manual should contain information on its wireless
            capabilities. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Wireless hardware included with a laptop typically takes the form of a
            mini-PCI card or PC card. Other forms include devices which plug into USB or Ethernet
            ports, but these should be readily apparent and easy to remove from the base system. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A PC Card (originally called a PCMCIA card) is designed to be easy to remove, though it
            may be hidden when inserted into the system. Frequently, there will be one or more
            buttons near the card slot that, when pressed, eject the card from the system. If no
            card is ejected, the slot is empty. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A mini-PCI card is approximately credit-card sized
            and typically accessible via a removable panel on the underside of the laptop. Removing
            the panel may require simple tools. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In addition to manually inspecting the hardware, it
            is also possible to query the system for its installed hardware devices. The commands
            /sbin/lspci and /sbin/lsusb will show a list of all recognized devices on their
            respective buses, and this may indicate the presence of a wireless device.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Wireless Through Software Configuration</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If it is impossible to remove the wireless hardware from the
            device in question, disable as much of it as possible through software. The following
            methods can disable software support for wireless networking, but note that these
            methods do not prevent malicious software or careless users from re-activating the
            devices.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.5.2.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Wireless in BIOS</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Some laptops that include built-in wireless support offer the
              ability to disable the device through the BIOS. This is system-specific; consult your
              hardware manual or explore the BIOS setup during boot. 2A recent version of this file
              can be found online at
              http://lxr.linux.no/source/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.2.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable Wireless in BIOS</title>
              <description>All wireless devices should be disabled in the BIOS.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3628-5</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via BIOS menus</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20127" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.2.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Deactivate Wireless Interfaces</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Deactivating the wireless interfaces should prevent normal
              usage of the wireless capability. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              First, identify the interfaces available with the command: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># ifconfig -a <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Additionally,the following command may also be used to
              determine whether wireless support ('extensions') is included for a particular
              interface, though this may not always be a clear indicator: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># iwconfig <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              After
              identifying any wireless interfaces (which may have names like wlan0, ath0, wifi0, or
              eth0), deactivate the interface with the command: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># ifdown interface <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              These changes
              will only last until the next reboot. To disable the interface for future boots,
              remove the appropriate interface file from /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rm /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface</xhtml:code></description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.2.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Deactivate Wireless Interfaces</title>
              <description>All wireless interfaces should be disabled.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4276-2</ident>
              <fixtext>rm /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface</fixtext>
              <fixtext>ifdown interface</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20128" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.2.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Wireless Drivers</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Removing the kernel drivers that provide support for wireless
              Ethernet devices will prevent users from easily activating the devices. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To remove the wireless drivers from the system: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rm -r /lib/modules/kernelversion(s)/kernel/drivers/net/wireless <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This command must also be repeated every time the kernel is upgraded.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.2.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable Wireless Drivers</title>
              <description>Device drivers for wireless devices should be excluded from the kernel.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4170-7</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via modprobe</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20129" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">IPv6</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The system includes support for Internet Protocol version 6. A
          major and often-mentioned improvement over IPv4 is its enormous increase in the number of
          available addresses. Another important feature is its support for automatic configuration
          of many network settings.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Support for IPv6 unless Needed</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Because the IPv6 networking code is relatively new and complex,
            it is particularly important that it be disabled unless needed. Despite configuration
            that suggests support for IPv6 has been disabled, link-local IPv6 address
            autoconfiguration occurs even when only an IPv4 address is assigned. The only way to
            effectively prevent execution of the IPv6 networking stack is to prevent the kernel from
            loading the IPv6 kernel module.</description>
          <reference>MO3:S0-C1-1</reference>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Automatic Loading of IPv6 Kernel Module</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To prevent the IPv6 kernel module (ipv6) from being loaded,
              add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              install ipv6 /bin/true <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              When the kernel requests the ipv6 module, this line will direct the system to run the 
              program /bin/true instead.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable Automatic Loading of IPv6 Kernel Module</title>
              <description>Automatic loading of the IPv6 kernel module should be disabled.</description>
              <reference>MO3:S0-C1-1 MO3:S0-C1-2</reference>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3562-6</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20130" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Interface Usage of IPv6</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To prevent configuration of IPv6 for all interfaces, add or
              correct the following lines in /etc/sysconfig/network: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              NETWORKING_IPV6=no <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6INIT=no<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              For each network interface IFACE , add or correct the following lines in
              /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE as an additional prevention mechanism:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6INIT=no <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If it becomes necessary later to configure IPv6, only the interfaces
              requiring it should be enabled.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable NETWORKING_IPV6 in /etc/sysconfig/network</title>
              <description>The default setting for IPv6 configuration should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3381-1</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20131" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable IPV6INIT in /etc/sysconfig/network</title>
              <description>Global IPv6 initialization should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3377-9</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20132" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.1.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable IPV6INIT in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</title>
              <description>IPv6 configuration should be disabled for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4296-0</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20133" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure IPv6 Settings if Necessary</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            A major feature of IPv6 is the extent to which systems
            implementing it can automatically configure their networking devices using information
            from the network. From a security perspective, manually configuring important
            configuration information is always preferable to accepting it from the network in an
            unauthenticated fashion.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Automatic Configuration</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Disable the system's acceptance of router advertisements and
              redirects by adding or correcting the following line in /etc/sysconfig/network (note
              that this does not disable sending router solicitations): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6_AUTOCONF=no</description>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.1.a" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>IPV6_AUTOCONF</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Toggle global IPv6 autoconfiguration (only, if global forwarding is disabled)</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable global IPv6 autoconfiguration</question>
              <value>disabled</value>
              <value selector="enabled">enabled</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <match>enabled|disabled</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.1.b" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">accept default router advertisements</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 accepting default router advertisements</question>
              <value>no</value>
              <value selector="enabled">yes</value>
              <value selector="disabled">no</value>
              <match>yes|no</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.1.c" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Toggle ICMP Redirect Acceptance</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 default ICMP Redirect Acceptance</question>
              <value>disabled</value>
              <value selector="enabled">enabled</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <match>enabled|disabled</match>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.1.d" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Toggle ICMP Redirect Acceptance</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable all IPv6 ICMP Redirect Acceptance</question>
              <value>disabled</value>
              <value selector="enabled">enabled</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <match>enabled|disabled</match>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable IPV6_AUTOCONF in /etc/sysconfig/network</title>
              <description>Accepting IPv6 router advertisements should be disabled for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4269-7</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20134" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20134" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable accepting IPv6 router advertisements (net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra)</title>
              <description>The default setting for accepting IPv6 router advertisements should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.b"/> for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4291-1</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl (2) via IPV6_AUTOCONF in /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.1.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20135" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20135" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable accepting redirects from IPv6 routers (net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects)</title>
              <description>Accepting redirects from IPv6 routers should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.c"/> for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4313-3</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl (2) via IPV6_AUTOCONF in /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.1.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20136" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20136" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable accepting redirects from IPv6 routers (net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects)</title>
              <description>The default setting for accepting redirects from IPv6 routers should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.d"/> for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4198-8</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl (2) via IPV6_AUTOCONF in /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.1.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20137" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20137" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Manually Assign Global IPv6 Address</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To manually assign an IP address for an interface IFACE, edit
              the file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ ifcfg-IFACE. Add or correct the following
              line (substituting the correct IPv6 address): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6ADDR=2001:0DB8::ABCD/64 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Manually
              assigning an IP address is preferable to accepting one from routers or from the
              network otherwise. The example address here is an IPv6 address reserved for
              documentation purposes, as defined by RFC3849.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use Privacy Extensions for Address if Necessary</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To introduce randomness into the automatic generation of IPv6
              addresses, add or correct the following line in
              /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6_PRIVACY=rfc3041<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Automatically-generated IPv6 addresses are based on the underlying hardware (e.g.
              Ethernet) address, and so it becomes possible to track a piece of hardware over its
              lifetime using its traffic. If it is important for a system's IP address to not
              trivially reveal its hardware address, this setting should be applied.</description>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.3.a" type="string" operator="equals">
              <title>IPV6_PRIVACY in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Control IPv6 privacy.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select control of IPv6 address creation privacy</question>
              <value>rfc3041</value>
              <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
              <value selector="lightweight">lightweight</value>
              <value selector="rfc3041">rfc3041</value>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Use Privacy Extensions for Address if Necessary</title>
              <description>IPv6 privacy extensions should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.3.a"/> for all interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3842-2</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via IPV6_PRIVACY in
                /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-&lt;interface&gt;</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.3.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20138" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20138" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.2.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Manually Assign IPv6 Router Address</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE ,
              and add or correct the following line (substituting your gateway IP as appropriate):<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              IPV6_DEFAULTGW=2001:0DB8::0001 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Router addresses should be manually set and not
              accepted via any autoconfiguration or router advertisement.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.3.2.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following lines to /etc/sysctl.conf to limit the
              configuration information requested from other systems, and accepted from the network:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations = 0<xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref = 0 <xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo = 0<xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr = 0 <xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0<xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits = 0 <xhtml:br/>
              net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses = 1 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The router solicitations setting determines how many router solicitations are sent 
              when bringing up the interface. If addresses are statically assigned, there is no need 
              to send any solicitations. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The accept_ra_pinfo setting controls whether the system will
              accept prefix info from the router. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The accept_ra_defrtr setting controls whether the
              system will accept Hop Limit settings from a router advertisement. Setting it to 0
              prevents a router from changing your default IPv6 Hop Limit for outgoing packets. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The autoconf setting controls whether router advertisements can cause the system to 
              assign a global unicast address to an interface. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The dad_transmits setting determines how
              many neighbor solicitations to send out per address (global and link-local) when
              bringing up an interface to ensure the desired address is unique on the network. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The max_addresses setting determines how many global unicast IPv6 addresses can be
              assigned to each interface. The default is 16, but it should be set to exactly the
              number of statically configured global addresses required.</description>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.a" type="number" operator="equals">
              <title> net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                Setting determines how many router solicitations are 
                sent when bringing up the interface. If addresses are statically assigned, there 
                is no need to send any solicitation</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select how many router solicitations are sent when bringing up the interface</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <value selector="1">1</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.b" type="boolean" operator="equals">
              <title>Accept Router Preference in Router Advertisements?</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Control IPv6 privacy.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 router advertisements</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="enabled">1</value>
              <value selector="disabled">0</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.c" type="boolean" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">Setting controls whether the system will accept preﬁx info from the router</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 acceptance of router prefix info</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="enabled">1</value>
              <value selector="disabled">0</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.d" type="boolean" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                Setting controls whether the system will accept Hop Limit 
                settings from a router advertisement. Setting it to 0 prevents a router from 
                changing your default IPv6 Hop Limit for outgoing packets.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 acceptance of Hop limits from router advertisement</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="enabled">1</value>
              <value selector="disabled">0</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.e" type="boolean" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf</title>
              <description>Setting controls whether router advertisements can cause the system to assign a global unicast address to an interface.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable IPv6 acceptance of global unicast address from router advertisement</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="enabled">1</value>
              <value selector="disabled">0</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.f" type="number" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits</title>
              <description xml:lang="en">
                Setting determines how many neighbor solicitations to 
                send out per address (global and link-local) when bringing up an interface to 
                ensure the desired address is unique on the network</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select how many neighbor solicitations send out per address to ensure uniqueness of desired address for IPv6</question>
              <value>0</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <value selector="1">1</value>
            </Value>
            <Value id="var-2.5.3.2.5.g" type="number" operator="equals">
              <title>net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses</title>
              <description>
                Setting determines how many global unicast IPv6 addresses can be 
                assigned to each interface. The default is 16, but it should be set to exactly 
                the number of statically conﬁgured global addresses required.</description>
              <question xml:lang="en">Select how many global unicast IPv6 addresses can be assigned to each interface</question>
              <value>16</value>
              <value selector="0">0</value>
              <value selector="1">1</value>
              <value selector="2">2</value>
              <value selector="4">4</value>
              <value selector="8">8</value>
              <value selector="16">16</value>
            </Value>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations</title>
              <description>The default number of IPv6 router solicitations for network interfaces to send should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.a"/></description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4159-0</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20139" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20139" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref</title>
              <description>The default setting for accepting router preference via IPv6 router advertisement should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.b"/> for interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4221-8</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20140" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20140" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo</title>
              <description>The default setting for accepting prefix information via IPv6 router advertisement should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.c"/> for interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4058-4</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20141" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20141" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr</title>
              <description>The default setting for accepting a default router via IPv6 router advertisement should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.d"/> for interfaces.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4128-5</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20142" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20142" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf</title>
              <description>The default setting for autoconfiguring network interfaces using prefix information in IPv6 router advertisements should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.e"/>.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4287-9</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.e" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20143" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20143" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits</title>
              <description>The default number of IPv6 duplicate address detection solicitations for network interfaces to send per configured address should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.f"/>.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3895-0</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.f" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20144" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20144" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.3.2.5.g" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Limit Network-Transmitted Configuration via net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses</title>
              <description>The default number of global unicast IPv6 addresses allowed per network interface should be: <sub idref="var-2.5.3.2.5.g"/>.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4137-6</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via sysctl - net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-export value-id="var-2.5.3.2.5.g" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20145" />
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20145" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">TCP Wrapper</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          TCP Wrapper is a library which provides simple access control and
          standardized logging for supported applications which accept connections over a network.
          Historically, TCP Wrapper was used to support inetd services. Now that inetd is deprecated
          (see Section 3.2.1), TCP Wrapper supports only services which were built to make use of
          the libwrap library. To determine whether a given executable daemon /path/to/daemon
          supports TCP Wrapper, check the documentation, or run: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code>$ ldd /path/to/daemon | grep libwrap.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If this command returns any output, then the daemon probably supports TCP Wrapper. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          An alternative to TCP Wrapper support is packet filtering using iptables. Note
          that iptables works at the network level, while TCP Wrapper works at the application
          level. This means that iptables filtering is more efficient and more resistant to flaws in
          the software being protected, but TCP Wrapper provides support for logging, banners, and
          other application-level tricks which iptables cannot provide.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">How TCP Wrapper Protects Services</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            TCP Wrapper provides access control for the system's network
            services using two configuration files. When a connection is attempted: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>The file
                /etc/hosts.allow is searched for a rule matching the connection. If one is found, the
                connection is allowed. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Otherwise, the file /etc/hosts.deny is searched for a rule
                matching the connection. If one is found, the connection is rejected. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If no matching
                rules are found in either file, then the connection is allowed. By default, TCP Wrapper
                does not block access to any services. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In the simplest case, each rule in /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny takes the form: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            daemon : client <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where daemon is the
            name of the server process for which the connection is destined, and client is the
            partial or full hostname or IP address of the client. It is valid for daemon and client
            to contain one item, a comma-separated list of items, or a special keyword like ALL,
            which matches any service or client. (See the hosts access(5) manpage for a list of
            other keywords.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: Partial hostnames start at the root domain and are delimited by
            the . character. So the client machine host03.dev.example.com, with IP address 10.7.2.3,
            could be matched by any of the specifications: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            .example.com <xhtml:br/>
            .dev.example.com <xhtml:br/>
            10.7.2.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Reject All Connections From Other Hosts if Appropriate</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Restrict all connections to non-public services to localhost
            only. Suppose pubsrv1 and pubsrv2 are the names of daemons which must be accessed
            remotely. Configure TCP Wrapper as follows. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/hosts.allow. Add the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            pubsrv1 ,pubsrv2 : ALL<xhtml:br/> 
            ALL: localhost <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/hosts.deny. Add the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ALL: ALL <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These rules deny connections to all TCP Wrapper enabled services from any
            host other than localhost, but allow connections from anywhere to the services which
            must be publicly accessible. (If no public services exist, the first line in
            /etc/hosts.allow may be omitted.)</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Allow Connections Only From Hosts in This Domain if Appropriate</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For each daemon, domainsrv , which only needs to be contacted
            from inside the local domain, example.com , configure TCP Wrapper to deny remote
            connections. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/hosts.allow. Add the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            domainsrv : .example.com<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/hosts.deny. Add the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            domainsrv : ALL <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            There are many possible
            examples of services which need to communicate only within the local domain. If a
            machine is a local compute server, it may be necessary for users to connect via SSH from
            their desktop workstations, but not from outside the domain. In that case, you should
            protect the daemon sshd using this method. As another example, RPC-based services such
            as NFS might be enabled within the domain only, in which case the daemon portmap should
            be protected. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
          </description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Note: This example protects only the service domainsrv . No filtering is
            done on other services unless a line is entered into /etc/hosts.deny which refers to
            those services by name, or which restricts the special service ALL.</warning>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Monitor Syslog for Relevant Connections and Failures</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Ensure that the following line exists in /etc/syslog.conf.
            (This is the default, so it is likely to be correct if the configuration has not been
            modified): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            authpriv.* /var/log/secure <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Configure logwatch or other log monitoring tools
            to periodically summarize failed connections reported by TCP Wrapper at the facility
            authpriv.info. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, TCP Wrapper audits all rejected connections at the facility
            authpriv, level info. In the log file, TCP Wrapper rejections will contain the
            substring: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            daemon [pid ]: refused connect from ipaddr <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These lines can be used to detect
            malicious scans, and to debug failures resulting from an incorrect TCP Wrapper
            configuration. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If appropriate, it is possible to change the syslog facility and level
            used by a given TCP Wrapper rule by adding the severity option to each desired
            configuration line in /etc/hosts.deny: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            daemon : client : severity facility .level <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, successful connections are not logged by TCP Wrapper. See Section 2.6 for 
            more information about system auditing.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.4.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Resources</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For more information about TCP Wrapper, see the tcpd(8) and
            hosts access(5) manpages and the documentation directory /usr/share/doc/tcp
            wrappers-version. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Some information may be available from the Tools section of the
            author's website, http://www.porcupine.org, and from the RHEL4 Reference Guide [6].</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Iptables and Ip6tables</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          A host-based firewall called Netfilter is included as part of the
          Linux kernel distributed with the system. It is activated by default. This firewall is
          controlled by the program iptables, and the entire capability is frequently referred to by
          this name. An analogous program called ip6tables handles filtering for IPv6. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Unlike TCP
          Wrappers, which depends on the network server program to support and respect the rules
          written, Netfilter filtering occurs at the kernel level, before a program can even process
          the data from the network packet. As such, any program on the system is affected by the
          rules written. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          This section provides basic information about strengthening the iptables
          and ip6tables configurations included with the system. For more complete information that
          may allow the construction of a sophisticated ruleset tailored to your environment, please
          consult the references at the end of this section.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.5.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Inspect and Activate Default Rules</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            View the currently-enforced iptables rules by running the
            command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># iptables -nL --line-numbers <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The command is analogous for the ip6tables program. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the firewall does not appear to be active (i.e., no rules appear), activate
            it and ensure that it starts at boot by issuing the following commands (and analogously
            for ip6tables): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># service iptables restart <xhtml:br/>
            # chkconfig iptables on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default iptables rules are: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) <xhtml:br/>
            num target prot opt source destination <xhtml:br/>
            1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) <xhtml:br/>
            num target prot opt source destination <xhtml:br/>
            1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) <xhtml:br/>
            num target prot opt source destination <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (2 references) <xhtml:br/>
            num target prot opt source destination <xhtml:br/>
            1 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            2 ACCEPT icmp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp type 255 <xhtml:br/>
            3 ACCEPT esp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            4 ACCEPT ah -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            5 ACCEPT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 224.0.0.251 udp dpt:5353 <xhtml:br/>
            6 ACCEPT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:631 <xhtml:br/>
            7 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:631 <xhtml:br/>
            8 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED <xhtml:br/>
            9 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 <xhtml:br/>
            10 REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The ip6tables default rules are similar, with
            its rules 2 and 10 reflecting protocol naming and addressing differences. Instead of
            rule 8, however, ip6tables includes two rules that accept all incoming udp and tcp
            packets with a particular destination port range. This is because the current Netfilter
            implementation for IPv6 lacks reliable connection-tracking functionality.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.5.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Verify ip6tables is enabled</title>
            <description>The ip6tables service should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4167-3</ident>
            <fix>chkconfig ip6tables on</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20146" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.5.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Verify iptables is enabled</title>
            <description>The iptables service should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4189-7</ident>
            <fix>chkconfig iptables on</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20147" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.5.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Understand the Default Ruleset</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Understanding and creating firewall rules can be a challenging
            activity, filled with corner cases and difficult-todebug problems. Because of this,
            administrators should develop a thorough understanding of the default ruleset before
            carefully modifying it. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default ruleset is divided into four sections, each of which
            is called a chain: INPUT, FORWARD, OUTPUT, and RH-Firewall-1-INPUT. INPUT, OUTPUT, and
            FORWARD are built-in chains. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>The INPUT chain is activated on packets destined for
                (i.e., addressed to) the system. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The OUTPUT chain is activated on packets which are
                originating from the system. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The FORWARD chain is activated for packets that the
                system will process and send through another interface, if so configured. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The
                RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain is a custom (or user-defined) chain, which is used by the
                INPUT and FORWARD chains. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A packet starts at the first rule in the appropriate chain and
            proceeds until it matches a rule. If a match occurs, then control will jump to the
            specified target. The default ruleset uses the built-in targets ACCEPT and REJECT, and
            also the user-defined target/chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT. Jumping to the target ACCEPT
            means to allow the packet through, while REJECT means to drop the packet and send an
            error message to the sending host. A related target called DROP means to drop the packet
            on the floor without even sending an error message. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default policy for all of the
            built-in chains (shown after their names in the rule output above) is set to ACCEPT.
            This means that if no rules in the chain match the packets, they are allowed through.
            Because no rules at all are written for the OUTPUT chain, this means that iptables does
            not stop any packets originating from the system. The INPUT and FORWARD chains jump to
            the user-defined target RH-Firewall-1-INPUT for all packets. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            RH-Firewall-1-INPUT tries
            to match, in order, the following rules for both iptables and ip6tables: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 1
                appears to accept all packets. However, this appears true only because the rules are not
                presented in verbose mode. Executing the command <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># iptables -vnL --line-numbers <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
                <xhtml:br/>
                reveals
                that this rule applies only to the loopback (lo) interface (see column in), while all
                other rules apply to all interfaces. Thus, packets not coming from the loopback
                interface do not match and proceed to the next rule. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 2 explicitly allows all icmp
                packet types; iptables uses the code 255 to mean all icmp types. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 3 explicitly
                allows all esp packets; these are packets which contain IPsec ESP headers.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 4
                explicitly allows all ah packets; these are packets which contain an IPsec
                authentication header SPI. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 5 allows inbound communication on udp port 5353
                (mDNS), which the avahi daemon uses. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rules 6 and 7 allows inbound communication on
                both tcp and udp port 631, which the cups daemon uses. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 8, in the iptables rules,
                allows inbound packets that are part of a session initiated by the system. In ip6tables,
                rules 8 and 9 allow any inbound packets with a destination port address between 32768
                and 61000. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 9 (10, for ip6tables) allows inbound connections in tcp port 22, which
                is the SSH protocol. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Rule 10 (11, for ip6tables) rejects all other packets and sends
                an error message to the sender. Because this is the last rule and matches any packet, it
                effectively prevents any packet from reaching the chain's default ACCEPT target.
                Preventing the acceptance of any packet that is not explicitly allowed is proper design
                for a firewall.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.5.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Strengthen the Default Ruleset</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default rules can be strengthened. The system scripts that
            activate the firewall rules expect them to be defined in the configuration files
            iptables and ip6tables in the directory /etc/sysconfig. Many of the lines in these files
            are similar to the command line arguments that would be provided to the programs
            /sbin/iptables or /sbin/ip6tables – but some are quite different. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The following recommendations describe how to strengthen the default
            ruleset configuration file. An alternative to editing this configuration file is to
            create a shell script that makes calls to the iptables program to load in rules, and
            then invokes service iptables save to write those loaded rules to
            /etc/sysconfig/iptables. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The following alterations can be made directly to
            /etc/sysconfig/iptables and /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables. Instructions apply to both unless
            otherwise noted. Language and address conventions for regular iptables are used
            throughout this section; configuration for ip6tables will be either analogous or
            explicitly covered.</description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">The program
            system-config-securitylevel allows additional services to penetrate the default firewall
            rules and automatically adjusts /etc/ sysconfig/ iptables . This program is only useful
            if the default ruleset meets your security requirements. Otherwise, this program should
            not be used to make changes to the firewall configuration because it re-writes the saved
            configuration file. </warning>
          <Group id="group-2.5.5.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Change the Default Policies</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the INPUT
              and FORWARD built-in chains: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              *filter <xhtml:br/>
              :INPUT DROP [0:0] <xhtml:br/>
              :FORWARD DROP [0:0] <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Changing
              the default policy in this way implements proper design for a firewall, i.e. any
              packets which are not explicitly permitted should not be accepted.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.5.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the INPUT built-in chain</title>
              <description>Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the INPUT built-in chain.</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201474" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-2.5.5.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the FORWARD built-in chain</title>
              <description>Change the default policy to DROP (from ACCEPT) for the FORWARD built-in chain.</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201475" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.5.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict ICMP Message Types</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              In /etc/sysconfig/iptables, the accepted ICMP messages types
              can be restricted. To accept only ICMP echo reply, destination unreachable, and time
              exceeded messages, remove the line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and insert the lines: <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To allow the system to respond to pings, also insert the following line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Ping responses can also be limited to certain
              networks or hosts by using the -s option in the previous rule. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Because IPv6 depends so
              heavily on ICMPv6, it is preferable to deny the ICMPv6 packets you know you don't need
              (e.g. ping requests) in /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables, while letting everything else
              through: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type echo-request -j DROP <xhtml:br/>
              If you
              are going to statically configure the machine's address, it should ignore Router
              Advertisements which could add another IPv6 address to the interface or alter
              important network settings: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-advertisement -j DROP <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Restricting other ICMPv6 message types in
              /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables is not recommended because the operation of IPv6 depends
              heavily on ICMPv6. Thus, more care must be taken when blocking ICMPv6 types.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.5.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Remove IPsec Rules</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If the system will not process IPsec traffic, then remove the
              following rules: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.5.3.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Log and Drop Packets with Suspicious Source Addresses</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Packets with non-routable source addresses should be
              rejected, as they may indicate spoofing. Because the modified policy will reject
              non-matching packets, you only need to add these rules if you are interested in also
              logging these spoofing or suspicious attempts before they are dropped. If you do
              choose to log various suspicious traffic, add identical rules with a target of DROP
              after each LOG. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To log and then drop these IPv4 packets, insert the following rules in
              /etc/sysconfig/iptables (excepting any that are intentionally used): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP SPOOF A: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP SPOOF B: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP SPOOF C: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 224.0.0.0/4 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP MULTICAST D: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 240.0.0.0/5 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP SPOOF E: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP LOOPBACK: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Similarly, you might wish to log packets containing some IPv6
              reserved addresses if they are not expected on your network: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -i eth0 -s ::1 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 DROP LOOPBACK: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:E000::/20 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:7F00::/24 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:0000::/24 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:FF00::/24 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:0A00::/24 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:AC10::/28 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002:C0A8::/32 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 TRAFFIC: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If you are not expecting to see site-local multicast or auto-tunneled traffic, you 
              can log those: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s FF05::/16 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 SITE-LOCAL MULTICAST: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::0.0.0.0/96 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv4 COMPATIBLE IPv6 ADDR: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If you wish to block multicasts to all
              link-local nodes (e.g. if you are not using router autoconfiguration and do not plan
              to have any services that multicast to the entire local network), you can block the
              link-local all-nodes multicast address (before accepting incoming ICMPv6): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -d FF02::1 -j LOG --log-prefix "Link-local All-Nodes Multicast: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              However, if you're
              going to allow IPv4 compatible IPv6 addresses (of the form ::0.0.0.0/96), you should
              then consider logging the non-routable IPv4-compatible addresses: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::0.0.0.0/104 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP NON-ROUTABLE ADDR: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::127.0.0.0/104 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP LOOPBACK: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::224.0.0.0.0/100 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP MULTICAST D: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::255.0.0.0/104 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP BROADCAST: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If you are not expecting to see any IPv4 (or IPv4-compatible) traffic
              on your network, consider logging it before it gets dropped: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s ::FFFF:0.0.0.0/96 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv4 MAPPED IPv6 ADDR: " <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s 2002::/16 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPv6 6to4 ADDR: " <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The following rule will log all traffic
              originating from a site-local address, which is deprecated address space: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A INPUT -s FEC0::/10 -j LOG --log-prefix "SITE-LOCAL ADDRESS TRAFFIC: "</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.5.3.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Log and Drop All Other Packets</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To log before dropping all packets that are not explicitly
              accepted by previous rules, change the final lines from <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited <xhtml:br/>
              COMMIT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              to <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j LOG <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j DROP <xhtml:br/>
              COMMIT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The rule to log all dropped packets must be used
              with care. Chatty but otherwise non-malicious network protocols (e.g. NetBIOS) may
              result in voluminous logs; insertion of earlier rules to explicitly drop their packets
              without logging may be appropriate.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.5.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Strengthening</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Further strengthening, particularly as a result of
            customization to a particular environment, is possible for the iptables rules. Consider
            the following options, though their practicality depends on the network environment and
            usage scenario: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Restrict outgoing traffic. As shown above, the OUTPUT chain's default
                policy can be changed to DROP, and rules can be written to specifically allow only
                certain types of outbound traffic. Such a policy could prevent casual usage of insecure
                protocols such as ftp and telnet, or even disrupt spyware. However, it would still not
                prevent a sophisticated user or program from using a proxy to circumvent the intended
                effects, and many client programs even try to automatically tunnel through port 80 to
                avoid such restrictions.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>SYN flood protection. SYN flood protection can be provided by
                iptables, but might run into limiting issues for servers. For example, the iplimit match
                can be used to limit simultaneous connections from a given host or class. Similarly, the
                recent match allows the firewall to deny additional connections from any host within a
                given period of time (e.g. more than 3 –state NEW connections on port 22 within a minute
                to prevent dictionary login attacks). <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                A more precise option for DoS protection is using
                TCP SYN cookies. (See Section 2.5.1.2 for more information.)</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.5.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Resources</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            More complex, restrictive, and powerful rulesets can be
            created, but this requires careful customization that relies on knowledge of the
            particular environment. The following resources provide more detailed information: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>The iptables(8) man page </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The Netfilter Project's documentation at http://www.netfilter.org</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Secure Sockets Layer Support</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol provides encrypted and
          authenticated network communications, and many network services include support for it.
          Using SSL is recommended, especially to avoid any plaintext transmission of sensitive
          data, even over a local network. The SSL implementation included with the system is called
          OpenSSL. Recent implementations of SSL may also be referred to as Transport Layer Security
          (TLS). <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          SSL uses public key cryptography to provide authentication and encryption. Public
          key cryptography involves two keys, one called the public key and the other called the
          private key. These keys are mathematically related such that data encrypted with one key
          can only be decrypted by the other, and vice versa. As their names suggest, public keys
          can be distributed to anyone while a private key must remain known only to its owner. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          SSL uses certificates, which are files that hold cryptographic data: a public key, and a
          signature of that public key. In SSL authentication, a server presents a client with its
          certificate as a means of demonstrating that it is who it claims it is. If everything goes
          correctly, the client can verify the server's certificate by determining that the
          signature inside the certificate could only have been generated by a third party whom the
          client trusts. This third party is called a Certificate Authority (CA). Each client system
          should also have certificates from trusted CAs, and the client uses these CA certificates
          to verify the authenticity of the server's certificate. After authenticating a server
          using its certificate and a CA certificate, SSL provides encryption by using the server
          certificate to securely negotiate a shared secret key. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If your server must communicate
          using SSL with systems that might not be able to securely accept a new CA certificate
          prior to any SSL communication, then paying an established CA (whose certificates your
          clients already have) to sign your server certificates is recommended. The steps for doing
          this vary by vendor. Once the signed certificates have been obtained, configuration of the
          services is the same whether they were purchased from a vendor or signed by your own CA.<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          For setting up an internal network and encrypting local traffic, creating your own CA to
          sign SSL certificates can be appropriate. The major steps in this process are: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:li>Create a CA to sign certificates </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Create SSL certificates for servers using that CA</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Enableclient support by distributing the CA's certificate</xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ol></description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.6.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create a CA to Sign Certificates</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The following instructions apply to OpenSSL since it is
            included with the system, but creating a CA is possible with any standards-compliant SSL
            toolkit. The security of certificates depends on the security of the CA that signed
            them, so performing these steps on a secure machine is critical. The system used as a CA
            should be physically secure and not connected to any network. It should receive any
            certificate signing requests (CSRs) via removable media and output certificates onto
            removable media. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The script /etc/pki/tls/misc/CA is included to assist in the process of
            setting up a CA. This script uses many settings in /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf. The
            settings in this file can be changed to suit your needs and allow easier selection of
            default settings, particularly in the [req distinguished name] section. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To create the CA: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cd /etc/pki/tls/misc <xhtml:br/>
            # ./CA -newca <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>When prompted, press enter to create a new CA key with the default name cakey.pem.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>When prompted, enter a password that will protect the private key, then enter the same password 
                again to verify it.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>At the prompts, fill out as much of the CA information as is relevant for your site. You must specify 
                a common name, or generation of the CA certificate will fail. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Next, you will be prompted for the password, so that the script can re-open the private key in order 
                to write the certificate.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This step performs the following actions:
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>creates the directory
                /etc/pki/CA (by default), which contains files necessary for the operation of a 
                certificate authority. These are:</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>serial, which contains the current serial number for certificates signed by the CA</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>index.txt, which is a text database file that contains information about certificates signed</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>crl, which is a directory for holding revoked certificates</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>private, a directory which stores the CA's private key</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>creates a public-private key pair for the CA in the file /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem. The
                private key must be kept private in order to ensure the security of the certificates the CA will later sign.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>signs the public key (using the corresponding private key, in a process called self-signing) to create the CA 
                certificate, which is then stored in /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li></xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            When the CA later signs a server certificate using its private
            key, it means that it is vouching for the authenticity of that server. A client can then
            use the CA's certificate (which contains its public key) to verify the authenticity of
            the server certificate. To accomplish this, it is necessary to distribute the CA
            certificate to any clients as covered in Section 2.5.6.3.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.6.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create SSL Certificates for Servers</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Creating an SSL certificate for a server involves the following steps: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>A public-private key pair for the server must be generated.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>A certificate signing request (CSR) must be created from the key pair.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The CSR must be signed by a
                certificate authority (CA) to create the server certificate. If a CA has been set up as
                described in Section 2.5.6.1, it can sign the CSR.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The server certificate and keys must be installed on the server. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Instructions on how to generate and sign SSL certificates are provided for the following 
            common services:<xhtml:br/> 
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Mail server, in Section 3.11.4.6.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Dovecot, in Section 3.17.2.2. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Apache, in Section 3.16.4.1.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.6.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable Client Support</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The system ships with certificates from well-known commercial
            CAs. If your server certificates were signed by one of these established CAs, then this
            step is not necessary since the clients should include the CA certificate already. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If your servers use certificates signed by your own CA, some user applications will warn
            that the server's certificate cannot be verified because the CA is not recognized. Other
            applications may simply fail to accept the certificate and refuse to operate, or
            continue operating without ever having properly verified the server certificate. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To avoid this warning, and properly authenticate the servers, your CA certificate must be
            exported to every application on every client system that will be connecting to an
            SSL-enabled server.</description>
          <Group id="group-2.5.6.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Adding a Trusted CA for Firefox</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Firefox needs to have a certificate from the CA that signed
              the web server's certificate, so that it can authenticate the web server. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To import a new CA certificate into Firefox 1.5:<xhtml:br/> 
              <xhtml:ol>
                <xhtml:li>Launch Firefox and choose Preferences from the Edit menu. </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Advanced button.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Select the Security pane.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the View Certificates button.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Authorities tab. </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Import button at the bottom of the screen.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Navigate to the CA certificate and import it.</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ol></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.6.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Adding a Trusted CA for Thunderbird</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Thunderbird needs to have a certificate from the CA that
              signed the mail server's certificates, so that it can authenticate the mail server(s).<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To import a new CA certificate into Thunderbird 2: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ol>
                <xhtml:li>Launch Thunderbird and choose Account Settings from the Edit menu.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Advanced button.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Select the Certificates tab</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the View Certificates button.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Select the Authorities tab.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Import button at the bottom of the screen.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Navigate to the CA certiﬁcate and import it. Determine whether the CA should 
                  be used to identify web sites, e-mail users, and software developers and trust it for 
                  each accordingly.</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ol></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.5.6.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Adding a Trusted CA for Evolution</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The Evolution e-mail client needs to have a certificate from
              the CA that signed the mail server's certificates, so that it can authenticate the
              mail server(s). <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To import a new CA certificate into Evolution: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ol>
                <xhtml:li>Launch Evolution and choose Preferences from the Edit menu.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Select Certificates from the icon list on the left.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Select the Authorities tab.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Click the Import button.</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li></xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li></xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Navigate to the CA certificate and import it.</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ol></description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.6.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Resources</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>The OpenSSL Project home page at http://www.openssl.org</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The openssl(1) man page</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Jeremy Mates's how-to: http://sial.org/howto/openssl</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul></description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.5.7" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Uncommon Network Protocols</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The system includes support for several network protocols which are not commonly used. Although security vul-
          nerabilities in kernel networking code are not frequently discovered, the consequences can be dramatic. Ensuring
          uncommon network protocols are disabled reduces the system’s risk to attacks targeted at its implementation of
          those protocols.</description>
        <Group id="group-2.5.7.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Support for DCCP</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent the DCCP kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>install dccp /bin/true<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a relatively new transport layer protocol, designed to
            support streaming media and telephony.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.7.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Support for DCCP</title>
            <description>Support for DCCP should be disabled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201476" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.7.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Support for SCTP</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent the SCTP kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>install sctp /bin/true<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol, designed to support the idea
            of message-oriented communication, with several streams of messages within one connection.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.7.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Support for SCTP</title>
            <description>Support for SCTP should be disabled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201477" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.7.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Support for RDS</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent the RDS kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>install rds /bin/true<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport layer protocol designed to provide reliable high-
            bandwidth, low-latency communications between nodes in a cluster.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.7.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Support for RDS</title>
            <description>Support for RDS should be disabled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201478" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.5.7.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Support for TIPC</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent the TIPC kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>install rds /bin/true<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol is designed to provide communications between
            nodes in a cluster..</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.5.7.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Support for TIPC</title>
            <description>Support for TIPC should be disabled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201479" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-2.6" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Logging and Auditing</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        Successful local or network attacks on systems do not necessarily
        leave clear evidence of what happened. It is necessary to build a configuration in advance
        that collects this evidence, both in order to determine that something anomalous has
        occurred, and in order to respond appropriately. In addition, a well-configured logging and
        audit infrastructure will show evidence of any misconfiguration which might leave the system
        vulnerable to attack. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Logging and auditing take different approaches to collecting data. A
        logging infrastructure provides a framework for individual programs running on the system to
        report whatever events are considered interesting: the sshd program may report each
        successful or failed login attempt, while the sendmail program may report each time it sends
        an e-mail on behalf of a local or remote user. An auditing infrastructure, on the other
        hand, reports each instance of certain low-level events, such as entry to the setuid system
        call, regardless of which program caused the event to occur. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Auditing has the advantage of
        being more comprehensive, but the disadvantage of reporting a large amount of information,
        most of which is uninteresting. Logging (particularly using a standard framework like
        syslog) has the advantage of being compatible with a wide variety of client applications,
        and of reporting only information considered important by each application, but the
        disadvantage that the information reported is not consistent between applications. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        A robust
        infrastructure will perform both logging and auditing, and will use configurable automated
        methods of summarizing the reported data, so that system administrators can remove or
        compress reports of events known to be uninteresting in favor of alert monitoring for events
        known to be interesting. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        This section discusses how to configure logging, log monitoring,
        and auditing, using tools included with RHEL5. It is recommended that syslog be used for
        logging, with logwatch providing summarization, and that auditd be used for auditing, with
        aureport providing summarization.</description>
      <Group id="group-2.6.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Syslog</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Syslog has been the default Unix logging mechanism for many years. This section
          discusses how to configure syslog for best effect, and how to use tools provided with the
          system to maintain and monitor your logs.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Configure Rsyslog</title>
          <description>The rsyslog service should be enabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3679-8</ident>
          <fix>chkconfig rsyslog on</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20148" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure All Important Messages are Captured</title>
          <description xml:lang="en"
            ><xhtml:span>Edit the file /etc/syslog.conf. Add or correct whichever of the
            following lines are appropriate for your environment: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            auth,info.* /var/log/messages<xhtml:br/>
            kern.* /var/log/kern.log <xhtml:br/>
            daemon.* /var/log/daemon.log <xhtml:br/>
            syslog.* /var/log/syslog<xhtml:br/>
            lpr,news,uucp,local0,local1,local2,local3,local4,local5,local6.* /var/log/unused.log<xhtml:br/></xhtml:span>
            <xhtml:br/>
            When a message is sent to syslog for logging, it is sent with a facility name (such as
            mail, auth, or local2), and a priority (such as debug, notice, or emerg). Each line of
            syslog's configuration file is a directive which specifies a set of facility/priority
            pairs, and then gives a filename or host to which log messages of matching types should
            be sent. In order for a message to match a type, the facility must match, and the
            priority must be the priority named in the rule or any higher priority. (See
            syslog.conf(5) for an ordered list of priorities.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Older versions of syslog mandated a
            very restrictive format for the syslog.conf file. However, the version of syslog shipped
            with RHEL5 allows any sort of whitespace (spaces or tabs, not just tabs) to separate the
            selection criteria from the message disposition, and allows the use of facility.* as a
            wildcard matching a given facility at any priority. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default RHEL5 syslog
            configuration stores the facilities authpriv, cron, and mail in named logs. This guide
            describes the implementation of the following configuration, but any configuration which
            stores the important facilities and is usable by the administrators will suffice:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Store each of the facilities kern, daemon, and syslog in its own log, so that it will be
                easy to access information about messages from those facilities. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Restrict the
                information stored in /var/log/messages to only the facilities auth and user, and store
                all messages from those facilities. Messages can easily become cluttered otherwise. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Store information about all facilities which should not be in use at this site in a file
                called /var/log/ unused.log. If any messages are logged to this file at some future
                point, this may be an indication that an unknown service is running, and should be
                investigated. In addition, if news and uucp are not in use at this site, remove the
                directive from the default syslog.conf which stores those facilities. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            Making use of the
            local facilities is also recommended. Specific configuration is beyond the scope of this
            guide, but applications such as SSH can easily be configured to log to a local facility
            which is not being used for anything else. If this is done, reconfigure /etc/syslog.conf
            to store this facility in an appropriate named log or in /var/log/messages, rather than
            in /var/log/unused.log.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Confirm Existence and Permissions of System Log Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            For each log file LOGFILE referenced in /etc/syslog.conf, run
            the commands: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># touch LOGFILE<xhtml:br/> 
            # chown root:root LOGFILE <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 0600 LOGFILE <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Syslog will
            refuse to log to a file which does not exist. All messages intended for that file will
            be silently discarded, so it is important to verify that all log files exist. Some logs
            may contain sensitive information, so it is better to restrict permissions so that only
            administrative users can read or write logfiles.</description>
          <Value id="var-2.6.1.2.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>User who owns log files</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf</question>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.6.1.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>group who owns log files</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf</question>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-2.6.1.2.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>File permissions on logfiles</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify permissions of all logfiles specified in /etc/syslog.conf</question>
            <value>110000000</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="600">110000000</value>
            <value selector="700">111000000</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Confirm user that owns System Log Files</title>
            <description>All syslog log files should be owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4366-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.6.1.2.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20149" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20149" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Confirm group that owns System Log Files</title>
            <description>All syslog log files should be group owned by root.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3701-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.6.1.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20150" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20150" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Confirm Permissions of System Log Files</title>
            <description>File permissions for all syslog log files should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4233-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-2.6.1.2.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20151" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20151" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Send Logs to a Remote Loghost</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/syslog.conf. Add or correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            *.* @loghost.example.com <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where loghost.example.com is the name of your central log server.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If system logs are to be useful in detecting malicious activities, it is necessary to
            send logs to a remote server. An intruder who has compromised the root account on a
            machine may delete the log entries which indicate that the system was attacked before
            they are seen by an administrator. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However, it is recommended that logs be stored on the
            local host in addition to being sent to the loghost, because syslog uses the UDP
            protocol to send messages over a network. UDP does not guarantee reliable delivery, and
            moderately busy sites will lose log messages occasionally, especially in periods of high
            traffic which may be the result of an attack. In addition, remote syslog messages are
            not authenticated in any way, so it is easy for an attacker to introduce spurious
            messages to the central log server. Also, some problems cause loss of network
            connectivity, which will prevent the sending of messages to the central server. For all
            of these reasons, it is better to store log messages both centrally and on each host, so
            that they can be correlated if necessary.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Send Logs to a Remote Loghost</title>
            <description>Syslog logs should be sent to a remote loghost</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4260-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/syslog.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20152" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable syslogd to Accept Remote Messages on Loghosts Only</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is this machine the central log server for your organization?
            If so, edit the file /etc/sysconfig/syslog. Add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            SYSLOGD_OPTIONS="-m 0 -r -s example.com " <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where example.com is the name of your domain.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the machine is not a log server, edit /etc/sysconfig/syslog, and instead add or
            correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            SYSLOGD_OPTIONS="-m 0" <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, RHEL5's syslog does not listen over
            the network for log messages. The -r flag enables syslogd to listen over a network, and
            should be used only if necessary. The -s example.com flag strips the domain name
            example.com from each sending machine's hostname before logging messages from that host,
            to reduce the amount of redundant information placed in log files. See the syslogd(8)
            man page for further information.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable syslogd from Accepting Remote Messages on Loghosts Only</title>
            <description>Syslogd should reject remote messages</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3382-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/syslog</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20153" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure All Logs are Rotated by logrotate</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/logrotate.d/syslog. Find the first line,
            which should look like this (wrapped for clarity): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            /var/log/messages /var/log/secure /var/log/maillog /var/log/spooler \ 
            /var/log/boot.log /var/log/cron { <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit this line so
            that it contains a one-space-separated listing of each log file referenced in
            /etc/syslog.conf. <xhtml:br/>
            All logs in use on a system must be rotated regularly, or the log
            files will consume disk space over time, eventually interfering with system operation.
            The file /etc/logrotate.d/syslog is the configuration file used by the logrotate program
            to maintain all log files written by syslog. By default, it rotates logs weekly and
            stores four archival copies of each log. These settings can be modified by editing
            /etc/logrotate.conf, but the defaults are sufficient for purposes of this guide. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note
            that logrotate is run nightly by the cron job /etc/cron.daily/logrotate. If particularly
            active logs need to be rotated more often than once a day, some other mechanism must be
            used.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Ensure All Logs are Rotated by logrotate</title>
            <description>The logrotate (syslog rotater) service should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4182-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via cron</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20154" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.1.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Monitor Suspicious Log Messages using Logwatch</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The system includes an extensible program called Logwatch for
            reporting on unusual items in syslog. Logwatch is valuable because it provides a parser
            for the syslog entry format and a number of signatures for types of lines which are
            considered to be mundane or noteworthy. Logwatch has a number of downsides: the
            signatures can be inaccurate and are not always categorized consistently, and you must
            be able to program in Perl in order to customize the signature database. However, it is
            recommended that all Linux sites which do not have time to deploy a third-party log
            monitoring application run Logwatch in its default configuration. This provides some
            useful information about system activity in exchange for very little administrator
            effort. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This guide recommends that Logwatch be run only on the central logserver, if
            your site has one, in order to focus administrator attention by sending all daily logs
            in a single e-mail.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.1.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Monitor Suspicious Log Messages using Logwatch</title>
            <description>The logwatch service should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4323-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via cron</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20155" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Group id="group-2.6.1.6.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Logwatch on the Central Log Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Is this machine the central log server? If so, edit the file
              /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf. Add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>HostLimit = no<xhtml:br/>
              SplitHosts = yes <xhtml:br/>
              MultiEmail = no <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              Service = -zz-disk_space <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Ensure that logwatch.pl is run nightly from cron. (This is the default): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/cron.daily <xhtml:br/>
              # ln -s /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/logwatch.pl 0logwatch <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              On a central logserver, you want
              Logwatch to summarize all syslog entries, including those which did not originate on
              the logserver itself. The HostLimit setting tells Logwatch to report on all hosts, not
              just the one on which it is running. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If SplitHosts is set, Logwatch will separate
              entries by hostname. This makes the report longer but significantly more usable. If it
              is not set, then Logwatch will not report which host generated a given log entry, and
              that information is almost always necessary. If MultiEmail is set, then each host's
              information will be sent in a separate e-mail message. This is a matter of preference.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The Service directive -zz-disk space tells Logwatch not to run the zz-disk space
              report, which reports on free disk space. Since all log monitoring is being done on
              the central logserver, the disk space listing will always be that of the logserver,
              regardless of which host is being monitored. This is confusing, so disable that
              service. Note that this does mean that Logwatch will not monitor disk usage
              information. Many workarounds are possible, such as running df on each host daily via
              cron and sending the output to syslog so that it will be reported to the logserver.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.1.6.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Logwatch on Clients if a Logserver Exists</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Does your site have a central logserver which has been
              configured to report on logs received from all systems? If so: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rm /etc/cron.daily/0logwatch <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If no logserver exists, it will be necessary for each
              machine to run Logwatch individually. Using a central logserver provides the security
              and reliability benefits discussed earlier, and also makes monitoring logs easier and
              less time-intensive for administrators.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-2.6.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">System Accounting with auditd</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The audit service is the current Linux recommendation for
          kernel-level auditing. By default, the service audits about SELinux AVC denials and
          certain types of security-relevant events such as system logins, account modifications,
          and authentication events performed by programs such as sudo. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Under its default
          configuration, auditd has modest disk space requirements, and should not noticeably impact
          system performance. The audit service, in its default configuration, is strongly
          recommended for all sites, regardless of whether they are running SELinux. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          DoD or federal networks often have substantial auditing requirements and auditd can be 
          conﬁgured to meet these requirements.<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Typical DoD requirements include:<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure Auditing is Conﬁgured to Collect Certain System Events
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>Information on the Use of Print Command (unsuccessful and successful)</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Startup and Shutdown Events (unsuccessful and successful)</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
            </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure the auditing software can record the following for each audit event:
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>Date and time of the event</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Userid that initiated the event</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Type of event</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Success or failure of the event</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>For I&amp;A events, the origin of the request (e.g., terminal ID)</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>For events that introduce an object into a user’s address space, and for object deletion events, the
                  name of the object, and in MLS systems, the objects security level.</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
            </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure ﬁles are backed up no less than weekly onto a diﬀerent system than the system being audited or
              backup media.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure old logs are closed out and new audit logs are started daily</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure the conﬁguration is immutable. With the -e 2 setting a reboot will be required to change any audit
              rules.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Ensure that the audit data ﬁles have permissions of 640, or more restrictive.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul> 
          </description>
        <Group id="group-2.6.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable the auditd Service</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Ensure that the auditd service is enabled (this is the default): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig auditd on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, auditd logs only SELinux denials, which are
            helpful for debugging SELinux and discovering intrusion attempts, and certain types of
            security events, such as modifications to user accounts (useradd, passwd, etc), login
            events, and calls to sudo. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Data is stored in /var/log/audit/audit.log. By default,
            auditd rotates 4 logs by size (5MB), retaining a maximum of 20MB of data in total, and
            refuses to write entries when the disk is too full. This minimizes the risk of audit
            data filling its partition and impacting other services. However, it is possible to lose
            audit data if the system is busy.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Enable the auditd Service</title>
            <description>The auditd service should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4292-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20156" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Conﬁgure auditd Data Retention</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Determine STOREMB , the amount of audit data (in megabytes) which should be retained in each log
                ﬁle. Edit the ﬁle /etc/audit/auditd.conf. Add or modify the following line:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                max_log_file = STOREMB</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Use a dedicated partition (or logical volume) for log ﬁles. It is straightforward to create such a partition
                or logical volume during system installation time. The partition should be larger than the maximum
                space which auditd will ever use, which is the maximum size of each log ﬁle (max log file) multiplied
                by the number of log ﬁles (num logs). Ensure the partition is mounted on /var/log/audit.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If your site requires that the machine be disabled when auditing cannot be performed, conﬁgure auditd
                to halt the system when disk space for auditing runs low. Edit /etc/audit/auditd.conf, and add or
                correct the following lines:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                space_left_action = email<xhtml:br/>
                action_mail_acct = root<xhtml:br/>
                admin_space_left_action = halt<xhtml:br/></xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            The default action to take when the logs reach their maximum size is to rotate the log ﬁles, discarding the
            oldest one. If it is more important to retain all possible auditing information, even if that opens the possibility
            of running out of space and taking the action deﬁned by admin space left action, add or correct the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            max_log_file_action = keep_logs<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, auditd retains 4 log ﬁles of size 5Mb apiece. For a busy system or a system which is thoroughly
            auditing system activity, this is likely to be insuﬃcient.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The log ﬁle size needed will depend heavily on what types of events are being audited. First conﬁgure auditing
            to log all the events of interest. Then monitor the log size manually for awhile to determine what ﬁle size will
            allow you to keep the required data for the correct time period.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Using a dedicated partition for /var/log/audit prevents the auditd logs from disrupting system functionality if
            they ﬁll, and, more importantly, prevents other activity in /var from ﬁlling the partition and stopping the audit
            trail. (The audit logs are size-limited and therefore unlikely to grow without bound unless conﬁgured to do so.)
            Some machines may have requirements that no actions occur which cannot be audited. If this is the case, then
            auditd can be conﬁgured to halt the machine if it runs out of space.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: Since older logs are rotated, conﬁguring auditd this way does not prevent older logs from being rotated
            away before they can be viewed.
          </description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">If your system is conﬁgured to halt when logging cannot be performed, make sure this can never
            happen under normal circumstances! Ensure that /var/ log/ audit is on its own partition, and
            that this partition is larger than the maximum amount of data auditd will retain normally.</warning>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable Auditing for Processes Which Start Prior to the Audit Daemon</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To ensure that all processes can be audited, even those which start prior to the audit daemon, add the
            argument audit=1 to the kernel line in /etc/grub.conf, in the manner below:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            kernel /vmlinuz-version ro vga=ext root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet audit=1<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Each process on the system carries an ”auditable” ﬂag which indicates whether its activities can be audited.
            Although auditd takes care of enabling this for all processes which launch after it does, adding the kernel
            argument ensures that it is set for every process during boot.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Enable Auditing for Processes Which Start Prior to the Audit Daemon</title>
            <description>
              To ensure that all processes can be audited, even those which start prior to the audit daemon, add the argument audit=1 
              to the kernel line in /etc/grub.conf, in the manner below:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>kernel /vmlinuz-version ro vga=ext root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet audit=1</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/grub.conf add audit=1 to kernel line</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20157" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Conﬁgure auditd Rules for Comprehensive Auditing</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The auditd program can perform comprehensive monitoring of system activity. This section describes rec-
            ommended conﬁguration settings for comprehensive auditing, but a full description of the auditing system’s
            capabilities is beyond the scope of this guide. The mailing list linux-audit@redhat.com may be a good source
            of further information.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The audit subsystem supports extensive collection of events, including:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Tracing of arbitrary system calls (identiﬁed by name or number) on entry or exit.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Filtering by PID, UID, call success, system call argument (with some limitations), etc.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Monitoring of speciﬁc ﬁles for modiﬁcations to the ﬁle’s contents or metadata.</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            Auditing rules are controlled in the ﬁle /etc/audit/audit.rules. Add rules to it to meet the auditing re-
            quirements for your organization. Each line in /etc/audit/audit.rules represents a series of arguments that
            can be passed to auditctl and can be individually tested as such. See documentation in /usr/share/doc/
            audit-version and in the related man pages for more details.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Recommended audit rules are provided in /usr/share/doc/audit-version /stig.rules. In order to activate
            those rules:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version /stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            and then edit /etc/audit/audit.rules and comment out the lines containing arch= which are not appropriate
            for your system’s architecture. Then review and understand the following rules, ensuring rules are activated as
            needed for the appropriate architecture.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            After reviewing all the rules, reading the following sections, and editing as needed, activate the new rules:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># service auditd restart</xhtml:code></description>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Records Events that Modify Date and Time Information</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your
              system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k time-change<xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S clock_settime -k time-change<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Records Events that Modify Date and Time Information</title>
              <description>Audit rules about time</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <!--<fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>-->
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201575" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Record Events that Modify User/Group Information</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, in order to capture events that modify account changes:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/group -p wa -k identity<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Record Events that Modify User/Group Information</title>
              <description>Audit rules about User/Group Information</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20158" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Record Events that Modify the System’s Network Environment</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your
              system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a exit,always -F arch=ARCH -S sethostname -S setdomainname -k system-locale<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale<xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k system-locale<xhtml:br/>
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Record Events that Modify the System’s Network Environment</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the System’s Network Environment</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20159" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Record Events that Modify the System’s Mandatory Access Controls</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Record Events that Modify the System’s Mandatory Access Controls</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the System’s Mandatory Access Controls</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20160" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Logon and Logout Events</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect login info for all users and root. Add the following to
              /etc/audit/audit.rules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /var/log/faillog -p wa -k logins<xhtml:br/>
              -w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Logon and Logout Events</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Logon and Logout Events</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <!--<fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>-->
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20161" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.6" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Process and Session Initiation Information</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect process information for all users and root. Add the following
              to /etc/audit/audit.rules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session<xhtml:br/>
              -w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session<xhtml:br/>
              -w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Process and Session Initiation Information</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Process and Session Initiation Information</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <!--<fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>-->
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20162" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.7" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Discretionary Access Control Permission Modiﬁcation Events</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect ﬁle permission changes for all users and root. Add the
              following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid>=500 \<xhtml:br/>
              -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod<xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid>=500 \<xhtml:br/>
              -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod<xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S \<xhtml:br/>
              lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.7.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Discretionary Access Control Permission Modiﬁcation Events</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Discretionary Access Control Permission Modiﬁcation Events</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20163" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.8" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Unauthorized Access Attempts to Files (unsuccessful)</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect unauthorized ﬁle accesses for all users and root. Add the
              following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S creat -S open -S openat -S truncate -S ftruncate \<xhtml:br/>
              -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k access<xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S creat -S open -S openat -S truncate -S ftruncate \<xhtml:br/>
              -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k access
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.8.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Unauthorized Access Attempts to Files (unsuccessful)</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Unauthorized Access Attempts to Files (unsuccessful)</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20164" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.9" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root.
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F path=/bin/ping -F perm=x -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295 \<xhtml:br/>
              -k privileged
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.9.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Information on the Use of Privileged Commands</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20165" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.10" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Information on Exporting to Media (successful)</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect media exportation events for all users and root. Add the
              following to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S mount -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k export
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.10.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Information on Exporting to Media (successful)</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Information on Exporting to Media (successful)</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20166" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.11" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Files Deletion Events by User (successful and unsuccessful)</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect ﬁle deletion events for all users and root. Add the following
              to /etc/audit/audit.rules, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S unlink -S unlinkat -S rename -S renameat -F auid>=500 \<xhtml:br/>
              -F auid!=4294967295 -k delete
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.11.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Files Deletion Events by User (successful and unsuccessful)</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Files Deletion Events by User (successful and unsuccessful)</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20167" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.12" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects System Administrator Actions</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              At a minimum the audit system should collect administrator actions for all users and root. Add the following
              to /etc/audit/audit.rules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions</description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.12.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects System Administrator Actions</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the System Administrator Actions</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20168" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.13" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Ensure auditd Collects Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules in order to capture kernel module loading and unloading
              events:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -w /sbin/insmod -p x -k modules<xhtml:br/>
              -w /sbin/rmmod -p x -k modules<xhtml:br/>
              -w /sbin/modprobe -p x -k modules<xhtml:br/>
              -a always,exit -S init_module -S delete_module -k modules<xhtml:br/>
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.13.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Ensure auditd Collects Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading</title>
              <description>Audit rules about the Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <!--<fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>-->
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201685" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-2.6.2.4.14" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Make the auditd Conﬁguration Immutable</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules in order to make the conﬁguration immutable:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -e 2<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              With this setting, a reboot will be required to change any audit rules.
            </description>
            <Rule id="rule-2.6.2.4.14.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Make the auditd Conﬁguration Immutable</title>
              <description>Force a reboot to change audit rules</description>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/audit/audit.rules</fixtext>
              <fix>cp /usr/share/doc/audit-version/stig.rules /etc/audit/audit.rules</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20169" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-2.6.2.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Summarize and Review Audit Logs using aureport</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Familiarize yourself with the aureport(8) man page, then design a short series of audit reporting commands
            suitable for exploring the audit logs on a daily (or more frequent) basis. These commands can be added as a cron
            job by placing an appropriately named ﬁle in /etc/cron.daily. See the next section for information on how to
            ensure that the audit system collects all events needed.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For example, to generate a daily report of every user to login to the machine, the following command could be
            run from cron:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># aureport -l -i -ts yesterday -te today<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To review all audited activity for unusual behavior, a good place to start is to see a summary of which audit
            rules have been triggering:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>aureport --key --summary<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If access violations stand out, review them with:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ausearch --key access --raw | aureport --file --summary<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To review what executables are doing:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ausearch --key access --raw | aureport -x --summary<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If access violations have been occurring on a particular ﬁle (such as /etc/shadow) and you want to determine
            which user is doing this:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># ausearch --key access --file /etc/shadow --raw | aureport --user --summary -i<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Check for anomalous activity (such as device changing to promiscuous mode, processes ending abnormally, login
            failure limits being reached) using:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># aureport --anomaly<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The foundation to audit analysis is using keys to classify the events. Information about using ausearch to ﬁnd
            an SELinux problem can be found in Section 2.4.6.
            </description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
  </Group>
  <Group id="group-3" hidden="false">
    <title xml:lang="en">Services</title>
    <Group id="group-3.1" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Disable All Unneeded Services at Boot Time</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The best protection against vulnerable software is running less
        software. This section describes how to review the software which Red Hat Enterprise Linux
        installs on a system and disable software which is not needed. It then enumerates the
        software packages installed on a default RHEL5 system and provides guidance about which ones
        can be safely disabled.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.1.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Determine which Services are Enabled at Boot</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Run the command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig --list | grep :on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The first column
          of this output is the name of a service which is currently enabled at boot. Review each
          listed service to determine whether it can be disabled. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If it is appropriate to disable
          some service srvname , do so using the command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig srvname off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Use the guidance below for information about unfamiliar services.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.1.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Guidance on Default Services</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The table in this section contains a list of all services which
          are enabled at boot by a default RHEL5 installation. For each service, one of the
          following recommendations is made: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>Enable: The service provides a significant capability
              with limited risk exposure. Leave the service enabled. </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Configure: The service either is
              required for most systems to function properly or provides an important security function.
              It should be left enabled by most environments. However, it must be configured securely on
              all machines, and different options may be needed for workstations than for servers. See
              the referenced section for recommended configuration of this service.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Disable if
              possible: The service opens the system to some risk, but may be required by some
              environments. See the appropriate section of the guide, and disable the service if at all
              possible.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Servers only: The service provides some function to other machines over the
              network. If that function is needed in the target environment, the service should remain
              enabled only on a small number of dedicated servers, and should be disabled on all other
              machines on the network. </xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:table>
            <xhtml:thead>
              <xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:td>Service name</xhtml:td>
                <xhtml:td>Action</xhtml:td>
                <xhtml:td>Reference</xhtml:td>
              </xhtml:tr>
            </xhtml:thead>
            <xhtml:tbody>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>acpid</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.15.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>anacron</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.4</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>apmd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.15.1</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>atd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.4</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>auditd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.6.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>autofs</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.2.2.3</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>avahi-daemon</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.7</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>bluetooth</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.14</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>cpuspeed</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.15.3 </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>crond</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.4</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>cups</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.8</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>firstboot</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.1</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>gpm</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>haldaemon</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.13.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>hidd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.14.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>hplip</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.8.4.1</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>ip6tables</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.5.5</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>iptables</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.5.5</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>irqbalance</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.3</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>isdn</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.4</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>kdump</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.5</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>kudzu</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.6 </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>mcstrans</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.4.3.2 (SELinux) </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>mdmonitor</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.7 </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>messagebus</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.13.1</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>microcode</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.8</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>netfs</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.13 (NFS)</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>network</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.9</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>nfslock</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.13 (NFS)</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>pcscd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.10</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>portmap</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.13 (NFS) </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>readahead_early</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.12</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>readahead_later</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.12</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>restorecond</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.4.3.3 (SELinux)</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>rhnsd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.1.2.2 </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>rpcgssd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.13 (NFS) </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>rpcidmapd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.13 (NFS) </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>sendmail</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.11</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>setroubleshoot</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.4.3.1 (SELinux)</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>smartd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Enable</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.3.11 </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>sshd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Servers only</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.5</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>syslog</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Configure</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.6.1</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>xfs</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>3.6 (X11) </xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
              <xhtml:tr><xhtml:td>yum-updatesd</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Disable if possible</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>2.1.2.3.2</xhtml:td></xhtml:tr>
            </xhtml:tbody>
          </xhtml:table>
        </description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.1.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Guidance for Unfamiliar Services</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the system is running any services which have not been
          covered, determine what these services do, and disable them if they are not needed or if
          they pose a high risk. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If a service srvname is unknown, try running: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code>$ rpm -qf /etc/init.d/srvname <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          to discover which RPM package installed the service. Then, run: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code>$ rpm -qi rpmname <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          for a brief description of what that RPM does.</description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.2" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Obsolete Services</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        This section discusses a number of network-visible services which
        have historically caused problems for system security, and for which disabling or severely
        limiting the service has been the best available guidance for some time. As a result of this
        consensus, these services are not installed as part of RHEL5 by default. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Organizations which
        are running these services should prioritize switching to more secure services which provide
        the needed functionality. If it is absolutely necessary to run one of these services for
        legacy reasons, care should be taken to restrict the service as much as possible, for
        instance by configuring host firewall software (see Section 2.5.5) to restrict access to the
        vulnerable service to only those remote hosts which have a known need to use it.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.2.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Inetd and Xinetd</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there an operational need to run the deprecated inetd or
          xinetd software packages? If not, ensure that they are removed from the system: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase inetd xinetd <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Beginning with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, the xinetd service is no
          longer installed by default. This change represents increased awareness that the dedicated
          network listener model does not improve security or reliability of services, and that
          restriction of network listeners is better handled using a granular model such as SELinux
          than using xinetd's limited security options.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Disable Inetd</title>
          <description>The inetd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4234-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20170" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Disable Xinetd</title>
          <description>The xinetd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4252-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20171" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall Inetd</title>
          <description>The inetd package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4023-8</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase inetd</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20172" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall Xinetd</title>
          <description>The xinetd package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4164-0</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase xinetd</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20173" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.2.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Telnet</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there a mission-critical reason for users to access the system
          via the insecure telnet protocol, rather than the more secure SSH protocol? If not, ensure
          that the telnet server is removed from the system: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase telnet-server <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The telnet
          protocol uses unencrypted network communication, which means that data from the login
          session, including passwords and all other information transmitted during the session, can
          be stolen by eavesdroppers on the network, and also that outsiders can easily hijack the
          session to gain authenticated access to the telnet server. Organizations which use telnet
          should be actively working to migrate to a more secure protocol. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          See Section 3.5 for information about the SSH service.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.2.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove Telnet Clients</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            In order to prevent users from casually attempting to use a telnet server, and thus exposing their credentials
            over the network, remove the telnet package, which contains a telnet client program:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum erase telnet<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If Kerberos is not used, remove the krb5-workstation package, which also includes a telnet client:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum erase krb5-workstation<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Remove the telnet client command from the System</title>
            <description>The telnet package should be uninstalled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <fix># yum erase telnet</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20175" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Remove the kerberos telnet client from the System</title>
            <description>The krb5-workstation package should be uninstalled.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <fix># yum erase rsh-server</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20176" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
          <title>Uninstall Telnet server</title>
          <description>The telnet-server package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4330-7</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase telnet-server</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20174" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
          <title>Disable telnet service</title>
          <description>telnet service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3390-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201745" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.2.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Rlogin, Rsh, and Rcp</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">The Berkeley r-commands are legacy services which allow cleartext remote access and have an insecure trust model.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.2.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove the Rsh Server Commands from the System</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is there a mission-critical reason for users to access the
            system via the insecure rlogin, rsh, or rcp commands rather than the more secure ssh and
            scp? If not, ensure that the rsh server is removed from the system: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum erase rsh-server <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            SSH was designed to be a drop-in replacement for the r-commands, which suffer
            from the same hijacking and eavesdropping problems as telnet. There is unlikely to be a
            case in which these commands cannot be replaced with SSH.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Remove the Rsh Server Commands from the System</title>
            <description>The rsh-server package should be uninstalled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4308-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <fix># yum erase rsh-server</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20177" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>disable rcp</title>
            <description>The rcp service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3974-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig rcp off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201774" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>disable rsh</title>
            <description>The rsh service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4141-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig rsh off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201775" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>disable rlogin</title>
            <description>The rlogin service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3537-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig rlogin off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201776" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.2.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove .rhosts Support from PAM Configuration Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Check that pam_rhosts authentication is not used by any PAM
            services. Run the command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># grep -l pam_rhosts /etc/pam.d/* <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This command should return no output. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The RHEL5 default is not to rely on .rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv for any
            PAM-based services, so, on an uncustomized system, this command should return no output.
            If any files do use pam_rhosts, modify them to make use of a more secure authentication
            method instead. For more information about PAM, see Section 2.3.3.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Remove .rhosts Support from PAM Configuration Files</title>
            <description>Check that pam_rhosts authentication is not used by any PAM services.</description>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20178" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.2.3.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Remove the Rsh Client Commands from the System</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          In order to prevent users from casually attempting to make use of an rsh server and thus exposing their
          credentials over the network, remove the rsh package, which contains client programs for many of r-commands
          described above:<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase rsh<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Users should be trained to use the SSH client, and never attempt to connect to an rsh or telnet server. The
          krb5-workstation package also contains r-command client programs and should be removed as described in
          Section 3.2.2.1, if Kerberos is not in use.
        </description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.3.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
          <title>Remove the Rsh Client Commands from the System</title>
          <description>The rsh package, which contains client programs for many of r-commands should be uninstalled.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase rsh</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20179" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
    </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.2.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">NIS</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The NIS client service ypbind is not activated by default. In the
          event that it was activated at some point, disable it by executing the command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig ypbind off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The NIS server package is not installed by default. In the event that
          it was installed at some point, remove it from the system by executing the command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase ypserv <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The Network Information Service (NIS), also known as 'Yellow Pages' (YP), and
          its successor NIS+ have been made obsolete by Kerberos, LDAP, and other modern centralized
          authentication services. NIS should not be used because it suffers from security problems
          inherent in its design, such as inadequate protection of important authentication
          information.</description>
      <Rule id="rule-3.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
        <title>Uninstall NIS</title>
        <description>The ypserv package should be uninstalled.</description>
        <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4348-9</ident>
        <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
        <fix># yum erase ypserv</fix>
        <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
          <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20180" />
        </check>
      </Rule>
      <Rule id="rule-3.2.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
        <title>Disable NIS</title>
        <description>The ypbind service should be disabled.</description>
        <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3705-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig ypbind off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20181" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.2.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">TFTP Server</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there an operational need to run the deprecated TFTP server
          software? If not, ensure that it is removed from the system: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase tftp-server <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          TFTP is a lightweight version of the FTP protocol which has traditionally been used to
          configure networking equipment. However, TFTP provides little security, and modern
          versions of networking operating systems frequently support configuration via SSH or
          other more secure protocols. A TFTP server should be run only if no more secure method of
          supporting existing equipment can be found.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall TFTP Server</title>
          <description>The tftp-server package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3916-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase tftp-server</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20182" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.2.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable TFTP Server</title>
          <description>The tftp service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4273-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig tftp off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:201825" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.3" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">BaseServices</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        This section addresses the base services that are configured to
        start up on boot in a RHEL5 default installation. Some of these services listen on the
        network and should be treated with particular discretion. The other services are local
        system utilities that may or may not be extraneous. Each of these services should be
        disabled if not required.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.3.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Installation Helper Service (firstboot)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Firstboot is a daemon specific to the Red Hat installation
          process. It handles 'one-time' configuration following successful installation of the
          operating system. As such, there is no reason for this service to remain enabled. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Disable firstboot by issuing the command: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig firstboot off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Installation Helper Service (firstboot)</title>
          <description>The firstboot service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3412-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig firstboot off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20183" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Console Mouse Service (gpm)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          GPM is the service that controls the text console mouse pointer.
          (The X Windows mouse pointer is unaffected by this service.) <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If mouse functionality in the console is not required, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig gpm off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          Although it is
          preferable to run as few services as possible, the console mouse pointer can be useful for
          preventing administrator mistakes in runlevel 3 by enabling copy-and-paste operations.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Console Mouse Service (gpm)</title>
          <description>The gpm service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4229-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig gpm off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20184" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Interrupt Distribution on Multiprocessor Systems (irqbalance)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The goal of the irqbalance service is to optimize the balance
          between power savings and performance through distribution of hardware interrupts across
          multiple processors. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          In a server environment with multiple processors, this provides a
          useful service and should be left enabled. If a machine has only one processor, the
          service may be disabled: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig irqbalance off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Interrupt Distribution on Multiprocessor Systems (irqbalance)</title>
          <description>The irqbalance service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4123-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig irqbalance off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20185" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">ISDN Support (isdn)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The ISDN service facilitates Internet connectivity in the
          presence of an ISDN modem. If an ISDN modem is not being used, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig isdn off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>ISDN Support (isdn)</title>
          <description>The isdn service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4286-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig isdn off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20186" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Kdump Kernel Crash Analyzer (kdump)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Kdump is a new kernel crash dump analyzer. It uses kexec to boot
          a secondary kernel ('capture' kernel) following a system crash. The kernel dump from the
          system crash is loaded into the capture kernel for analysis. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Unless the system is used for kernel development or testing, disable the service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig kdump off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Kdump Kernel Crash Analyzer (kdump)</title>
          <description>The kdump service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3425-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig kdump off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20187" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Kudzu Hardware Probing Utility (kudzu)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there a mission-critical reason for console users to add new
          hardware to the system? If not: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig kudzu off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Kudzu, Red Hat's hardware detection
          program, represents an unnecessary security risk as it allows unprivileged users to
          perform hardware configuration without authorization. Unless this specific functionality
          is required, Kudzu should be disabled.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Kudzu Hardware Probing Utility (kudzu)</title>
          <description>The kudzu service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4211-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig kudzu off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20188" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.7" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Software RAID Monitor (mdmonitor)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The mdmonitor service is used for monitoring a software RAID
          (hardware RAID setups do not use this service). This service is extraneous unless software
          RAID is in use (which is not common). <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If software RAID monitoring is not required, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig mdmonitor off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.7.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Software RAID Monitor (mdmonitor)</title>
          <description>The mdmonitor service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3854-7</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig mdmonitor off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20189" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.8" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">IA32 Microcode Utility(microcodectl)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          microcode ctl is a microcode utility for use with Intel IA32
          processors (Pentium Pro, PII, Celeron, PIII, Xeon, Pentium 4, etc) <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If the system is not running an Intel IA32 processor, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig microcode ctl off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.8.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>IA32 Microcode Utility(microcodectl)</title>
          <description>The microcode_ctl service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4356-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig microcode ctl off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20190" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.9" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Network Service (network)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The network service allows associated network interfaces to
          access the network. This section contains general guidance for controlling the operation
          of the service. For kernel parameters which affect networking, see Section</description>
        <Group id="group-3.3.9.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable All Networking if Not Needed</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If the system is a standalone machine with no need for network
            access or even communication over the loopback device, then disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig network off</xhtml:code></description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.9.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable All Networking if Not Needed)</title>
            <description>The network service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4369-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig network off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20191" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.9.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable All External Network Interfaces if Not Needed</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If the system does not require network communications but still
            needs to use the loopback interface, remove all files of the form ifcfg-interface except
            for ifcfg-lo from /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># rm /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface</xhtml:code></description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.9.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable All External Network Interfaces if Not Needed</title>
            <description>All files of the form ifcfg-interface except for ifcfg-lo in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts should be removed</description>
            <fixtext>via /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts</fixtext>
            <fix># rm /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20192" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.9.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Zeroconf Networking</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Zeroconf networking allows the system to assign itself an IP
            address and engage in IP communication without a statically-assigned address or even a
            DHCP server. Automatic address assignment via Zeroconf (or DHCP) is not recommended. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To disable Zeroconf automatic route assignment in the 169.245.0.0 subnet, add or correct
            the following line in /etc/sysconfig/network: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            NOZEROCONF=yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Zeroconf addresses are in
            the network 169.254.0.0. The networking scripts add entries to the system's routing
            table for these addresses. Zeroconf address assignment commonly occurs when the system
            is configured to use DHCP but fails to receive an address assignment from the DHCP
            server.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.9.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Zeroconf Networking</title>
            <description>Disable Zeroconf automatic route assignment in the 169.245.0.0 subnet.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4369-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20193" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.10" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Smart Card Support (pcscd)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The pcscd service provides support for Smart Cards and Smart Card
          Readers. If Smart Cards are not in use on the system, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig pcscd off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.10.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Smart Card Support (pcscd)</title>
          <description>The pcscd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4100-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig pcscd off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20194" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.11" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">SMART Disk Monitoring Support (smartd)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) is a
          feature of hard drives that allows them to detect symptoms of disk failure and relay an
          appropriate warning. This technology is considered to bring relatively low security risk,
          and can be useful. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Leave this service running if the system's hard drives are
          SMART-capable. Otherwise, disable it: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig smartd off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.11.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>SMART Disk Monitoring Support (smartd)</title>
          <description>The smartd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3455-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig smartd off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20195" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.12" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Boot Caching (readahead early/readahead later)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The following services provide one-time caching of files
          belonging to some boot services, with the goal of allowing the system to boot faster. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          It is recommended that this service be disabled on most machines: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig readahead_early off <xhtml:br/>
          # chkconfig readahead_later off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The readahead services do not substantially increase a
          system's risk exposure, but they also do not provide great benefit. Unless the system is
          running a specialized application for which the file caching substantially improves system
          boot time, this guide recommends disabling the services.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.12.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Boot Caching (readahead early/readahead later)</title>
          <description>The readahead_early service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4421-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig readahead early off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20196" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.3.12.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Boot Caching (readahead early/readahead later)</title>
          <description>The readahead_later service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4302-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig readahead later off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20197" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.13" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Application Support Services</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The following services are software projects of freedesktop.org
          that are meant to provide system integration through a series of common APIs for
          applications. They are heavily integrated into the X Windows environment. If the system is
          not using X Windows, these services can typically be disabled.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.3.13.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">D-Bus IPC Service (messagebus)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            D-Bus is an IPC mechanism that provides a common channel for
            inter-process communication. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If no services which require D-Bus are in use, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig messagebus off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A number of default services make use of D-Bus,
            including X Windows (Section 3.6), Bluetooth (Section 3.3.14) and Avahi (Section 3.7).
            This guide recommends that D-Bus and all its dependencies be disabled unless there is a
            mission-critical need for them. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Stricter configuration of D-Bus is possible and
            documented in the man page dbus-daemon(1). D-Bus maintains two separate configuration
            files, located in /etc/dbus-1/, one for system-specific configuration and the other for
            session-specific configuration.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.13.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>D-Bus IPC Service (messagebus)</title>
            <description>The messagebus service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3822-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig messagebus off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20198" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.13.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">HAL Daemon (haldaemon)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The haldaemon service provides a dynamic way of managing device
            interfaces. It automates device configuration and provides an API for making devices
            accessible to applications through the D-Bus interface.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.13.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>HAL Daemon (haldaemon)</title>
            <description>The haldaemon service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4364-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig haldaemon off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20199" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Group id="group-3.3.13.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable HAL Daemon if Possible</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              HAL provides valuable attack surfaces to attackers as an
              intermediary to privileged operations and should be disabled unless necessary: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chkconfig haldaemon off</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.3.13.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure HAL Daemon if Necessary</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              HAL provides a limited user the ability to mount system
              devices. This is primarily used by X utilities such as gnome-volume-manager to perform
              automounting of removable media.
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              HAL configuration is currently
              only possible through a series of fdi files located in
              /usr/share/hal/fdi/
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: The HAL future road map includes a
              mandatory framework for managing administrative privileges called
              PolicyKit.
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To prevent users from accessing devices through HAL,
              create the
              file
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              /etc/hal/fdi/policy/99-policy-all-drives.fdi
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              with the contents: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;?xml version="1.0"
              encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;&lt;deviceinfo
              version="0.2"&gt;&lt;device&gt;&lt;match key="info.capabilities"
              contains="volume"&gt;&lt;merge key="volume.ignore"
              type="bool"&gt;true&lt;/merge&gt;&lt;/match&gt;&lt;/device&gt;&lt;/deviceinfo&gt;
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The
              above code matches any device labeled with the volume capability (any device capable
              of being mounted will be labeled this way) and sets the corresponding volume.ignore
              key to true, indicating that the volume should be ignored. This both makes the volume
              invisible to the UI, and denies mount attempts by unprivileged users.
            </description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.14" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Bluetooth Support</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Bluetooth provides a way to transfer information between devices
          such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras, and video game consoles
          over a short-range wireless link. Any wireless communication presents a serious security
          risk to sensitive or classified systems. Section 2.5.2 contains information on the related
          topic of wireless networking. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Removal of hardware is the only way to ensure that the
          Bluetooth wireless capability remains disabled. If it is completely impractical to remove
          the Bluetooth hardware module, and site policy still allows the device to enter sensitive
          spaces, every effort to disable the capability via software should be made. In general,
          acquisition policy should include provisions to prevent the purchase of equipment that
          will be used in sensitive spaces and includes Bluetooth capabilities.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.3.14.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Bluetooth Host Controller Interface Daemon (bluetooth)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The bluetooth service enables the system to use Bluetooth
            devices. If the system requires no Bluetooth devices, disable this service:<xhtml:br/> 
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig bluetooth off</xhtml:code></description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.14.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Bluetooth Host Controller Interface Daemon (bluetooth)</title>
            <description>The bluetooth service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4355-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig bluetooth off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20200" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.14.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Bluetooth Input Devices (hidd)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The hidd service provides support for Bluetooth input devices.
            If the system has no Bluetooth input devices (e.g. keyboard or mouse), disable this
            service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig hidd off</xhtml:code></description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.14.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Bluetooth Input Devices (hidd)</title>
            <description>The hidd service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4377-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig hidd off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20201" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.14.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Bluetooth Kernel Modules</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The kernel's module loading system can be configured to prevent
            loading of the Bluetooth module. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Add the following to /etc/modprobe.conf to prevent the
            loading of the Bluetooth module: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            alias net-pf-31 off <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The unexpected name, net-pf-31, is
            a result of how the kernel requests modules for network protocol families; it is an
            alias for the bluetooth module.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.14.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable Bluetooth Kernel Modules</title>
            <description>Prevent loading of the Bluetooth module.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/modprobe.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202015" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.3.15" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Power Management Support</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The following services provide an interface to power management
          functions. These functions include monitoring battery power, system hibernate/suspend, CPU
          throttling, and various power-save utilities.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.3.15.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Advanced Power Management Subsystem (apmd)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The apmd service provides last generation power management
            support. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the system is capable of ACPI support, or if power management is not
            necessary, disable this service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig apmd off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            APM is being replaced by ACPI and
            should be considered deprecated. As such, it can be disabled if ACPI is supported by
            your hardware and kernel. If the file /proc/acpi/info exists and contains ACPI version
            information, then APM can safely be disabled without loss of functionality.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.15.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Advanced Power Management Subsystem (apmd)</title>
            <description>The apmd service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4289-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig apmd off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20202" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.15.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (acpid)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The acpid service provides next generation power management
            support. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Unless power management features are not necessary, leave this service enabled.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.15.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (acpid)</title>
            <description>The acpid service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4298-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20203" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.3.15.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">CPU Throttling (cpuspeed)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The cpuspeed service uses hardware support to throttle the CPU
            when the system is idle. Unless CPU power optimization is unnecessary, leave this
            service enabled.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.3.15.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>CPU Throttling (cpuspeed)</title>
            <description>The cpuspeed service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4051-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20204" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.4" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Cron and At Daemons</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The cron and at services are used to allow commands to be executed
        at a later time. The cron service is required by almost all systems to perform necessary
        maintenance tasks, while at may or may not be required on a given system. Both daemons
        should be configured defensively.</description>
      <Rule id="rule-3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
        <title>Enable cron Daemon</title>
        <description>The crond service should be enabled.</description>
        <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4324-0</ident>
        <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
        <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
          <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20205" />
        </check>
      </Rule>
      <Group id="group-3.4.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable anacron if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is this a machine which is designed to run all the time, such as
          a server or a workstation which is left on at night? If so: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase anacron<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          The
          anacron subsystem is designed to provide cron functionality for machines which may be shut
          down during the normal times that system cron jobs run, frequently in the middle of the
          night. Laptops and workstations which are shut down at night should keep anacron enabled,
          so that standard system cron jobs will run when the machine boots. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          However, on machines
          which do not need this additional functionality, anacron represents another piece of
          privileged software which could contain vulnerabilities. Therefore, it should be removed
          when possible to reduce system risk.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable anacron if Possible</title>
          <description>The anacron service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4406-5</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20206" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall anacron if Possible</title>
          <description>The anacron package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4428-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase anacron</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20207" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.4.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Permissions on Files Used by cron</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          <xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:li>Restrict the permissions on the primary system crontab file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/crontab <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 600 /etc/crontab</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>If anacron has not been removed,
              restrict the permissions on its primary configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/anacrontab <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 600 /etc/anacrontab </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Restrict the permission on all system
              crontab directories: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc <xhtml:br/>
              # chown -R root:root cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod -R go-rwx cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Restrict the permissions on the spool directory for user crontab files: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /var/spool/cron <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod -R go-rwx /var/spool/cron </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ol> <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Cron and anacron make use of a
          number of configuration files and directories. The system crontabs need only be edited by
          root, and user crontabs are edited using the setuid root crontab command. If unprivileged
          users can modify system cron configuration files, they may be able to gain elevated
          privileges, so all unnecessary access to these files should be disabled.</description>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.group" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>group owner of /etc/crontab</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/crontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/crontab</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.user" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>user owner of /etc/crontab</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/crontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/crontab</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.permissions" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>permissions on /etc/crontab file</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /etc/crontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify permissions of /etc/crontab</question>
          <value>110100100</value>
          <value selector="644">110100100</value>
          <value selector="400">100000000</value>
          <value selector="600">110000000</value>
          <value selector="700">111000000</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.group" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>group owner of /etc/anacrontab</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/ancrontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/anacrontab</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.user" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>user owner of /etc/anacrontab</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/anacrontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/anacrontab</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.permissions" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>permissions on /etc/anacrontab file</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /etc/crontab.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify permissions of /etc/anacrontab</question>
          <value>110100100</value>
          <value selector="644">110100100</value>
          <value selector="400">100000000</value>
          <value selector="600">110000000</value>
          <value selector="700">111000000</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>group owner of cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/cron.* files and directories.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/cron.* files and directories</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>user owner of cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/cron.* files and directories.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /etc/cron.* files and directories</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>permissions on cron.hourly cron.daily cron.weekly cron.monthly cron.d</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify file and directory permissions on /etc/cron.*.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify permissions of /etc/cron.* files and directories</question>
          <value>111101101</value>
          <value selector="755">111101101</value>
          <value selector="400">100000000</value>
          <value selector="600">110000000</value>
          <value selector="700">111000000</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.group" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>group owner of /var/spool/cron</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /var/spool/cron.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /var/spool/cron</question>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.user" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>user owner of /var/spool/cron</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /var/spool/cron.</description>
          <value>root</value>
          <value selector="root">root</value>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.permissions" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>permissions on /var/spool/cron file</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /var/spool/cron.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions of /var/spool/cron</question>
          <value>111000000</value>
          <value selector="400">100000000</value>
          <value selector="600">110000000</value>
          <value selector="700">111000000</value>
        </Value>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/crontab</title>
          <description>The /etc/crontab file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3626-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20208" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20208" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/crontab</title>
          <description>The /etc/crontab file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3851-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20209" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20209" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set Permissions on /etc/crontab</title>
          <title>Restrict Permissions on Files Used by cron</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/crontab should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4388-5</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.primary.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20210" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20210" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/anacrontab</title>
          <description>The /etc/anacrontab file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3604-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20211" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20211" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/anacrontab</title>
          <description>The /etc/anacrontab file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4379-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20212" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20212" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set Permissions on /etc/anacrontab</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/anacrontab should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4304-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.anacrontab.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20213" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20213" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/cron.hourly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.hourly file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4054-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20214" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20214" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/cron.daily</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.daily file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3481-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20214" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20215" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/cron.weekly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.weekly file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4331-5</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20214" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20216" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.d" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/cron.monthly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.monthly file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4322-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20214" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20217" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.e" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set group owner on /etc/cron.d</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.d file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4212-7</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20214" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20218" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.f" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/cron.hourly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.hourly file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3983-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20219" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20219" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.g" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/cron.daily</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.daily file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4022-0</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20219" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20220" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.h" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/cron.weekly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.weekly file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3833-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20219" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20221" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.i" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/cron.monthly</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.monthly file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4441-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20219" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20222" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.j" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set user owner on /etc/cron.d</title>
          <description>The /etc/cron.d file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4380-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20219" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20223" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.k" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set permissions on /etc/cron.hourly</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/cron.hourly should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4106-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20224" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20224" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.l" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set permissions on /etc/cron.daily</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/cron.daily should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4450-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20224" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20225" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.m" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set permissions on /etc/cron.weekly</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/cron.weekly should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4203-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20224" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20226" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.n" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set permissions on /etc/cron.monthly</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/cron.monthly should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4251-5</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20224" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20227" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.3.o" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Set permissions on /etc/cron.d</title>
          <description>File permissions for /etc/cron.d should be set correctly.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4250-7</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.system.crontab.directories.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20224" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20228" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Restrict group owner on /var/spool/cron directory</title>
          <description>The /var/spool/cron directory should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.group" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20229" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20229" /> <!-- TBD -->
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Restrict user owner on /var/spool/cron directory</title>
          <description>The /var/spool/cron directory should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.user" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20230" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20230" /> <!-- TBD -->
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.2.4.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Restrict Permissions on /var/spool/cron directory</title>
          <description>Directory permissions for /var/spool/cron should be set correctly.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.4.2.spool.directory.permissions" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20231" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20231"/> <!-- TBD -->
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.4.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable at if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">Unless the at daemon is required, disable it with the following command:<xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig atd off<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Many of the periodic or delayed execution features of the at daemon can be provided through the cron daemon
          instead.
        </description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable at Daemon</title>
          <description>The atd service should be disabled.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202052" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>uninstall at Daemon</title>
          <description>The at package should be removed.</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202053" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.4.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Restrict at and cron to Authorized Users</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          <xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:li>Remove the cron.deny file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rm /etc/cron.deny</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Edit /etc/cron.allow, adding one line for each user allowed to use the crontab command to
              create cron jobs. </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Remove the at.deny file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># rm /etc/at.deny </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Edit /etc/at.allow, adding one line for each user allowed to use the at command to create at jobs. </xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ol><xhtml:br/> 
          <xhtml:br/>
          The
          /etc/cron.allow and /etc/at.allow files contain lists of users who are allowed to use cron
          and at to delay execution of processes. If these files exist and if the corresponding
          files /etc/cron.deny and /etc/at.deny do not exist, then only users listed in the relevant
          allow files can run the crontab and at commands to submit jobs to be run at scheduled
          intervals. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          On many systems, only the system administrator needs the ability to schedule
          jobs. Note that even if a given user is not listed in cron.allow, cron jobs can still be
          run as that user. The cron.allow file controls only administrative access to the crontab
          command for scheduling and modifying cron jobs.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Remove /etc/cron.deny</title>
          <description>/etc/cron.deny file should not exist.</description>
          <fix>rm /etc/cron.deny</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20232" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.4.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Remove /etc/at.deny</title>
          <description>/etc/at.deny file should not exist.</description>
          <fix>rm /etc/at.deny</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20233" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.5" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">SSH Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The SSH protocol is recommended for remote login and remote file
        transfer. SSH provides confidentiality and integrity for data exchanged between two systems,
        as well as server authentication, through the use of public key cryptography. The
        implementation included with the system is called OpenSSH, and more detailed documentation
        is available from its website, http://www.openssh.org. Its server program is called sshd and
        provided by the RPM package openssh-server.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.5.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable OpenSSH Server if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Unless the system needs to provide the remote login and file
          transfer capabilities of SSH, disable and remove the OpenSSH server and its configuration.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.5.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable and Remove OpenSSH Software</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Disable and remove openssh-server with the commands: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig sshd off <xhtml:br/>
            # yum erase openssh-server <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Users of the system will still be able to
            use the SSH client program /usr/bin/ssh to access SSH servers on other systems.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable OpenSSH Software</title>
            <description>The sshd service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4268-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig sshd off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20234" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Remove OpenSSH Software</title>
            <description>SSH should be uninstalled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4272-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <fix># yum erase openssh-server</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20235" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove SSH Server iptables Firewall Exception</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the files /etc/sysconfig/iptables and
            /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables (if IPv6 is in use). In each file, locate and delete the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, inbound connections to SSH's port are allowed. If the SSH server is not 
            being used, this exception should be removed from the firewall configuration. See 
            Section 2.5.5 for more information about Iptables.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Remove SSH Server iptables Firewall Exception</title>
            <description>Inbound connections to the ssh port should be denied</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4295-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) /etc/sysconfig/iptables</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20236" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.1.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Remove SSH Server ip6tables Firewall Exception</title>
            <description>Inbound connections to the ssh port should be denied</description>
            <fixtext>(1) /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20237" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.5.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure OpenSSH Server if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the system needs to act as an SSH server, then certain changes
          should be made to the OpenSSH daemon configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd config. The
          following recommendations can be applied to this file. See the sshd config(5) man page for
          more detailed information.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Ensure Only Protocol 2 Connections Allowed</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Only SSH protocol version 2 connections should be permitted.
            Version 1 of the protocol contains security vulnerabilities. The default setting shipped
            in the configuration file is correct, but it is important enough to check. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Verify that the following line appears: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Protocol 2</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Ensure Only Protocol 2 Connections Allowed</title>
            <description>SSH version 1 protocol support should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4325-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20238" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Users SSH Access'</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            By default, the SSH configuration allows any user to access the
            system. In order to allow all users to login via SSH but deny only a few users, add or
            correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            DenyUsers USER1 USER2 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Alternatively, if it is appropriate to allow only a few users access to the system via 
            SSH, add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            AllowUsers USER1 USER2</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set Idle Timeout Interval for User Logins</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            SSH allows administrators to set an idle timeout interval.
            After this interval has passed, the idle user will be automatically logged out. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Find and edit the following lines in /etc/ssh/sshd config as follows: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ClientAliveInterval interval <xhtml:br/>
            ClientAliveCountMax 0 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The timeout interval is given in seconds. 
            To have a timeout of 5 minutes, set interval to 300. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If a shorter timeout has already been set for
            the login shell, as in Section 2.3.5.5, that value will preempt any SSH setting made
            here. Keep in mind that some processes may stop SSH from correctly detecting that the
            user is idle.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.5.2.3.a" type="number" operator="equals">
            <title>SSH session Idle time</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify duration of allowed idle time.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify duration of allowed idle time (in seconds) for SSH session</question>
            <value>300</value>
            <value selector="5_minutes">300</value>
            <value selector="10_minutes">600</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.5.2.3.b" type="number" operator="equals" >
            <title>SSH session ClientAliveCountMax</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Sets the number of client alive messages which may be sent without sshd receiving any messages back from the client.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify the number of clients alive messages which may be sent without sshd receiving any messages back from the client</question>
            <value>3</value>
            <value selector="0">0</value>
            <value selector="3">3</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Set Idle Timeout Interval for User Logins</title>
            <description>The SSH idle timout interval should be set to an appropriate
            value</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3845-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.5.2.3.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20239" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20239" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Set ClientAliveCountMax for User Logins</title>
            <description>The ClientAliveCountMax should be set to an appropriate value</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.5.2.3.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20240" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20240" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable .rhosts Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            SSH can emulate the behavior of the obsolete rsh command in
            allowing users to enable insecure access to their accounts via .rhosts files. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To ensure that this behavior is disabled, add or correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            IgnoreRhosts yes</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
            <title>Disable .rhosts Files</title>
            <description>Emulation of the rsh command through the ssh server should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4475-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20241" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Host-Based Authentication</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            SSH's cryptographic host-based authentication is slightly more
            secure than .rhosts authentication, since hosts are cryptographically authenticated.
            However, it is not recommended that hosts unilaterally trust one another, even within an
            organization. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To disable host-based authentication, add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            HostbasedAuthentication no</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Host-Based Authentication</title>
            <description>SSH host-based authentication should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4370-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20242" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable root Login via SSH</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The root user should never be allowed to login directly over a
            network, as this both reduces auditable information about who ran privileged commands on
            the system and allows direct attack attempts on root's password. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To disable root login via SSH, add or correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            PermitRootLogin no</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.6.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable root Login via SSH</title>
            <description>Root login via SSH should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4387-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20243" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Empty Passwords</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To explicitly disallow remote login from accounts with empty
            passwords, add or correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            PermitEmptyPasswords no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Measures should also be taken to disable accounts with empty passwords system-wide, 
            as described in Section 2.3.1.5.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.7.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Empty Passwords</title>
            <description>Remote connections from accounts with empty passwords should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3660-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20244" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.8" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable a Warning Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Section 2.3.7 contains information on how to create an
            appropriate warning banner. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To enable a warning banner, add or correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Banner /etc/issue</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.8.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Enable a Warning Banner</title>
            <description>SSH warning banner should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4431-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20245" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.9" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Do Not Allow Users to Set Environment Options</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent users from being able to present environment options to the SSH daemon and potentially bypass
            some access restrictions, add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            PermitUserEnvironment no
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.9.a" selected="false" weight="10">
            <title xml:lang="en">Do Not Allow Users to Set Environment Options</title>
            <description>PermitUserEnvironment should be disabled</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202455" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.10" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use Only Approved Ciphers</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Limit the ciphers to those which are FIPS-approved and only use ciphers in counter (CTR) mode. The
            following line demonstrates use of FIPS-approved ciphers in CTR mode:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The man page sshd_config(5) contains a list of the ciphers supported for the current release of the SSH daemon.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.5.2.10.a" selected="false" weight="10">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use Only Approved Ciphers</title>
            <description>Use only FIPS approved ciphers not in CBC mode</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ssh/sshd_config</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202456" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.5.2.11" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Strengthen Firewall Configuration if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If the SSH server must only accept connections from the local
            network, then strengthen the default firewall rule for the SSH service. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Determine an
            appropriate network block, netwk, and network mask, mask, representing the machines on
            your network which must be allowed to access this SSH server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the files
            /etc/sysconfig/iptables and /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables (if IPv6 is in use). In each file,
            locate the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            and replace it with: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If your site uses IPv6, and you are editing ip6tables, use the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s ipv6netwk::/ipv6mask -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            instead because Netfilter does not yet reliably support stateful filtering for
            IPv6. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See Section 2.5.5 for more information about Iptables configuration.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.6" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">X Window System</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">The X Window System implementation included with the system is called X.org.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.6.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable X Windows if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Unless there is a mission-critical reason for the machine to run
          a GUI login screen, prevent X from starting automatically at boot. There is usually no
          reason to run X Windows on a dedicated server machine, since administrators can login via
          SSH or on the text console.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.6.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable X Windows at System Boot</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/inittab, and correct the line
            id:5:initdefault: to: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            id:3:initdefault: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This action changes the default boot runlevel of
            the system from 5 to 3. These two runlevels should be identical except that runlevel 5
            starts X on boot, while runlevel 3 does not.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.6.1.1.a" type="number" operator="equals">
            <title>default boot level</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify whether to start in single user mode, text UI or graphical UI.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify whether to start in single user mode, text UI or graphical UI</question>
            <value>5</value>
            <value selector="multi-user-graphical">5</value>
            <value selector="multi-user-text">3</value>
            <value selector="single-user-text">1</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.6.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable X Windows at System Boot</title>
            <description>X Windows should be disabled at system boot</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4462-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/inittab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.6.1.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20246" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20246" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.6.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove X Windows from the System if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Remove the X11 RPMs from the system: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum groupremove "X Window System" <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            As long as X.org remains installed on the system, users can still run X
            Windows by typing startx at the shell prompt. This may run X Windows using configuration
            settings which are less secure than the system defaults. Therefore, if the machine is a
            dedicated server which does not need to provide graphical logins at all, it is safest to
            remove the X.org software entirely. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The command given here will remove over 100
            packages. It should safely and effectively remove X from machines which do not need it.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.6.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Remove X Windows from the System if Possible</title>
            <description>X Windows should be removed</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4422-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
            <fix># yum groupremove "X Window System"</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20247" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.6.1.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Lock Down X Windows startx Configuration if Necessary</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If X is not to be started at boot time but the software must
            remain installed, users will be able to run X manually using the startx command. In some
            cases, this runs X with a configuration which is less safe than the default. Follow
            these instructions to mitigate risk from this configuration.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.6.1.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable X Font Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Disable the xfs helper service: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chkconfig xfs off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The
              system's X.org requires the X Font Server service (xfs) to function. The xfs service
              will be started automatically if X.org is activated via startx. Therefore, it is safe
              to prevent xfs from starting at boot when X is disabled, even if users are allowed to
              run X manually.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.6.1.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable X Window System Listening</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To prevent X.org from listening for remote connections,
              create the file /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc and fill it with the following line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              exec X :0 -nolisten tcp $@ <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              One of X.org's features is the ability to provide remote graphical
              display. This feature should be disabled unless it is required. If the system uses
              runlevel 5, which is the default, the GDM display manager starts X safely, with remote
              listening disabled. However, if X is started from the command line with the startx
              command, then the server will listen for new connections on X's default port, 6000.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              See the xinit(1), startx(1), and Xserver(1) man pages for more information.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.6.1.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
              <title>Disable X Window System Listening</title>
              <description>Disable the ability to provide remote graphical display</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4074-1</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc</fixtext>
              <fix>echo "exec X :0 -nolisten tcp $@" > /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20248" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.6.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure X Windows if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If there is a mission-critical reason for this machine to run a
          GUI, improve the security of the default X configuration by following the guidance in this
          section.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.6.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create Warning Banners for GUI Login Users</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/gdm/custom.conf. Locate the [greeter]
            section, and correct that section to contain the lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [greeter] <xhtml:br/>
            InfoMsgFile=/etc/issue<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See Section 2.3.7 for an explanation of banner file use. This setting will cause the
            system greeting banner to be displayed in a box prior to GUI login. If the default
            banner font is inappropriate, it can be changed by specifying the InfoMsgFont directive
            as well, for instance: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            InfoMsgFont=Sans 12</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.6.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Create Warning Banners for GUI Login Users</title>
            <description>Enable warning banner for GUI login</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3717-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/gdm/custom.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20249" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.7" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Avahi Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Avahi daemon implements the DNS Service Discovery and Multicast
        DNS protocols, which provide service and host discovery on a network. It allows a system to
        automatically identify resources on the network, such as printers or web servers. This
        capability is also known as mDNSresponder and is a major part of Zeroconf networking. By
        default, it is enabled.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.7.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Avahi Server if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Because the Avahi daemon service keeps an open network port, it
          is subject to network attacks. Disabling it is particularly important to reduce the
          system's vulnerability to such attacks.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.7.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Avahi Server Software</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Issue the command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig avahi-daemon off</xhtml:code></description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable Avahi Server Software</title>
            <description>The avahi-daemon service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4365-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <fix># chkconfig avahi-daemon off</fix>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20250" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.7.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Remove Avahi Server iptables Firewall Exception</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the files /etc/sysconfig/iptables and
            /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables (if IPv6 is in use). In each file, locate and delete the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, inbound
            connections to Avahi's port are allowed. If the Avahi server is not being used, this
            exception should be removed from the firewall configuration. See Section 2.5.5 for more
            information about the Iptables firewall.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.7.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Avahi if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If your system requires the Avahi daemon, its configuration can
          be restricted to improve security. The Avahi daemon configuration file is
          /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf. The following security recommendations should be applied to
          this file. See the avahi-daemon.conf(5) man page or documentation at http://www.avahi.org
          for more detailed information about the configuration options.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.7.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Serve Only via Required Protocol</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default setting in the configuration file allows Avahi to
            use both IPv4 and IPv6 sockets. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If you are using only IPv4, edit
            /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf and ensure the following line exists in the [server]
            section: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            use-ipv6=no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Similarly, if you are using only IPv6, disable IPv4 sockets with the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            use-ipv4=no</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Serve Only via Required Protocol</title>
            <description>The Avahi daemon should be configured not to serve via Ipv6</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4136-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20251" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Serve Only via Required Protocol</title>
            <description>The Avahi daemon should be configured not to serve via Ipv4</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4409-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20252" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.7.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Check Responses TTL Field '</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Avahi can be set to ignore IP packets unless their TTL field is
            255. To make Avahi ignore packets unless the TTL field is 255, edit
            /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf and ensure the following line appears in the [server]
            section: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            check-response-ttl=yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This helps to ensure that only mDNS responses from the
            local network are processed, because the TTL field in a packet is decremented from its
            initial value of 255 whenever it is routed from one network to another. Although a
            properly-configured router or firewall should not allow mDNS packets into the local
            network at all, this option provides another check to ensure they are not trusted.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Check Responses' TTL Field</title>
            <description>Avahi should be configured to reject packets with a TTL field not equal to 255</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4426-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20253" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.7.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Prevent Other Programs from Using Avahis Port '</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Avahi can stop other mDNS stacks from running on the host by
            preventing other processes from binding to port 5353. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To prevent other mDNS stacks from
            running, edit /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf and ensure the following line appears in the
            [server] section: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            disallow-other-stacks=yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This is designed to help ensure that only
            Avahi is responsible for mDNS traffic coming from that port on the system.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Prevent Other Programs from Using Avahi's Port</title>
            <description>Avahi should be configured to not allow other stacks from binding to port 5353</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4193-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20254" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.7.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Publishing if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default setting in the configuration file allows the
            avahi-daemon to send information about the local host, such as its address records and
            the services it offers, to the local network. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To stop sending this information but still
            allow Avahi to query the network for services, ensure the configuration file includes
            the following line in the [publish] section: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            disable-publishing=yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This line may be
            particularly useful if Avahi is needed for printer discovery, but not to advertise
            services. This configuration is highly recommended for client systems that should not
            advertise their services (or existence).</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Publishing if Possible</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of local information should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4444-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20255" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.7.2.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Published Information</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If it is necessary to publish some information to the network,
            it should not be joined by any extraneous information, or by information supplied by a
            non-trusted source on the system. Prevent user applications from using Avahi to publish
            services by adding or correcting the following line in the [publish] section:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            disable-user-service-publishing=yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Implement as many of the following lines as
            possible, to restrict the information published by Avahi: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            publish-addresses=no<xhtml:br/>
            publish-hinfo=no <xhtml:br/>
            publish-workstation=no <xhtml:br/>
            publish-domain=no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Inspect the files in the
            directory /etc/avahi/services/. Unless there is an operational need to publish
            information about each of these services, delete the corresponding file. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These options
            should be used even if publishing is disabled entirely via disable-publishing, since
            that option prevents publishing attempts from succeeding, while these options prevent
            the attempts from being made in the first place. Using both approaches is recommended
            for completeness.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict disable-user-service-publishing</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of local information by user applications should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4352-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20256" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict publish-addresses</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of hardware information should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4433-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20257" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.5.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict publish-hinfo</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of workstation name should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4451-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20258" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.5.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict publish-workstation</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of IP addresses should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4341-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20259" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.7.2.5.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict publish-domain</title>
            <description>Avahi publishing of domain name should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4358-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20260" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.8" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Print Support</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) service provides both local
        and network printing support. A system running the CUPS service can accept print jobs from
        other systems, process them, and send them to the appropriate printer. It also provides an
        interface for remote administration through a web browser. The CUPS service is installed and
        activated by default. The project homepage and more detailed documentation are available at
        http://www.cups.org. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        The HP Linux Imaging and Printing service (HPLIP) is a separate package
        that provides support for some of the additional features that HP printers provide that CUPS
        may not necessarily support. It relies upon the CUPS service.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.8.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable the CUPS Service if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Do you need the ability to print from this machine or to allow
          others to print to it? If not: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig cups off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.8.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Disable the CUPS Service if Possible</title>
          <description>The cups service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4112-9</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig cups off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20261" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.8.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Firewall Access to Printing Service if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Does this system need to operate as a network print server? If
          not, edit the files /etc/sysconfig/iptables and /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables (if IPv6 is in
          use). In each file, locate and delete the lines: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
          -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          By
          default, inbound connections to the Internet Printing Protocol port are allowed. If the
          print server does not need to be accessed, either because the machine is not running the
          print service at all or because the machine is not providing a remote network printer to
          other machines, this exception should be removed from the firewall configuration. See
          Section 2.5.5 for more information about the Iptables firewall.</description>
        <Value id="var-3.8.2.a" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>accept udp over IPv4</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Open firewall to allow udp over IPv4.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable UDP over IPv4</question>
          <value>disabled</value>
          <value selector="enabled">enabled</value>
          <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
          <match>enabled|disabled</match>
          <choices mustMatch="1">
            <choice>enabled</choice>
            <choice>disabled</choice>
          </choices>
        </Value>
        <Value id="var-3.8.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>accept udp over IPv6</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Open firewall to allow udp over IPv6.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable UDP over IPv6</question>
          <value>disabled</value>
          <value selector="enabled">enabled</value>
          <value selector="disabled">disabled</value>
          <match>enabled|disabled</match>
          <choices mustMatch="1">
            <choice>enabled</choice>
            <choice>disabled</choice>
          </choices>
        </Value>
        <Rule id="rule-3.8.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
          <title>Disable Firewall Access to Printing Service over IPv4 if Possible</title>
          <description>Firewall access to printing service should be disabled</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3649-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/iptables</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.8.2.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20262" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20262" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.8.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
          <title>Disable Firewall Access to Printing Service over IPv6 if Possible</title>
          <description>Firewall access to printing service should be disabled</description>
          <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.8.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20263" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20263" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.8.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure the CUPS Service if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          CUPS provides the ability to easily share local printers with
          other machines over the network. It does this by allowing machines to share lists of
          available printers. Additionally, each machine that runs the CUPS service can potentially
          act as a print server. Whenever possible, the printer sharing and print server
          capabilities of CUPS should be limited or disabled. The following recommendations should
          demonstrate how to do just that.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.8.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Printer Browsing</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">By default, CUPS listens on the network for printer list broadcasts on UDP port 631. This functionality is called printer browsing.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.8.3.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Printer Browsing Entirely if Possible</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To disable printer browsing entirely, edit the CUPS
              configuration file, located at /etc/cups/cupsd.conf: <xhtml:br/>
      			  <xhtml:br/>
      			  Browsing Off<xhtml:br/> 
      			  BrowseAllow none <xhtml:br/>
      			  <xhtml:br/>
      			  The
              CUPS print service can be configured to broadcast a list of available printers to the
              network. Other machines on the network, also running the CUPS print service, can be
              configured to listen to these broadcasts and add and configure these printers for
              immediate use. By disabling this browsing capability, the machine will no longer
              generate or receive such broadcasts.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.8.3.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Disable Printer Browsing Entirely if Possible</title>
              <description>Remote print browsing should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4420-6</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/cups/cupsd.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20264" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
            <Rule id="rule-3.8.3.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Deny CUPS ability to listen for Incoming printer information</title>
              <description>CUPS should be denied the ability to listen for Incoming printer information</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4407-3</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/cups/cupsd.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20265" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.8.3.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Limit Printer Browsing to a Particular Subnet if Necessary</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              It is possible to disable outgoing printer list broadcasts
              without affecting incoming broadcasts from other machines. To do so, open the CUPS
              configuration file, located at /etc/cups/cupsd.conf. Look for the line that begins
              with BrowseAddress and remove it. The line will look like the following: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              BrowseAddress @LOCAL <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the intent is not to block printer sharing, but to limit it to a particular
              set of machines, you can limit the UDP printer broadcasts to trusted network
              addresses. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              BrowseAddress ip-address :631 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Likewise, to ignore incoming UDP printer list
              broadcasts, or to limit the set of machines to listen to, use the BrowseAllow and
              BrowseDeny directives. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              BrowseDeny all <xhtml:br/>
              BrowseAllow ip-address <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This combination will
              deny incoming broadcasts from any machine except those that are explicitly allowed
              with BrowseAllow. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              By default, when printer sharing is enabled, CUPS will broadcast to
              every network that its host machine is connected to through all available network
              interfaces on port 631. It will also listen to incoming broadcasts from other machines
              on the network. Either list one BrowseAddress line for each client machine and one
              BrowseAllow line for each print server or use one of the supported shorthand notations
              that the CUPS service recognizes. Please see the cupsd.conf(5) man page or the
              documentation provided at http://www.cups.org for more information on other ways to
              format these directives.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.8.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Print Server Capabilities if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent remote users from potentially
            connecting to and using locally configured printers, disable the CUPS print server
            sharing capabilities. To do so, limit how the server will listen for print jobs by
            removing the more generic port directive from /etc/cups/cupsd.conf: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Port 631 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            and replacing it with the Listen directive: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Listen localhost:631 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This will prevent remote
            users from printing to locally configured printers while still allowing local users on
            the machine to print normally. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, locally configured printers will not be
            shared over the network, but if this functionality has somehow been enabled, these
            recommendations will disable it again. Be sure to disable outgoing printer list
            broadcasts, or remote users will still be able to see the locally configured printers,
            even if they cannot actually print to them. To limit print serving to a particular set
            of users, use the Policy directive.</description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Disabling the print server capabilities in this manner will
            also disable the Web Administration interface. </warning>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.8.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Access to the Web Administration Interface</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            By default, access to the CUPS web administration interface is
            limited to the local machine. It is recommended that this not be changed, especially
            since the authentication mechanisms that CUPS provides are limited in their
            effectiveness. If it is absolutely necessary to allow remote users to administer locally
            installed printers, be sure to limit that access as much as possible by taking advantage
            of the Location and Policy directive blocks. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For example, to enable
            remote access for ip-address for user username, modify each of the Location and Policy
            directive blocks as follows: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            &lt;Location /&gt; <xhtml:br/>
            AuthType Basic <xhtml:br/>
            Require user username <xhtml:br/>
            Order allow,deny <xhtml:br/>
            Allow localhost <xhtml:br/>
            Allow ip-address <xhtml:br/>
            &lt;/Location&gt; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            As with the
            BrowseAllow directive, use one Allow directive for each machine that needs access or use
            one of the available CUPS directive definition shortcuts to enable access from a class
            of machines at once. The Require user directive can take a list of individual users, a
            group of users (prefixed with @), or the shorthand valid-user. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Host-based authentication has known limitations,
            especially since IP addresses are easy to spoof. Requiring users to authenticate
            themselves can alleviate this problem, but it cannot eliminate it. Do not use the root
            account to manage and administer printers. Create a separate account for this purpose
            and limit access to valid users with Require valid-user or Require user printeradmin .
          </description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.8.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Take Further Security Measures When Appropriate</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Whenever possible, limit outside networks' access to port 631.
            Consider using CUPS directives that limit the number of incoming clients, such as
            MaxClients or MaxClientsPerHost. Additionally, there are a series of Policy and Location
            directives intended to limit which users can perform different printing tasks. When used
            together, these may help to mitigate the possibility of a denial of service attack. See
            cupsd.conf(5) for a full list of possible directives.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.8.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">The HP Linux Imaging and Printing (HPLIP) Toolkit</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The HPLIP package is an HP printing support utility that is
          installed and enabled in a default installation. The HPLIP package is comprised of two
          separate components. The first is the main HPLIP service and the second is a smaller
          subcomponent called HPIJS. HPLIP is a feature-oriented network service that provides
          higher level printing support (such as bi-directional I/O, scanning, photo card, and
          toolbox functionality). HPIJS is a lower level basic printing driver that provides basic
          support for non-PostScript HP printers.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.8.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable HPLIP Service if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Since the HPIJS driver will still function without the added
            HPLIP service, HPLIP should be disabled unless the specific higher level functions that
            HPLIP provides are needed by a non-PostScript HP printer on the system. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig hplip off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: If installing the HPLIP package from scratch, it should be noted that
            HPIJS can be installed directly without HPLIP. Please see the FAQ at the HPLIP web site
            at http://hplip.sourceforge.net/faqs.html for more information on how to do this.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.8.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable HPLIP Service if Possible</title>
            <description>The hplip service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4425-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20266" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.9" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">DHCP</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows systems to
        request and obtain an IP address and many other parameters from a server. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        In general, sites
        use DHCP either to allow a large pool of mobile or unknown machines to share a limited
        number of IP addresses, or to standardize installations by avoiding static, individual IP
        address configuration on hosts. It is recommended that sites avoid DHCP as much as possible.
        Since DHCP authentication is not well-supported, DHCP clients are open to attacks from rogue
        DHCP servers. Such servers can give clients incorrect information (e.g. malicious DNS server
        addresses) which could lead to their compromise. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        If a machine must act as a DHCP client or
        server, configure it defensively using the guidance in this section. This guide recommends
        configuring networking on clients by manually editing the appropriate files under
        /etc/sysconfig. It is also possible to use the graphical front-end programs
        system-config-network and system-config-network-tui, but these programs rewrite
        configuration files from scratch based on their defaults – destroying any manual changes –
        and should therefore be used with caution.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.9.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable DHCP Client if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          For each interface IFACE on the system (e.g. eth0), edit
          /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-IFACE and make the following changes: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:li>Correct the BOOTPROTO line to read: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              BOOTPROTO=static
            </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Add or correct the following lines,
              substituting the appropriate values based on your site's addressing scheme:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              NETMASK=255.255.255.0<xhtml:br/>
              IPADDR=192.168.1.2<xhtml:br/>
              GATEWAY=192.168.1.1 <xhtml:br/>
            </xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ol>
          <xhtml:br/>
          DHCP is the default network
          configuration method provided by the system installer, so it may be enabled on many
          systems.</description>
        <Value id="var-3.9.1.a" type="string" operator="equals">
          <title>DHCP BOOTPROTO</title>
	    	  <description xml:lang="en">If BOOTPROTO is not "static", then the only other item that must be set is the DEVICE item; all the rest will be determined by the boot protocol. No "dummy" entries need to be created.</description>
          <question xml:lang="en">Choose DHCP BOOTPROTO</question>
          <value>static</value>
          <value selector="bootp">bootp</value>
          <value selector="dhcp">dhcp</value>
          <value selector="static">static</value>
<!--          <value selector="none">none</value>-->
          <choices>
            <choice>bootp</choice>
            <choice>dhcp</choice>
            <choice>static</choice>
          </choices>
        </Value>
        <Rule id="rule-3.9.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable DHCP Client if Possible</title>
          <description>The dhcp client service should be disabled for each interface.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4191-3</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-export value-id="var-3.9.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20267" />
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20267" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.9.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure DHCP Client if necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If DHCP must be used, then certain configuration changes can
          minimize the amount of information it receives and applies from the network, and thus the
          amount of incorrect information a rogue DHCP server could successfully distribute. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          For more information on configuring dhclient, see the dhclient(8) and dhclient.conf(5) 
          man pages.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.9.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Minimize the DHCP-Configured Options</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Create the file /etc/dhclient.conf, and add an appropriate
            setting for each of the ten configuration settings which can be obtained via DHCP. For
            each setting, setting , do one of the following: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>If the setting should not be
                configured remotely by the DHCP server, select an appropriate static value, and add the
                line: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                supersede setting value ; </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>If the setting should be configured remotely by the
                DHCP server, add the lines: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                request setting ; <xhtml:br/>
                require setting ; </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For example, suppose the
            DHCP server should provide only the IP address itself and the subnet mask. Then the
            entire file should look like: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            supersede domain-name "example.com "; <xhtml:br/>
            supersede domain-name-servers 192.168.1.2 ; <xhtml:br/>
            supersede nis-domain ""; <xhtml:br/>
            supersede nis-servers "";<xhtml:br/>
            supersede ntp-servers "ntp.example.com "; <xhtml:br/>
            supersede routers 192.168.1.1 ; <xhtml:br/>
            supersede time-offset -18000 ; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            request subnet-mask; <xhtml:br/>
            require subnet-mask; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, the DHCP
            client program, dhclient, requests and applies ten configuration options (in addition to
            the IP address) from the DHCP server: subnet-mask, broadcast-address, time-offset,
            routers, domain-name, domain-name-servers, host-name, nis-domain, nis-servers, and
            ntp-servers. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Many of the options requested and applied by dhclient may be the same for
            every system on a network. It is recommended that almost all configuration options be
            assigned statically, and only options which must vary on a host-by-host basis be
            assigned via DHCP. This limits the damage which can be done by a rogue DHCP server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If
            appropriate for your site, it is also possible to supersede the host-name directive in
            /etc/dhclient.conf, establishing a static hostname for the machine. However, dhclient
            does not use the host name option provided by the DHCP server (instead using the value
            provided by a reverse DNS lookup). <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: In this example, the options nis-servers and
            nis-domain are set to empty strings, on the assumption that the deprecated NIS protocol
            is not in use. (See Section 3.2.4.) It is necessary to supersede settings for unused
            services so that they cannot be set by a hostile DHCP server. If an option is set to an
            empty string, dhclient will typically not attempt to configure the service.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.9.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable DHCP Server if possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the dhcp package has been installed on a machine which does
          not need to operate as a DHCP server, disable the daemon: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig dhcpd off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If possible, remove the software as well: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># yum erase dhcp <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The DHCP server dhcpd is not
          installed or activated by default. If the software was installed and activated, but the
          system does not need to act as a DHCP server, it should be disabled and removed. Unmanaged
          DHCP servers will provide faulty information to clients, interfering with the operation of
          a legitimate site DHCP server if there is one, or causing misconfigured machines to
          exhibit unpredictable behavior if there is not.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.9.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable DHCP Server if possible</title>
          <description>The dhcpd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4336-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <fix># chkconfig dhcpd off</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20268" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.9.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall DHCP Server if possible</title>
          <description>The dhcp package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4464-4</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <fix># yum erase dhcp</fix>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20269" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.9.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure the DHCP Server if necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the system must act as a DHCP server, the configuration
          information it serves should be minimized. Also, support for other protocols and
          DNS-updating schemes should be explicitly disabled unless needed. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The configuration file
          for dhcpd is called /etc/dhcpd.conf. The file begins with a number of global configuration
          options. The remainder of the file is divided into sections, one for each block of
          addresses offered by dhcpd, each of which contains configuration options specific to that
          address block.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Do Not Use Dynamic DNS</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To prevent the DHCP server from receiving DNS information from
            clients, edit /etc/dhcpd.conf, and add or correct the following global option:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ddns-update-style none; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Dynamic DNS protocol is used to remotely update the data
            served by a DNS server. DHCP servers can use Dynamic DNS to publish information about
            their clients. This setup carries security risks, and its use is not recommended. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If Dynamic DNS must be used despite the risks it poses, it is critical that Dynamic DNS
            transactions be protected using TSIG or some other cryptographic authentication
            mechanism. See Section 3.14 for more information about DNS servers, including further
            information about TSIG and Dynamic DNS. Also see dhcpd.conf(5) for more information
            about protecting the DHCP server from passing along malicious DNS data from its clients.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: The ddns-update-style option controls only whether the DHCP server will attempt to
            act as a Dynamic DNS client. As long as the DNS server itself is correctly configured to
            reject DDNS attempts, an incorrect ddns-update-style setting on the client is harmless
            (but should be fixed as a best practice).</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Do Not Use Dynamic DNS</title>
            <description>The dynamic DNS feature of the DHCP server should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4257-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20270" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Deny Decline Messages</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/dhcpd.conf and add or correct the following global
            option to prevent the DHCP server from responding the DHCPDECLINE messages, if possible:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            deny declines; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The DHCPDECLINE message can be sent by a DHCP client to indicate that it
            does not consider the lease offered by the server to be valid. By issuing many
            DHCPDECLINE messages, a malicious client can exhaust the DHCP server's pool of IP
            addresses, causing the DHCP server to forget old address allocations.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Deny Decline Messages</title>
            <description>DHCPDECLINE messages should be denied by the DHCP server</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4403-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20271" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Deny BOOTP Queries</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Unless your network needs to support older BOOTP clients,
            disable support for the bootp protocol by adding or correcting the global option: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            deny bootp; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The bootp option tells dhcpd to respond to BOOTP queries. If support for this
            simpler protocol is not needed, it should be disabled to remove attack vectors against
            the DHCP server.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Deny BOOTP Queries</title>
            <description>BOOTP queries should be denied by the DHCP server</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4345-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20272" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Minimize Served Information</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/dhcpd.conf. Examine each address range section within
            the file, and ensure that the following options are not defined unless there is an
            operational need to provide this information via DHCP: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            option domain-name <xhtml:br/>
            option domain-name-servers <xhtml:br/>
            option nis-domain <xhtml:br/>
            option nis-servers <xhtml:br/>
            option ntp-servers <xhtml:br/>
            option routers <xhtml:br/>
            option time-offset <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Because the configuration information provided by the DHCP
            server could be maliciously provided to clients by a rogue DHCP server, the amount of
            information provided via DHCP should be minimized. Remove these definitions from the
            DHCP server configuration to ensure that legitimate clients do not unnecessarily rely on
            DHCP for this information. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: By default, the RHEL5 client installation uses DHCP to
            request much of the above information from the DHCP server. In particular, domain-name,
            domain-name-servers, and routers are configured via DHCP. These settings are typically
            necessary for proper network functionality, but are also usually static across machines
            at a given site. See Section 3.9.2.1 for a description of how to configure static site
            information within the DHCP client configuration.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send domain-name</title>
            <description>Domain name server information should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3724-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20273" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send domain-name-servers</title>
            <description>Default routers should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4243-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20274" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send nis-domain</title>
            <description>Domain name should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4389-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20275" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send nis-servers</title>
            <description>NIS domain should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3913-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20276" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send ntp-servers</title>
            <description>NIS servers should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4169-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20277" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send routers</title>
            <description>Time offset should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4318-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20278" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.4.g" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>DHCP should not send time-offset</title>
            <description>NTP servers should not be sent by the DHCP server.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4319-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dhcpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20279" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Logging</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Ensure that the following line exists in /etc/syslog.conf:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            daemon.* /var/log/daemon.log <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Configure logwatch or other log monitoring tools to
            summarize error conditions reported by the dhcpd process. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, dhcpd logs notices
            to the daemon facility. Sending all daemon messages to a dedicated log file is part of
            the syslog configuration outlined in Section 2.6.1.1.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.9.4.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure DHCP Logging</title>
            <description>dhcpd logging should be enabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3733-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/syslog.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20280" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.9.4.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Resources</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">* The man pages dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcpd(8) * ISC web page http://isc.org/products/DHCP</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.10" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Network Time Protocol</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Network Time Protocol is used to manage the system clock over a
        network. Computer clocks are not very accurate, so time will drift unpredictably on
        unmanaged systems. Central time protocols can be used both to ensure that time is consistent
        among a network of machines, and that their time is consistent with the outside world. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Local time synchronization is recommended for all networks. If every machine on your network
        reliably reports the same time as every other machine, then it is much easier to correlate
        log messages in case of an attack. In addition, a number of cryptographic protocols (such as
        Kerberos) use timestamps to prevent certain types of attacks. If your network does not have
        synchronized time, these protocols may be unreliable or even unusable. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Depending on the specifics of the network, global time accuracy may be just as important as 
        local synchronization, or not very important at all. If your network is connected to the 
        Internet, it is recommended that you make use of a public timeserver, since globally 
        accurate timestamps may be necessary if you need to investigate or respond to an attack 
        which originated outside of your network. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        Whether or not you use an outside timeserver, configure
        the network to have a small number of machines operating as NTP servers, and the remainder
        obtaining time information from those internal servers.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.10.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Select NTP Software</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The Network Time Protocol (RFC 1305) is designed to synchronize
          time with a very high degree of accuracy even on an unreliable network. NTP is therefore a
          complex protocol. The Simple Network Time Protocol (RFC 4330) implements a subset of NTP
          which is intended to be good enough to meet the time requirements of most networks. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          The primary implementation of NTP comes from ntp.org, and is shipped with RHEL5 as the ntp
          RPM. An alternative is OpenNTPD, which is an implementation of SNTP, and which can be
          obtained as source code from http://www.openntpd.org. OpenNTPD may be simpler to configure
          than the reference NTP implementation, at the cost of the need to install and maintain
          third-party software. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          This guide does not recommend the use of a particular NTP/SNTP
          software package, but does recommend that some NTP software be selected and installed on
          all machines. The remainder of this section describes how to securely configure NTP
          clients and servers, and discusses both the reference NTP implementation and OpenNTPD.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.10.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Reference NTP if Appropriate</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">The ntp RPM implements the reference NTP server.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.10.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure an NTP Client</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            There are a number of options for conﬁguring clients to work with the reference NTP server. It is possible to run
            ntpd as a service (i.e., continuously) on each host, conﬁguring clients so that the ntp protocol ignores all network
            access. This still introduces an additional network listener on client machines, and is therefore not recommended.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This guide instead recommends running ntpd periodically via cron. It is also possible to run ntpdate via cron
            with the -u option, but it is being obsoleted in favor of ntpd.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Alternately, even if the server is running the reference NTP implementation, it is possible for clients to access it
            using SNTP. See Section 3.10.3.2 for information about conﬁguring SNTP clients.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Set Up Client NTP Conﬁguration File</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              A valid conﬁguration ﬁle for the client system’s ntpd must exist at /etc/ntp.conf. Ensure that /etc/ntp.conf 
              contains the following line, where ntp-server is the hostname or IP address of the site NTP server:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              server ntp-server<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: The ntpd software also includes authentication and encryption support which allows for clients to verify the
              identity of the server, and thus guarantee the integrity of time data with high probability. See ntpd documentation
              at http://www.ntp.org for more details on implementing this recommended feature.
            </description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Run ntpdate using Cron</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create a ﬁle /etc/cron.d/ntpd containing the following crontab:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              15 * * * * root /usr/sbin/ntpd -q -u ntp:ntp<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The -q option instructs ntpd to exit just after setting the clock, and the -u option instructs it to run as the
              speciﬁed user.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: When setting the clock for the ﬁrst time, execute the above command with the -g option, as ntpd
              will refuse to set the clock if it is signiﬁcantly diﬀerent from the source.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This crontab will execute ntpd to synchronize the time to the NTP server at 15 minutes past every hour. (It is
              possible to choose a diﬀerent minute, or to vary the minute between machines in order to avoid heavy traﬃc to
              the NTP server.) Hourly synchronization should be suﬃciently frequent that clock drift will not be noticeable.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.10.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure an NTP Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The site’s NTP server contacts a central NTP server, probably either one provided by your ISP or a public time
            server, to obtain accurate time data. The server then allows other machines on your network to request the time
            data.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The NTP server conﬁguration ﬁle is located at /etc/ntp.conf.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Enable the NTP Daemon</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If this machine is an NTP server, ensure that ntpd is enabled
              at boot time: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chkconfig ntpd on</xhtml:code></description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.10.2.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Enable the NTP Daemon</title>
              <description>The ntpd service should be enabled.</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4376-0</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
              <fix># chkconfig ntpd on</fix>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20281" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Deny All Access to ntpd by Default</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /etc/ntp.conf. Prepend or correct the following
              line: <xhtml:br/>
              restrict default ignore <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Since ntpd is a complex software package which listens
              for network connections and runs as root, it must be protected from network access by
              unauthorized machines. This setting uses ntpd's internal authorization to deny all
              access to any machine, server or client, which is not specifically authorized by other
              policy settings.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.10.2.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Deny All Access to ntpd by Default</title>
              <description>Network access to ntpd should be denied</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4134-3</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ntp.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20282" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Specify a Remote NTP Server for Time Data</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Find the IP address, server-ip , of an appropriate remote NTP
              server. Edit the file /etc/ntp.conf, and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              restrict server-ip mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery <xhtml:br/>
              server server-ip <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If your site
              does not require time data to be accurate, but merely to be synchronized among local
              machines, this step can be omitted, and the NTP server will default to providing time
              data from the local clock. However, it is a good idea to periodically synchronize the
              clock to some source of accurate time, even if it is not appropriate to do so
              automatically. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The previous step disabled all remote access to this NTP server's state
              data. This NTP server must contact a remote server to obtain accurate data, so NTP's
              configuration must allow that remote data to be used to modify the system clock. The
              restrict line changes the default access permissions for that remote server. The
              server line specifies the remote server as the preferred NTP server for time data. If
              you intend to synchronize to more than one server, specify restrict and server lines
              for each server. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: It would be possible to specify a hostname, rather than an IP
              address, for the server field. However, the restrict setting applies only to network
              blocks of IP addresses, so it is considered more maintainable to use the IP address in
              both fields.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.10.2.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Specify a Remote NTP Server for Time Data</title>
              <description>A remote NTP Server for time synchronization should be specified</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4385-1</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ntp.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20283" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.2.2.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Allow Legitimate NTP Clients to Access the Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
              mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which will synchronize to this
              server. Edit /etc/ntp.conf and add the line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              restrict netwk mask mask nomodify notrap<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following line, ensuring that it appears before
              the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 123 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the clients are
              spread across more than one netblock, separate restrict and ACCEPT lines should be
              added for each netblock. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The iptables configuration is needed because the default
              iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to any services. See Section
              2.5.5 for more information about iptables. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: The reference NTP implementation will
              refuse to serve time data to clients until enough time has elapsed that the server
              host's time can be assumed to have settled to an accurate value. While testing, wait
              ten minutes after starting ntpd before attempting to synchronize clients.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.10.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure OpenNTPD if Appropriate</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          OpenNTPD is an implementation of the SNTP protocol which is
          provided as a simple alternative to the reference NTP server. Advantages of OpenNTPD
          include simplicity of configuration, built-in privilege separation and chroot jailing of
          the NTP protocol code, and a small codebase which lacks many of the management and other
          protocol features used by the reference NTP server. This simplicity comes at the cost of
          degraded time accuracy, but SNTP is probably accurate enough for most sites with typical
          monitoring requirements.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.10.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Obtain NTP Software</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If your site intends to use the OpenNTPD implementation, it is
            necessary to compile and install the software. (If your site intends to use the
            reference NTP implementation, no installation is necessary.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Obtain the software by
                downloading an appropriate source version, openntpd-version .tar.gz, from
                http://www.openntpd.org/portable.html. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Unpack the source code: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code>$ tar xzf openntpd-version .tar.gz</xhtml:code> </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Configure and compile the source. (By default, the code will
                be compiled for installation into /usr/ local): <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code>$ cd openntpd-version <xhtml:br/>
                $ ./configure --with-privsep-user=ntp <xhtml:br/>
                $ make </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>As root, install the resulting program into
                /usr/local: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># make install </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The configuration option --with-privsep-user=ntp tells
            OpenNTPD to use the existing system account ntp for the non-root portion of its
            operation.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.10.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Obtain NTP Software</title>
            <description>OpenNTPD should be installed</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4032-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via openntpd package</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20284" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.10.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure an SNTP Client</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            OpenNTPD runs only in daemon mode — there is no command line
            suitable to be run from cron. However, this is considered reasonably safe for client use
            because the daemon does not listen on any network ports by default, and because OpenNTPD
            is a small codebase with no remote management interface or other complex features.
            However, it is possible to run a time-stepping program, such as rdate(1), from cron
            instead of configuring the daemon as outlined in this section.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Enable the NTP Daemon</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Edit the file /etc/rc.local. Add or correct the following line: /usr/local/sbin/ntpd -s</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.10.3.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Enable the NTP Daemon</title>
              <description>The ntp daemon should be enabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4424-8</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/rc.local</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20285" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure the Client NTP Daemon to Use the Local Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /usr/local/etc/ntpd.conf. Add or correct the
              following line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              server local-server.example.com <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              where local-server.example.com is the
              hostname of the site's local NTP or SNTP server.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.10.3.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Configure the Client NTP Daemon to Use the Local Server</title>
              <description>The ntp daemon synchronization server should be set appropriately</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3487-6</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /usr/local/etc/ntpd.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20286" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.10.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure an SNTP Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">The SNTP server obtains time data from a remote server, and then listens on a network interface for time queries from local machines.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Enable the NTP Daemon</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /etc/rc.local. Add or correct the following
              line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              /usr/local/sbin/ntpd -s <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Since OpenNTPD is third-party software, it does not have
              a standard startup script, so the daemon is started at boot using the local facility.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Listen for Client Connections</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /usr/local/etc/ntpd.conf. Add or correct the
              following line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              listen on ipaddr <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              where ipaddr is the primary IP address of this server. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              By default, ntpd does not listen for any connections over a network. Listening
              must be actively enabled on NTP servers so that clients may obtain time data.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Allow Legitimate NTP Clients to Access the Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
              mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which will synchronize to this
              server. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following line, ensuring that it appears
              before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 123 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The iptables configuration is needed because the default iptables configuration does
              not allow inbound access to any services. See Section 2.5.5 for more information about
              iptables.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.10.3.3.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Specify a Remote NTP Server for Time Data</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Find the hostname, server-host , of an appropriate remote NTP
              server. Edit the file /usr/local/etc/ ntpd.conf, and add or correct the following
              line: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              server server-host <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This setting configures ntpd to obtain time data from the
              remote host. To use multiple time servers, add one line for each server.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.11" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Mail Transfer Agent</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        Mail servers are used to send and receive mail over a network on
        behalf of site users. Mail is a very common service, and MTAs are frequent targets of
        network attack. Ensure that machines are not running MTAs unnecessarily, and configure
        needed MTAs as defensively as possible.</description>
      <Rule id="rule-3.11.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
        <title>Mail Transfer Agent</title>
        <description>The sendmail service should be disabled.</description>
        <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4416-4</ident>
        <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
        <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
          <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20287" />
        </check>
      </Rule>
      <Group id="group-3.11.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Select Mail Server Software and Configuration</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Select one of the following options for configuring e-mail on the
          machine: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>If this machine does not need to operate as a mail server, follow the
              instructions in Section 3.11.2 to run sendmail in submission-only mode.</xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>If the machine
              must operate as a mail server, read the strategies for MTA configuration in Section 3.11.3
              for information about configuration options. Then apply both the MTA-independent operating
              system configuration guidance in Section 3.11.4, and the specific guidance for your MTA:
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>If the Sendmail MTA is preferred, see Section 3.11.5. </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>If the Postfix MTA is preferred, see Section 3.11.6. </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>If another MTA is preferred, use that MTA's documentation to
                  implement the ideas in Section 3.11.3. </xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
            </xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul>
          <xhtml:br/>
          It is recommended that very few machines at any
          site be configured to receive mail over a network. However, it may be necessary for most
          machines at a given site to send e-mail, for instance so that cron jobs can report output
          to an administrator. Sendmail supports a submission-only mode in which mail can be sent
          from the machine to a central site MTA, but the machine cannot receive mail over a
          network. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) is needed, the system default is Sendmail.
          Postfix, a popular alternative written with security in mind, is also available. Postfix
          can be more effectively contained by SELinux as its modular design has resulted in
          separate processes performing specific actions. More information on these MTAs is
          available from their respective websites, http://www.sendmail.org and
          http://www.postfix.org.</description>
        <reference>Hildebrandt, R., and Koetter, P. The Book of Postﬁx. No Starch Press, 2005</reference>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.11.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure SMTP For Mail Client</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This guide discusses the use of Sendmail for submission-only
        e-mail configuration. It is also possible to use Postfix.</description>
        <reference>Hunt, C. Sendmail Cookbook. O’Reilly and Associates, 2003</reference>
        <Group id="group-3.11.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable the Listening Sendmail Daemon</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/sendmail. Add or modify the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            DAEMON=no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The MTA performs two functions: listening over a network for incoming SMTP
            e-mail requests, and sending mail from the local machine. Since outbound mail may be
            delayed due to network outages or other problems, the outbound MTA runs in a queue-only
            mode, in which it periodically attempts to resend any delayed mail. Setting DAEMON=no
            tells sendmail to execute only the queue runner on this machine, and never to receive
            SMTP mail requests.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.11.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable the Listening Sendmail Daemon</title>
            <description>The listening sendmail daemon should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4293-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/sendmail</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20288" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Mail Submission if Appropriate</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If it is appropriate to configure mail submission with a
            central MTA, edit /etc/mail/submit.cf. Locate the line beginning with D{MTAHost}, and
            modify it to read: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            D{MTAHost}mailserver <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where mailserver is the hostname of the server
            to which this machine should forward its outgoing mail. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This suggestion is provided as a
            simple way to migrate away from a configuration in which each machine at a site runs its
            own MTA, to a configuration in which client machines do not run listening daemons. If
            this modification is made to /etc/mail/submit.cf, then, when a local process on a
            machine attempts to send mail, the message will be forwarded to the machine mailserver
            for processing. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Modifying /etc/mail/submit.cf directly is only appropriate if your site
            does not perform any other mailserver customization on clients. If other customization
            is done, use your usual Sendmail change procedure to define the MTA host. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: In
            addition to making this change on the client, it may also be necessary to reconfigure
            the MTA on mailserver so that it will relay mail on behalf of this host.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.11.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Strategies for MTA Security</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This section discusses several types of MTA configuration which
          should be performed in order to protect against attacks involving the mail system. Though
          configuration syntax will differ depending on which MTA is in use (see Section 3.11.5 for
          Sendmail configuration syntax and Section 3.11.6 for Postfix), these strategies are
          generally advisable for any MTA, including ones not covered by this guide.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.11.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use Resource Limits to Mitigate Denial of Service</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            It is often desirable to constrain an attacker's ability to
            consume a mail server's resources simply by sending otherwise valid mail at a high rate,
            whether maliciously or accidentally. Relevant resource limits include con106 CHAPTER 3.
            SERVICES straints on: the number of MTA daemons which may run at one time, the rate at
            which incoming messages may be received, the size and complexity of each message, or the
            amount of mail queue space which must remain free in order for mail to be delivered.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            That last parameter deserves additional explanation. Most MTAs require queue space for
            temporary files in order to process existing messages in their queues. Therefore, if the
            queue filesystem is allowed to fill completely in a denial of service, the MTA will not
            be able to clear its own queue even when the malicious traffic has stopped. This will
            delay recovery from an attack.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure SMTP Greeting Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            When remote mail senders connect to the MTA on port 25, they
            are greeted by an initial banner as part of the SMTP dialogue. This banner is necessary,
            but it frequently gives away too much information, including the MTA software which is
            in use, and sometimes also its version number. Remote mail senders do not need this
            information in order to send mail, so the banner should be changed to reveal only the
            hostname (which is already known and may be useful) and the word ESMTP, to indicate that
            the modern SMTP protocol variant is supported.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Control Mail Relaying</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The sending of Unsolicited Bulk E-mail, referred to variously
            as UBE, UCE, or spam, is a major problem on the Internet today. The security
            implications of spam are that it operates as a Denial of Service attack on legitimate
            e-mail use. Strategies for fighting spam receipt at your site are complex and quickly
            evolving, and thus far beyond the scope of this guide. The problem of relaying
            unauthorized e-mail, however, can and should be addressed by any network-connected site.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Most MTAs perform two functions: to accept mail from remote sites on behalf of local
            users, and to allow local users to send mail to remote sites. The former function is
            relatively easy — mail whose recipient address is local can be assumed to be destined
            for a local user. The latter function is more complex. Since it is typically considered
            neither secure nor desirable for users to log in to the MTA host itself to send mail,
            the MTA must be able to remotely accept mail addressed to anyone from the user's
            workstation. If the MTA is running very old software or is configured poorly, it can be
            possible for attackers to take advantage of this feature, using your MTA to relay their
            spam from one remote site to another. This is undesirable for many reasons, not least
            that your site will quickly be blacklisted as a spam source, leaving you unable to send
            legitimate e-mail to your correspondents. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The simplest solution described in this guide
            is to configure the MTA to relay mail only from the local site's address range, and some
            variant on this is the default for most modern MTAs. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            That solution may be insufficient
            for sites whose users need to send mail from remote machines, for instance while
            travelling, as well as for sites where mail submission must be accepted from network
            ranges which are not considered secure, either because authorized machines are unmanaged
            or because it is possible to connect unauthorized machines to the network. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If remote or
            mobile hosts are authorized to relay, or if local clients exist in insecure netblocks,
            the SMTP AUTH protocol should be used to require mail senders to authenticate before
            submitting messages. For better protection and to allow support for a wide range of
            authentication mechanisms without sending passwords over a network in clear text, SMTP
            AUTH transactions should be encrypted using SSL. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Another approach is to require mail to
            be submitted on port 587, the designated Message Submission Port. Use of a separate port
            allows the mail relay function to be entirely separated from the mail delivery function.
            This may become a best practice in the future, but description of how to configure the
            Message Submission Port is currently beyond the scope of this guide. See RFC 2476 for
            information about this configuration.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.11.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Operating System to Protect Mail Server</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The guidance in this section is appropriate for any host which is
          operating as a site MTA, whether the mail server runs using Sendmail, Postfix, or some
          other software.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use Separate Hosts for External and Internal Mail if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The mail server is a frequent target of network attack from the
            outside. However, since all site users receive mail, the mail server must be open to
            some connection from each inside users. It is strongly recommended that these functions
            be separated, by having an externally visible mail server which processes all incoming
            and outgoing mail, then forwards internal mail to a separate machine from which users
            can access it.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Protect the MTA Host from User Access</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The mail server contains privileged data belonging to all users
            and performs a vital network function. Preventing users from logging into this server is
            a precaution against privilege escalation or denial of service attacks which might
            compromise the mail service. Take steps to ensure that only system administrators are
            allowed shell access to the MTA host.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Remote Access to the Mail Spool</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If users directly connect to this machine to receive mail,
            ensure that there is a single, well-secured mechanism for access to the directory
            /var/spool/mail (the directory /var/mail is a symlink to this). <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Allowing unrestricted
            access to /var/spool/mail can be dangerous, since this directory contains sensitive
            information belonging to all users. Protocols such as NFS, which have an insecure
            authorization mechanism by default, should be considered insufficient for these
            purposes. See Section 3.17 for details on secure configuration of POP3 or IMAP, which
            are the preferred ways to provide user access to mail.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure iptables to Allow Access to the Mail Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following line, ensuring
            that it appears before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default
            Iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to the SMTP service. This
            modification allows that access, while keeping other ports on the server in their
            default protected state. See Section 2.5.5 for more information about Iptables.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify System Logging and Log Permissions for Mail</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/syslog.conf. Add or correct the following
            line if necessary (this is the default): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            mail.* -/var/log/maillog <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Run the following commands to ensure correct permissions on the mail log: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chown root:root /var/log/maillog <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 600 /var/log/maillog <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The mail server logs contain a record of
            every e-mail which is sent or received on the system, which is considered sensitive
            information by most sites. It is necessary that these logs be collected for purposes of
            debugging and statistics, but their contents should be protected from unauthorized
            access.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.4.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure SSL Certificates for Use with SMTP AUTH</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If SMTP AUTH is to be used (see Section 3.11.3.3 for a
            description of possible anti-relaying mechanisms), the use of SSL to protect credentials
            in transit is strongly recommended. There are also configurations for which it may be
            desirable to encrypt all mail in transit from one MTA to another, though such
            configurations are beyond the scope of this guide. In either event, the steps for
            creating and installing an SSL certificate are independent of the MTA in use, and are
            described here.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.11.4.6.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create an SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Note: This step must be performed on your CA system, not on
              the MTA host itself. If you will have a commercial CA sign certificates, then this
              step should be performed on a separate, physically secure system devoted to that
              purpose. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Change into the CA certificate directory: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/pki/tls/certs <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Generate a key pair for the mail server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl genrsa -out mailserverkey.pem 2048 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next,
              generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for the CA to sign, making sure to supply
              your mail server's fully qualified domain name as the Common Name: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl req -new -key mailserverkey.pem -out mailserver.csr <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next, the mail server CSR must be signed to
              create the mail server certificate. You can either send the CSR to an established CA
              or sign it with your CA. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To sign mailserver.csr using your CA: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl ca -in mailserver.csr -out mailservercert.pem <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This step creates a private key,
              mailserverkey.pem, and a public certificate, mailservercert.pem. The mail server will
              use these to prove its identity by demonstrating that it has a certificate which has
              been signed by a CA. Mail clients at your site should be willing to send their mail
              only to a server they can authenticate.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.11.4.6.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install the SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create the PKI directory for mail certificates, if it does
              not already exist: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># mkdir /etc/pki/tls/mail <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/mail <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 755 /etc/pki/tls/mail <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Using removable media or some other secure transmission
              format, install the files generated in the previous step onto the mail server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/mail/serverkey.pem: the private key mailserverkey.pem</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/mail/servercert.pem: the certificate file mailservercert.pem</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify the ownership and permissions of these files: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/mail/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/mail/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 600 /etc/pki/tls/mail/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 644 /etc/pki/tls/mail/servercert.pem<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify that the CA's public certificate file has been installed as
              /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem, and has the correct permissions: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 644 /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.11.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Sendmail Server if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          When sendmail is configured to act as a server for incoming mail,
          it listens on port 25 for connections, and responds to those connections using the
          configuration in /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. This file has a somewhat opaque format, and
          modifying it directly is generally not recommended. Instead, the following procedure
          should be used to modify the sendmail configuration: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ol>
            <xhtml:li>Install the sendmail-cf RPM, which
              is required in order to compile a new configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># yum install sendmail-cf<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Edit the M4 source file /etc/mail/sendmail.mc as directed by the configuration step you
              are applying. </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>Inside the directory /etc/mail/, use make to build the configuration
              according to the Makefile provided by Sendmail: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/mail <xhtml:br/>
              # make sendmail.cf</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ol></description>
        <Group id="group-3.11.5.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Denial of Service Attacks</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, and add or correct the following
            options: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            define(`confMAX_DAEMON_CHILDREN',`40')dnl
            define(`confCONNECTION_RATE_THROTTLE', `3 ')dnl <xhtml:br/>
            define(`confMIN_FREE_BLOCKS',`20971520')dnl <xhtml:br/>
            define(`confMAX_HEADERS_LENGTH',`51200')dnl<xhtml:br/>
            define(`confMAX_MESSAGE_SIZE',`10485760')dnl <xhtml:br/>
            define(`confMAX_RCPTS_PER_MESSAGE',`100')dnl <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: The values given here are examples, and may need to be modified for any
            particular site, especially one with high e-mail volume. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These configuration options
            serve to make it more difficult for attackers to consume resources on the MTA host. (See
            Section 3.11.3.1 for details on why this is done.) The MAX DAEMON CHILDREN option limits
            the number of sendmail processes which may be deployed to handle incoming connections at
            any one time, while CONNECTION RATE THROTTLE limits the number of connections per second
            which each listener may receive. The MIN FREE BLOCKS option stops e-mail receipt when
            the queue filesystem is close to full. The MAX HEADERS LENGTH (bytes), MAX MESSAGE SIZE
            (bytes), and MAX RCPTS PER MESSAGE (distinct recipients) options place bounds on the
            legal sizes of messages received via SMTP.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.5.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure SMTP Greeting Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, and add or correct the following
            line, substituting an appropriate greeting string for $j : <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            define(`confSMTP_LOGIN_MSG', `$j ')dnl <xhtml:br/>
            and recompile sendmail's configuration. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default greeting banner discloses
            that the listening mail process is Sendmail rather than some other MTA, and also
            provides the version number. See Section 2.3.7 for more about warning banners, and
            Section 3.11.3.2 for strategies regarding SMTP greeting banners in particular. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Sendmail variable $j contains the hostname of the mail server, which may be an
            appropriate greeting string for most environments.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.5.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Control Mail Relaying</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            This guide will discuss two mechanisms for controlling mail
            relaying in Sendmail. The /etc/mail/relay-domains file contains a list of hostnames that
            are allowed to relay mail. Follow the guidance in Section 3.11.5.3.1 to configure
            relaying for trusted machines. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If there are machines which must be allowed to relay
            mail, but which cannot be trusted to relay unconditionally, configure SMTP AUTH with TLS
            support using the guidance in Sections 3.11.5.3.2 and following.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.11.5.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Trusted Networks and Hosts</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>If all machines which share a common domain or subdomain
                  name may relay, then edit /etc/mail/ relay-domains, adding a line for each domain or
                  subdomain, e.g.: <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  example.com <xhtml:br/>
                  trusted-subnet.school.edu <xhtml:br/>
                  ... </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>If the machines which are
                  allowed to relay must be specified on a per-host basis, then edit /etc/mail/
                  relay-domains, adding a line for each such host: <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  host1.example.com<xhtml:br/>
                  host5.subnet.example.com <xhtml:br/>
                  smtp.trusted-subnet.school.edu <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  Then edit /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, add or correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  FEATURE(`relay_hosts_only')dnl <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  and recompile sendmail's configuration. </xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The file /etc/mail/relay-domains must contain only
              the set of machines for which this MTA should unconditionally relay mail. This
              configures both inbound and outbound relaying, that is, hosts mentioned in
              relay-domains may send mail through the MTA, and the MTA will also accept inbound mail
              addressed to such hosts. This is a trust relationship — if spammers gain access to
              these machines, your site will effectively become an open relay. It is recommended
              that only machines which are managed by you or by another trusted organization be
              placed in relay-domains, and that users of all other machines be required to use SMTP
              AUTH to send mail. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: The relay-domains file must be configured to contain either a
              list of domains (in which case every host in each of those domains will be allowed to
              relay) or a list of hosts (in which case each individual relaying host must be listed
              and the sendmail.cf must be reconfigured to interpret the relay-domains file in the
              desired way).</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.11.5.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Require SMTP AUTH Before Relaying from Untrusted Clients</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              By default, Sendmail uses the Cyrus-SASL library to provide
              authentication. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To enable the use of SASL authentication for relaying, edit
              /etc/mail/sendmail.mc and add or correct the following settings:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              TRUST_AUTH_MECH(`LOGIN PLAIN') <xhtml:br/>
              define(`confAUTH_MECHANISMS', `LOGIN PLAIN') <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and recompile sendmail.cf. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Then edit /usr/lib/sasl2/Sendmail.conf and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              pwcheck_method: saslauthd <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Enable the saslauthd daemon: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chkconfig saslauthd on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The AUTH MECHANISMS configuration option tells sendmail to allow the
              specified authentication mechanisms to be used during the SMTP dialogue. The two
              listed mechanisms use SASL to test a password provided by the user. Since these
              mechanisms transmit plaintext passwords, they should be protected using TLS as
              described in the next section. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The TRUST AUTH MECH command tells sendmail that senders
              who successfully authenticate using the specified mechanism may relay mail through
              this MTA even if their addresses are not in relay-domains. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The file
              /usr/lib/sasl/Sendmail.conf is the Cyrus-SASL configuration file for Sendmail. The
              pwcheck method directive tells SASL how to find passwords. The simplest method,
              described here, is to run a separate authentication daemon, saslauthd, which is able
              to communicate with the system authentication service. On Red Hat, saslauthd uses PAM
              by default, which should work in most cases. If you have a centralized authentication
              system which does not work via PAM, look at the saslauthd(8) manpage to determine how
              to configure saslauthd for your environment.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.11.5.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Require TLS for SMTP AUTH</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, add or correct the following
              lines: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A p')dnl <xhtml:br/>
              define(`confCACERT_PATH', `/etc/pki/tls/CA')dnl <xhtml:br/>
              define(`confCACERT', `/etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem')dnl<xhtml:br/>
              define(`confSERVER_CERT', `/etc/pki/tls/mail/servercert.pem')dnl<xhtml:br/>
              define(`confSERVER_KEY', `/etc/pki/tls/mail/serverkey.pem')dnl <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and recompile sendmail.cf. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              These options, combined with the previous settings, tell Sendmail to
              protect all SMTP AUTH transactions using TLS. The first four options describe the
              location of the necessary TLS certificate and key files. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The AUTH OPTIONS parameter
              configures the SMTP AUTH dialogue. The A option is enabled by default, and simply says
              that authentication is allowed if an appropriate mechanism can be found. The p option
              tells Sendmail to protect against passive attacks. The PLAIN and LOGIN authentication
              mechanisms, recommended by this guide for compatibility with PAM, send passwords in
              the clear. (Cleartext password transmissions are vulnerable to passive attack.)
              Therefore, if p is set, the SMTP daemon will not make the AUTH command available until
              after the client has used the STARTTLS command to encrypt the session. If other
              authentication mechanisms were enabled which did not send passwords in the clear, then
              TLS would not necessarily be required.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.11.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Postfix if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Postfix stores its configuration files in the directory
          /etc/postfix by default. The primary configuration file is /etc/postfix/main.cf. Other
          files will be introduced as needed.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.11.6.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Denial of Service Attacks</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf. Add or correct the following lines:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            default_process_limit = 100 <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_client_connection_count_limit = 10<xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_client_connection_rate_limit = 30 <xhtml:br/>
            queue_minfree = 20971520 <xhtml:br/>
            header_size_limit = 51200 <xhtml:br/>
            message_size_limit = 10485760 <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_recipient_limit = 100 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: The values given
            here are examples, and may need to be modified for any particular site. By default, the
            Postfix anvil process gathers mail receipt statistics. To get information about about
            what connection rates are typical at your site, look in /var/log/maillog for lines with
            the daemon name postfix/anvil. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These configuration options serve to make it more
            difficult for attackers to consume resources on the MTA host. (See Section 3.11.3.1 for
            details on why this is done.) The default process limit parameter controls how many
            smtpd processes can exist at a time, while smtpd_client_connection_count_limit controls
            the number of those which can be occupied by any one remote sender, and 
            smtpd_client_connection_rate_limit controls the number of connections any one client 
            can make per minute. By default, local hosts (those in mynetworks) are exempted from 
            per-client rate limiting. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The queue_minfree parameter establishes a free space threshold, in order to
            stop e-mail receipt before the queue filesystem is entirely full. The header_size_limit,
            message_size_limit, and smtpd recipient limit parameters place bounds on the legal sizes
            of messages received via SMTP.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.6.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure SMTP Greeting Banner</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf, and add or correct the following
            line, substituting some other wording for the banner information if you prefer:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default greeting banner discloses that the
            listening mail process is Postfix. See Section 2.3.7 for more about warning banners, and
            Section 3.11.3.2 for strategies regarding SMTP greeting banners in particular.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.6.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Control Mail Relaying</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Postfix's mail relay controls are implemented with the help of
            the smtpd recipient restrictions option, which controls the restrictions placed on the
            SMTP dialogue once the sender and recipient envelope addresses are known. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The guidance
            in Sections 3.11.6.3.1–3.11.6.3.2 should be applied to all machines. If there are
            machines which must be allowed to relay mail, but which cannot be trusted to relay
            unconditionally, configure SMTP AUTH with SSL support using the guidance in Sections
            3.11.6.3.3 and following.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.11.6.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Trusted Networks and Hosts</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf, and configure the contents of the
              mynetworks variable in one of the following ways: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>If any machine in the subnet
                  containing the MTA may be trusted to relay messages, add or correct the line:<xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  mynetworks_style = subnet </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>If only the MTA host itself is trusted to relay messages,
                  add or correct: <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  mynetworks_style = host </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>If the set of machines which can relay is
                  more complicated, manually specify an entry for each netblock or IP address which is
                  trusted to relay by setting the mynetworks variable directly: <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  mynetworks = 10.0.0.0/16 , 192.168.1.0/24 , 127.0.0.1 </xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The mynetworks variable must contain only the set of
              machines for which this MTA should unconditionally relay mail. This is a trust
              relationship — if spammers gain access to these machines, your site will effectively
              become an open relay. It is recommended that only machines which are managed by you or
              by another trusted organization be placed in mynetworks, and users of all other
              machines be required to use SMTP AUTH to send mail.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.11.6.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Allow Unlimited Relaying for Trusted Networks Only</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf, and add or correct the smtpd
              recipient restrictions definition so that it contains at least:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              smtpd_recipient_restrictions = <xhtml:br/>
              ... <xhtml:br/>
              permit_mynetworks, <xhtml:br/>
              reject_unauth_destination, <xhtml:br/>
              ...<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The full contents of smtpd recipient restrictions will vary by site, since this is a
              common place to put spam restrictions and other site-specific options. The permit
              mynetworks option allows all mail to be relayed from the machines in mynetworks. Then,
              the reject unauth destination option denies all mail whose destination address is not
              local, preventing any other machines from relaying. These two options should always
              appear in this order, and should usually follow one another immediately unless SMTP
              AUTH is used.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.11.6.3.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Require SMTP AUTH Before Relaying from Untrusted Clients</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              SMTP authentication allows remote clients to relay mail
              safely by requiring them to authenticate before submitting mail. Postfix's SMTP AUTH
              uses an authentication library called SASL, which is not part of Postfix itself. This
              section describes how to configure authentication using the Cyrus-SASL implementation.
              See below for a discussion of other options. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To enable the use of SASL authentication,
              edit /etc/postfix/main.cf and add or correct the following settings:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes <xhtml:br/>
              smtpd_recipient_restrictions = <xhtml:br/>
              ... <xhtml:br/>
              permit_mynetworks,<xhtml:br/>
              permit_sasl_authenticated, <xhtml:br/>
              reject_unauth_destination, <xhtml:br/>
              ...<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Then edit
              /usr/lib/sasl/smtpd.conf and add or correct the following line with the correct
              authentication mechanism for SASL to use: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              pwcheck_method: saslauthd <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Enable the saslauthd daemon: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chkconfig saslauthd on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Postfix can use either the Cyrus library or
              Dovecot as a source for SASL authentication. If this host is running Dovecot for some
              other reason, it is recommended that Dovecot's SASL support be used instead of running
              the Cyrus code as well. See http://www.postfix.org/SASL README.html for instructions
              on implementing that configuration, which is not described in this guide. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              In Postfix's
              configuration, the directive smtpd sasl auth enable tells smtpd to allow the use of
              the SMTP AUTH command during the SMTP dialogue, and to support that command by getting
              authentication information from SASL. The smtpd recipient restrictions directive is
              changed so that, if the client is not connecting from a trusted address, it is allowed
              to attempt authentication (permit sasl authenticated) in order to relay mail. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The file
              /usr/lib/sasl/smtpd.conf is the Cyrus-SASL configuration file. The pwcheck method
              directive tells SASL how to find passwords. The simplest method, described above, is
              to run a separate authentication daemon, saslauthd, which is able to communicate with
              the system authentication system. On RHEL5, saslauthd uses PAM by default, which
              should work in most cases. If you have a centralized authentication system which does
              not work via PAM, look at the saslauthd(8) manpage to find out how to configure
              saslauthd for your environment.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.11.6.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Require TLS for SMTP AUTH</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf, and add or correct the following
            lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_CApath = /etc/pki/tls/CA <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem<xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/pki/tls/mail/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/pki/tls/mail/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_security_level = may <xhtml:br/>
            smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These options tell Postfix to protect all SMTP AUTH transactions using TLS. The first
            four options describe the locations of the necessary TLS key files. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The smtpd_tls_security_level directive tells smtpd to allow the STARTTLS command during the SMTP
            protocol exchange, but not to require it for mail senders. (Unless your site receives
            mail only from other trusted sites whose sysadmins can be asked to maintain a copy of
            your site certificate, you do not want to require TLS for all SMTP exchanges.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The smtpd_tls_auth_only directive tells smtpd to require the STARTTLS command before allowing the
            client to attempt to authenticate for relaying using SMTP AUTH. It may not be possible
            to use this directive if you must allow relaying from non-TLS-capable client software.
            If this is the case, simply omit that line.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.12" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">LDAP</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        LDAP is a popular directory service, that is, a standardized way of
        looking up information from a central database. It is relatively simple to configure a RHEL5
        machine to obtain authentication information from an LDAP server. If your network uses LDAP
        for authentication, be sure to configure both clients and servers securely.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.12.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Use OpenLDAP to Provide LDAP Service if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The system's default LDAP client/server program is called
          OpenLDAP. Its documentation is available at the project web page: http://www.openldap.org.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.12.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure OpenLDAP Clients</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This guide recommends configuring OpenLDAP clients by manually
          editing the appropriate configuration files. RHEL5 provides an automated configuration
          tool called authconfig and a graphical wrapper for authconfig called
          system-config-authentication. However, these tools do not give sufficient flexibility over
          configuration. The authconfig tools do not allow you to specify locations of SSL
          certificate files, which is useful when trying to use SSL cleanly across several
          protocols. They are also overly aggressive in placing services such as netgroups and
          automounter maps under LDAP control, where it is safer to use LDAP only for services to
          which it is relevant in your environment.</description>
        <warning xml:lang="en">Before configuring any machine to be an LDAP client, ensure that
          a working LDAP server is present on the network. See Section 3.12.3 for instructions on
          configuring an LDAP server. </warning>
        <Group id="group-3.12.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure the Appropriate LDAP Parameters for the Domain</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Assume the fully qualified host name of your LDAP server is
            ldap.example.com and the base DN of your domain is dc=example,dc=com (it is conventional
            to use the domain name as a base DN). Edit /etc/ldap. conf, and add or correct the
            following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            base dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
            uri ldap://ldap.example.com/ <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Then edit /etc/openldap/ldap.conf, and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            BASE dc=example,dc=com<xhtml:br/>
            URI ldap://ldap.example.com/ <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The machine whose hostname is given here must be
            configured as an LDAP server, serving data identified by the base DN used here. See
            Section 3.12.3 for details on configuring an LDAP server.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure LDAP to Use TLS for All Transactions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Ensure a copy of the site's CA certificate has been placed
                in the file /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Configure LDAP to enforce TLS use and to
                trust certificates signed by the site's CA. First, edit the file /etc/ldap.conf, and add
                or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                ssl start_tls <xhtml:br/>
                tls_checkpeer yes <xhtml:br/>
                tls_cacertdir /etc/pki/tls/CA <xhtml:br/>
                tls_cacertfile /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Then edit /etc/openldap/ldap.conf, and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                TLS_CACERTDIR /etc/pki/tls/CA <xhtml:br/>
                TLS_CACERT /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Section 2.5.6 describes the
            system-wide configuration of SSL for your enterprise. It is possible to place your
            certificate information under some directory other than /etc/pki/tls, but using a
            consistent directory structure across all SSL services at your site is recommended. The
            LDAP server must be configured with a certificate signed by the CA certificate named
            here.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.12.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure LDAP to Use TLS for All Transactions</title>
            <description>Clients require LDAP servers to provide valid certificates for SSL communications.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/ldap.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:202885" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Authentication Services to Use OpenLDAP</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/ldap.conf, and add or correct the following
            lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            pam_password md5 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the file /etc/nsswitch.conf, and add or correct the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            passwd: files ldap <xhtml:br/>
            shadow: files ldap <xhtml:br/>
            group: files ldap <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the file
            /etc/pam.d/system-auth-ac. Make the following changes, which will add references to LDAP
            in each of the four sections of the file: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Immediately before the last line in the auth
                section (the one containing pam_deny.so), insert the line: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                auth sufficient pam_ldap.so use_first_pass </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Modify the first line in the account section by adding the option
                broken shadow. The line should then read: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Immediately before the last line in the account section (the one containing pam
                permit.so), insert the line: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_ldap.so </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Immediately before the last line in the password section (the one
                containing pam_deny.so), insert the line: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                password sufficient pam_ldap.so use_authtok</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>At the end of the file (after the last line in the session section), append the line:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                session optional pam_ldap.so </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The first modification tells LDAP to expect passwords in
            MD5 hash format, rather than clear text. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Red Hat systems use the file /etc/nsswitch.conf
            to determine the appropriate sources to search for certain kinds of data, such as
            usernames, groups, hostnames, netgroups, or protocols. It is possible to manage many
            other types of data using LDAP, but this guide recommends that only usernames (passwd
            data), passwords (shadow data), and groups (group data) be managed using LDAP. If your
            site uses netgroups, it may be appropriate to manage these via LDAP as well. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However,
            data which almost never changes, such as the contents of the /etc/services file, is a
            poor choice for central administration, since it introduces risk with little benefit. It
            is recommended that the automounter not be used at all, so LDAP control of automounter
            maps is unlikely to be appropriate. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The file /etc/pam.d/system-auth-ac is used by PAM to
            control access to most authenticated services. The syntax of the PAM configuration file
            is somewhat cryptic. The lines recommended here have the combined effect of using LDAP
            to find authentication data for users who cannot be found in the local /etc/passwd file.
            This means that, for instance, it is still possible to use a local root password. The
            details of options such as broken_shadow, use_authtok, and use_first_pass may be looked
            up in the man pages for the various PAM modules. Their basic effect is to attempt to
            authenticate given a password against both the local /etc/shadow and the central LDAP
            server, without forcing the user to type the password more than once. PAM configuration
            is discussed further in Section 2.3.3.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.12.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure OpenLDAP Server</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This section contains guidance on how to configure an OpenLDAP
          server to securely provide information for use in a centralized authentication service.
          This is not a comprehensive guide to maintaining an OpenLDAP server, but may be helpful in
          transitioning to an OpenLDAP infrastructure nonetheless.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Install OpenLDAP Server RPM</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is this machine the OpenLDAP server? If so: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum install openldap-servers <xhtml:br/>
            # chkconfig ldap on <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The openldap-servers RPM is not installed by
            default on RHEL5 machines. It is needed only by the OpenLDAP server, not by the clients
            which use LDAP for authentication.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.12.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable OpenLDAP service</title>
            <description>The ldap service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3501-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20289" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Domain-Specific Parameters</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf. Add or correct the
            following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            suffix "dc=example,dc=com " <xhtml:br/>
            rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com "<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where dc=example,dc=com is the same root you will use on the LDAP clients. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These are
            basic LDAP configuration directives. The suffix parameter gives the root name of all
            information served by this LDAP server, and should be some name related to your domain.
            The rootdn parameter names LDAP's privileged user, who is allowed to read or write all
            data managed by this LDAP server.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure an LDAP Root Password</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Ensure that the configuration file has reasonable permissions
            before putting the hashed root password in that file: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chown root:ldap /etc/openldap/slapd.conf <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 640 /etc/openldap/slapd.conf <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Generate a hashed password using the slappasswd utility: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># slappasswd <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            New password: <xhtml:br/>
            Re-enter new password: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This
            will output a hashed password string. Edit the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf, and add or
            correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            rootpw {SSHA}hashed-password-string <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Be sure to select a secure
            password for the LDAP root user, since this user has permission to read and write all
            LDAP data, so a compromise of the LDAP root password will probably enable a full
            compromise of your site. Protect configuration files containing the hashed password the
            same way you would protect other files, such as /etc/shadow, which contain hashed
            authentication data. In addition, be sure to use a reasonably strong hash function, such
            as SHA-1, rather than an insecure scheme such as crypt.</description>
          <description xml:lang="en">If you are using SHA-1, the hashed password string will begin with “{SHA}” or “{SSHA}”</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure the LDAP Server to Require TLS for All Transactions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Because LDAP queries and responses, particularly those
            containing authentication information or other sensitive data, must be protected from
            disclosure or modification while in transit over the network, this guide recommends
            using SSL to protect all transactions. In order to do this, it is necessary to have a
            site-wide SSL infrastructure in which a CA certificate is used to verify that other
            certificates, such as that presented by the LDAP server to its clients, are authentic.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Therefore, this procedure involves using the CA system to create a certificate for the
            LDAP server, then installing that certificate on the LDAP server and configuring slapd
            to require its use. See Section 2.5.6 for details about the process of creating SSL
            certificates for use by servers at your site.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.4.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create the Certificate for the LDAP Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Note: This step must be performed on the CA system, not on
              the LDAP server itself. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Change into the CA certificate directory: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/pki/tls/certs <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Generate a key pair for the LDAP server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl genrsa -out ldapserverkey.pem 2048 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next, generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for the CA to sign: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl req -new -key ldapserverkey.pem -out ldapserver.csr <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Sign the ldapserver.csr request: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl ca -in ldapserver.csr -out ldapservercert.pem <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This step creates a private key, ldapserverkey.pem, and a public certificate,
              ldapservercert.pem. The LDAP server will use these to prove its identity by
              demonstrating that it has a certificate which has been signed by the site CA. LDAP
              clients at your site should only be willing to accept authentication data from a
              verified LDAP server.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.4.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install the Certificate on the LDAP Server</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create the PKI directory for LDAP certificates if it does not
              already exist: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># mkdir /etc/pki/tls/ldap <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/ldap <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 755 /etc/pki/tls/ldap <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Using removable media or some other secure transmission format,
              install the files generated in the previous step onto the LDAP server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/ldap/serverkey.pem: the private key ldapserverkey.pem</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/ldap/servercert.pem: the certificate file ldapservercert.pem </xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify the ownership and permissions of these files: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:ldap /etc/pki/tls/ldap/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:ldap /etc/pki/tls/ldap/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 640 /etc/pki/tls/ldap/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 640 /etc/pki/tls/ldap/servercert.pem<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify that the CA's public certificate file has been installed as
              /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem, and has the correct permissions: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># mkdir /etc/pki/tls/CA <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 644 /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              As a
              result of these steps, the LDAP server will have access to its own private certificate
              and the key with which that certificate is encrypted, and to the public certificate
              file belonging to the CA. Note that it would be possible for the key to be protected
              further, so that processes running as ldap could not read it. If this were done, the
              LDAP server process would need to be restarted manually whenever the server rebooted.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.4.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure slapd to Use the Certificates</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf. Add or correct the
              following lines: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              TLSCACertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              TLSCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/ldap/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              TLSCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/ldap/serverkey.pem<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              security simple_bind=128 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The first set of lines tell slapd where to find the
              appropriate SSL certificates to present to clients when they request an encrypted
              transaction. The last setting tells slapd never to allow clients to present
              credentials (i.e. passwords) in an unencrypted session. It is a good security
              principle never to allow unencrypted passwords to traverse a network, so ensure that
              LDAP mandates this.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Install Account Information into the LDAP Database</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            There are many ways to maintain an OpenLDAP database. Methods
            include: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Input entries in ldif(5) format into a file /path/to/new entries , and use
                slapadd to import those entries while slapd is not running: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># slapadd -l /path/to/new_entries </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Write a script to create and modify LDAP entries by connecting to the LDAP
                server normally. The Perl Net::LDAP module is appropriate for this, there is a Python
                API called python-ldap, and functionality is likely available for other scripting
                languages as well. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Use an LDAP front-end program which provides an interface for
                editing the database. If the front-end program is web-based or otherwise accessible over
                a network, ensure that authentication information is protected via SSL between the
                administrator's client and the program, as well as between the program and the LDAP
                database. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Any of these methods or others may be appropriate for your site. This guide
            does not provide a recommendation, and there will be no further discussion of the syntax
            of entering LDAP data into the database.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.5.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Top-level LDAP Structure for Domain</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create a structure for the domain itself with at least the
              following attributes: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              dn: dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: dcObject <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: organization <xhtml:br/>
              dc: example <xhtml:br/>
              o: Organization Description <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This is a placeholder for the
              root of the domain's LDAP tree. Without this entry, LDAP will not be able to find any
              other entries for the domain.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.5.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create LDAP Structures for Users and Groups</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create LDAP structures for people (users) and for groups with
              at least the following attributes: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              dn: ou=people,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              ou: people<xhtml:br/>
              structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: organizationalUnit <xhtml:br/>
              dn: ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              ou: groups <xhtml:br/>
              structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit<xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: organizationalUnit <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Posix users and groups are the two top-level items
              which will be needed in order to use LDAP for authentication. These organizational
              units are used to identify the two categories within LDAP.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.5.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Unix Accounts</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              For each Unix user, create an LDAP entry with at least the
              following attributes (others may be appropriate for your site as well), using variable
              values appropriate to that user. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              dn: uid=username ,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com<xhtml:br/>
              structuralObjectClass: inetOrgPerson <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: inetOrgPerson <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: posixAccount <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: shadowAccount <xhtml:br/>
              cn: fullname <xhtml:br/>
              sn: surname <xhtml:br/>
              gecos: fullname<xhtml:br/>
              gidNumber: primary-group-id <xhtml:br/>
              homeDirectory: /home/username <xhtml:br/>
              loginShell: /path/to/shell<xhtml:br/>
              uid: username <xhtml:br/>
              uidNumber: uid <xhtml:br/>
              userPassword: {MD5}md5-hashed-password <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If your site
              implements password expiration in which passwords must be changed every N days (see
              Section 2.3.1.7), then each entry should also have the attribute: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              shadowMax: N <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              In general, the LDAP schemas for users use uid to refer to the text username, and
              uidNumber for the numeric UID. This usage may be slightly confusing when compared to
              the standard Unix usage. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              You should not create entries for the root account or for
              system accounts which are unique to individual systems, but only for user accounts
              which are to be shared across machines, and which have authentication information
              (such as a password) associated with them.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.5.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Unix Groups</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              For each Unix group, create an LDAP entry with at least the
              following attributes: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              dn: cn=groupname ,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              cn: groupname<xhtml:br/>
              structuralObjectClass: posixGroup <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: posixGroup <xhtml:br/>
              gidNumber: gid <xhtml:br/>
              memberUid: username1 <xhtml:br/>
              memberUid: username2 <xhtml:br/>
              ... <xhtml:br/>
              memberUid: usernameN <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note that each user has a
              primary group, identified by the gidNumber field in the user's account entry. That
              group must be created, but it is not necessary to list the user as a memberUid of the
              group. This behavior should be familiar to administrators, since it is identical to
              the handling of the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Do not create entries for the
              root group or for system groups, but only for groups which contain human users or
              which are shared across systems.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.12.3.5.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create Groups to Administer LDAP</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If a group of LDAP administrators, admins , is desired, that
              group must be created somewhat differently. The specification should have these
              attributes: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              dn: cn=admins ,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              cn: admins<xhtml:br/>
              structuralObjectClass: groupOfUniqueNames <xhtml:br/>
              objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames<xhtml:br/>
              uniqueMember: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              uniqueMember: uid=admin1-username ,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              uniqueMember: uid=admin2-username ,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              ... <xhtml:br/>
              uniqueMember: uid=adminN-username ,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              LDAP cannot use Posix groups for its own internal
              authentication — it needs to compare the username specified in an authenticated bind
              to some internal groupOfUniqueNames. If you do not specify an LDAP administrators'
              group, then all LDAP management will need to be done using the LDAP root user
              (Manager). For reasons of auditing and error detection, it is recommended that LDAP
              administrators have unique identities. (See Section 2.3.1.3 for similar reasoning
              applied to the use of sudo for privileged system commands.)</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure slapd to Protect Authentication Information</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf. Add or correct the
            following access specifications: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Protect the user's password by allowing the user
                himself or the LDAP administrators to change it, allowing the anonymous user to
                authenticate against it, and allowing no other access: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                access to attrs=userPassword <xhtml:br/>
                by self write <xhtml:br/>
                by group/groupOfUniqueNames/uniqueMember="cn=admins ,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com " write <xhtml:br/>
                by anonymous auth <xhtml:br/>
                by * none <xhtml:br/>
                access to attrs=shadowLastChange <xhtml:br/>
                by self write <xhtml:br/>
                by group/groupOfUniqueNames/uniqueMember="cn=admins ,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com " write <xhtml:br/>
                by * read</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Allow anyone to read other
                information, and allow the administrators to change it: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                access to * by<xhtml:br/>
                group/groupOfUniqueNames/uniqueMember="cn=admins ,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com " write <xhtml:br/>
                by * read </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Access rules are applied in the order encountered, so more specific rules should
            appear first. In particular, the rule restricting access to userPassword must appear
            before the rule allowing access to all data. The shadowLastChange attribute is a
            timestamp, and is only critical if your site implements password expiration. If your
            site does not have an LDAP administrators group, the LDAP root user (called Manager in
            this guide) will be able to change data without an explicit access statement.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Correct Permissions on LDAP Server Files</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Correct the permissions on the ldap server's files: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chown ldap:root /var/lib/ldap/* <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Some manual methods of inserting information into the LDAP
            database may leave these files with incorrect permissions. This will prevent slapd from
            starting correctly.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.12.3.7.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>group owner of ldap files</title>
	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /var/lib/ldap/*.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of  /var/lib/ldap/*</question>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.12.3.7.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>user owner of ldap files</title>
    	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /var/lib/ldap/*.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of  /var/lib/ldap/*</question>
            <value>ldap</value>
            <value selector="ldap">ldap</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.12.3.7.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Correct Permissions on LDAP Server Files</title>
            <description>The /var/lib/ldap/* files should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4484-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.12.3.7.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20290" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20290" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.12.3.7.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Correct Permissions on LDAP Server Files</title>
            <description>The /var/lib/ldap/* files should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4502-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.12.3.7.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20291" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20291" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.8" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure iptables to Allow Access to the LDAP Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
            mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which will synchronize to this
            server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines, ensuring that they appear
            before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 389 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 636 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default Iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to any services. These
            modifications allow access to the LDAP primary (389) and encrypted-only (636) ports,
            while keeping all other ports on the server in their default protected state. See
            Section 2.5.5 for more information about Iptables. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: Even if the LDAP server
            restricts connections so that only encrypted queries are allowed, it will probably be
            necessary to allow traffic to the default port 389. This is true because many LDAP
            clients implement encryption by connecting to the primary port and issuing the STARTTLS
            command.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.12.3.9" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Logging for LDAP</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Edit the file /etc/syslog.conf. Add or correct the following line: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                local4.* /var/log/ldap.log </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Create the log file with safe permissions: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># touch /var/log/ldap.log <xhtml:br/>
                # chown root:root /var/log/ldap.log <xhtml:br/>
                # chmod 0600 /var/log/ldap.log </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Edit the file /etc/logrotate.d/syslog and add the pathname <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                /var/log/ldap.log <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                to the space-separated list in the first line. </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Edit the LDAP configuration file
                /etc/openldap/slapd.conf and set a reasonable set of default log parameters, such as:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                loglevel stats2 </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            OpenLDAP sends its log data to the syslog facility local4 at priority
            debug. By default, RHEL5 does not store this facility at all. The syslog configuration
            suggested here will store any output logged by slapd in the file /var/log/ldap.log, and
            will include that file in the standard log rotation for syslog files. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By default, LDAP's
            logging is quite verbose. The loglevel parameter is a space-separated list of items to
            be logged. Specifying stats2 will reduce the log output somewhat, but this level will
            still produce some logging every time an LDAP query is made. (This may be appropriate,
            depending on your site's auditing requirements.) In order to capture only slapd startup
            messages, specify loglevel none. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See slapd.conf(5) for detailed information about the
            loglevel parameter. See Section 2.6.1 for more information about syslog.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.13" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">NFS and RPC</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Network File System is the most popular distributed filesystem
        for the Unix environment, and is very widely deployed. Unfortunately, NFS was not designed
        with security in mind, and has a number of weaknesses, both in terms of the protocol itself
        and because any NFS installation must expose several daemons, running on both servers and
        clients, to network attack. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        This section discusses the circumstances under which it is
        possible to disable NFS and its dependencies, and then details steps which should be taken
        to secure, as much as possible, NFS's configuration. This section is relevant to machines
        operating as NFS clients, as well as to those operating as NFS servers.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.13.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable All NFS Services if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there a mission-critical reason for this machine to operate as
          either an NFS client or an NFS server? <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If not, follow all instructions in the remainder of
          Section 3.13.1 to disable subsystems required by NFS. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          NFS is a commonly used mechanism for
          sharing data between machines in an organization. However, its use opens many potential
          security holes. If NFS is not universally needed in your organization, improve the
          security posture of any machine which does not require NFS by disabling it entirely.</description>
        <warning xml:lang="en">The steps in Section 3.13.1 will prevent a machine from operating
          as either an NFS client or an NFS server. Only perform these steps on machines which do
          not need NFS at all. </warning>
        <Group id="group-3.13.1.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Services Used Only by NFS</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If NFS is not needed, perform the following steps to disable
            NFS client daemons: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig nfslock off <xhtml:br/>
            # chkconfig rpcgssd off <xhtml:br/>
              # chkconfig rpcidmapd off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The nfslock, rpcgssd, and rpcidmapd daemons all perform NFS client functions. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            All of these daemons run with elevated privileges, and many listen for
            network connections. If they are not needed, they should be disabled to improve system
            security posture.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.1.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable nfslock</title>
            <description>The nfslock service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4396-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20292" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.1.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable rpcgssd</title>
            <description>The rpcgssd service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3535-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20293" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.1.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable rpcidmapd</title>
            <description>The rpcidmapd service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3568-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20294" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.1.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable netfs if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Determine whether any network filesystems handled by netfs are
            mounted on this system: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># mount -t nfs,nfs4,smbfs,cifs,ncpfs <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If this command returns no output, disable netfs to improve system security: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig netfs off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The netfs script
            manages the boot-time mounting of several types of networked filesystems, of which NFS
            and Samba (see Section 3.18) are the most common. If these filesystem types are not in
            use, the script can be disabled, protecting the system somewhat against accidental or
            malicious changes to /etc/fstab and against flaws in the netfs script itself.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable netfs if Possible</title>
            <description>The netfs service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4533-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20295" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.1.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable RPC Portmapper if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>NFS is not needed </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The site does not rely on NIS for authentication information, and </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The machine does not run any other RPC-based service</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            then disable the RPC portmapper service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chkconfig portmap off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            By design, the RPC
            model does not require particular services to listen on fixed ports, but instead uses a
            daemon, portmap, to tell prospective clients which ports to use to contact the services
            they are trying to reach. This model weakens system security by introducing another
            privileged daemon which may be directly attacked, and is unnecessary because RPC was
            never adopted by enough services to risk using up all the ports on a system.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Unfortunately, the portmapper is central to RPC design, so it cannot be disabled if your
            site is using any RPCbased services, including NFS, NIS (see Section 3.2.4 for
            information about NIS, which is not recommended), or any third-party or custom RPC-based
            program. If none of these programs are in use, however, portmap should be disabled to
            improve system security. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In order to get more information about whether portmap may be
            disabled on a given host, query the local portmapper using the command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># rpcinfo -p <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the only services listed are portmapper and status, it is safe to disable the
            portmapper. If other services are listed and your site is not running NFS or NIS,
            investigate these services and disable them if possible.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable RPC Portmapper if Possible</title>
            <description>The portmap service should be disabled.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4550-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20296" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.13.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure All Machines which Use NFS</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">The steps in this section are appropriate for all machines which run NFS, whether they operate as clients or as servers.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.13.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Make Each Machine a Client or a Server, not Both</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If NFS must be used, it should be deployed in the simplest
            configuration possible to avoid maintainability problems which may lead to unnecessary
            security exposure. Due to the reliability and security problems caused by NFS, it is not
            a good idea for machines which act as NFS servers to also mount filesystems via NFS. At
            the least, crossed mounts (the situation in which each of two servers mounts a
            filesystem from the other) should never be used.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Access to the Portmapper</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/hosts.deny. Add or correct the line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            portmap: ALL <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the file /etc/hosts.allow. Add or correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            portmap: IPADDR1 , IPADDR2 , ... <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where each IPADDR is the IP address of a server or client with which this
            machine shares NFS filesystems. If the machine is an NFS server, it may be simpler to
            use an IP netblock specification, such as 10.3.2. (this is the TCP Wrappers syntax
            representing the netblock 10.3.2.0/24), or a hostname specification, such as
            .subdomain.example.com. The use of hostnames is not recommended. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The /etc/hosts.allow
            and /etc/hosts.deny files are used by TCP Wrappers to determine whether specified remote
            hosts are allowed to access certain services. The default portmapper shipped with RHEL5
            has TCP Wrappers support built in, so this specification can be used to provide some
            protection against network attacks on the portmapper. (See Section 2.5.4 for more
            information about TCP Wrappers.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: This step protects only the portmap service
            itself. It is still possible for attackers to guess the port numbers of NFS services and
            attack those services directly, even if they are denied access to the portmapper.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure NFS Services to Use Fixed Ports</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/nfs. Add or correct the following
            lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            LOCKD_TCPPORT=lockd-port <xhtml:br/>
            LOCKD_UDPPORT=lockd-port <xhtml:br/>
            MOUNTD_PORT=mountd-port<xhtml:br/>
            RQUOTAD_PORT=rquotad-port <xhtml:br/>
            STATD_PORT=statd-port <xhtml:br/>
            STATD_OUTGOING_PORT=statd-outgoing-port<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where each X-port is a port which is not used by any other service on your network.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Firewalling should be done at each host and at the border firewalls to protect the NFS
            daemons from remote access, since NFS servers should never be accessible from outside
            the organization. However, by default, the portmapper assigns each NFS service to a port
            dynamically at service startup time. Dynamic ports cannot be protected by port filtering
            firewalls such as iptables (Section 2.5.5). <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Therefore, restrict each service to always
            use a given port, so that firewalling can be done effectively. Note that, because of the
            way RPC is implemented, it is not possible to disable the portmapper even if ports are
            assigned statically to all RPC services.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure lockd to Use Fixed Ports for TCP</title>
            <description>The lockd service should be configured to use a static port for TCP</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4559-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20297" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure statd to Use an outgoing static port</title>
            <description>The statd service should be configured to use an outgoing static port</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4015-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20298" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure statd to Use a static port</title>
            <description>The statd service should be configured to use a static port</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3667-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20299" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure lockd to Use a static port for UDP</title>
            <description>The lockd service should be configured to use a static port for UDP</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4310-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20300" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure mountd to Use a static port</title>
            <description>The mountd service should be configured to use a static port</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4438-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20301" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.2.3.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Configure rquotad to Use Fixed Ports</title>
            <description>The rquotad service should be configured to use a static port</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3579-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/sysconfig/nfs</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20302" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.13.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure NFS Clients</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">The steps in this section are appropriate for machines which operate as NFS clients.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.13.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable NFS Server Daemons</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig nfs off <xhtml:br/>
            # chkconfig rpcsvcgssd off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            There is no need
            to run the NFS server daemons except on a small number of properly secured machines
            designated as NFS servers. Ensure that these daemons are turned off on clients.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable nfs service</title>
            <description>The nfs service should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4473-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20303" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Disable rpcsvcgssd service</title>
            <description>The rpcsvcgssd service should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4491-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20304" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Mount Remote Filesystems with Restrictive Options</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/fstab. For each filesystem whose type
            (column 3) is nfs or nfs4, add the text ,nodev,nosuid to the list of mount options in
            column 4. If appropriate, also add ,noexec. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See Section 2.2.1.2 for a description of the
            effects of these options. In general, execution of files mounted via NFS should be
            considered risky because of the possibility that an adversary could intercept the
            request and substitute a malicious file. Allowing setuid files to be executed from
            remote servers is particularly risky, both for this reason and because it requires the
            clients to extend root-level trust to the NFS server.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Mount Remote Filesystems with nodev</title>
            <description>The nodev option should be enabled for all NFS mounts</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4368-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/fstab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20305" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.3.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Mount Remote Filesystems with nosuid</title>
            <description>The nosuid option should be enabled for all NFS mounts</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4024-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/fstab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20306" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.13.3.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Mount Remote Filesystems with noexec</title>
            <description>The noexec option should be enabled for all NFS mounts</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4526-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/fstab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20307" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.13.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure NFS Servers</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">The steps in this section are appropriate for machines which operate as NFS servers.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.13.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure the Exports File Restrictively</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Linux's NFS implementation uses the file /etc/exports to
            control what filesystems and directories may be accessed via NFS. (See the exports(5)
            manpage for more information about the format of this file.) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The syntax of the exports
            file is not necessarily checked fully on reload, and syntax errors can leave your NFS
            configuration more open than intended. Therefore, exercise caution when modifying the
            file. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The syntax of each line in /etc/exports is <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            /DIR ipaddr1 (opt1 ,opt2 ) ipaddr2 (opt3 ) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where /DIR is a directory or filesystem to export, ipaddrN is an IP address,
            netblock, hostname, domain, or netgroup to which to export, and optN is an option.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.13.4.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use Access Lists to Enforce Authorization Restrictions on Mounts</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/exports. Ensure that each export line contains a
              set of IP addresses or hosts which are allowed to access that export. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If no IP
              addresses or hostnames are specified on an export line, then that export is available
              to any remote host which requests it. All lines of the exports file should specify the
              hosts (or subnets, if needed) which are allowed to access the exported directory, so
              that unknown or remote hosts will be denied.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.13.4.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use Root-Squashing on All Exports</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/exports. Ensure that no line contains the option no_root_squash. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If a filesystem is exported using root squashing, requests from root on
              the client are considered to be unprivileged (mapped to a user such as nobody). This
              provides some mild protection against remote abuse of an NFS server. Root squashing is
              enabled by default, and should not be disabled.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.13.4.1.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Use Root-Squashing on All Exports</title>
              <description>Root squashing should be enabled for all NFS shares</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4544-3</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/exports</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20308" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.13.4.1.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict NFS Clients to Privileged Ports</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/exports. Ensure that no line contains the option insecure. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              By default, Linux's NFS implementation requires that all client requests be
              made from ports less than 1024. If your organization has control over machines
              connected to its network, and if NFS requests are prohibited at the border firewall,
              this offers some protection against malicious requests from unprivileged users.
              Therefore, the default should not be changed.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.13.4.1.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Restrict NFS Clients to Privileged Ports</title>
              <description>Restriction of NFS clients to privileged ports should be enabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4465-1</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/exports</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20309" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.13.4.1.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Export Filesystems Read-Only if Possible</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/exports. Ensure that every line contains the option
              ro and does not contain the option rw, unless there is an operational need for remote
              clients to modify that filesystem. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If a filesystem is being exported so that users can
              view the files in a convenient fashion, but there is no need for users to edit those
              files, exporting the filesystem read-only removes an attack vector against the server.
              The default filesystem export mode is ro, so do not specify rw without a good reason.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.13.4.1.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Export Filesystems Read-Only if Possible</title>
              <description>Write access to NFS shares should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4350-5</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/exports</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20310" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.13.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Allow Legitimate NFS Clients to Access the Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
            mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which must mount NFS filesystems
            from this server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines, ensuring that
            they appear before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 111 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 111 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 2049 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport lockd-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport lockd-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport mountd-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport mountd-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport rquotad-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport rquotad-port -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport statd-port -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport statd-port -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            where the variable port numbers match those selected in Section 3.13.2.3 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to any services. This
            modification will allow the specified block of remote hosts to initiate connections to
            the set of NFS daemons, while keeping all other ports on the server in their default
            protected state. See Section 2.5.5 for more information about iptables.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.14" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">DNS Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">Most organizations have an operational need to run at least one nameserver. However, there are many common attacks involving DNS, be configured defensively.</description>
      <reference>Liu, C. DNS &amp; BIND Cookbook. O’Reilly and Associates, Oct 2002</reference>
      <Group id="group-3.14.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable DNS Server if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there an operational need for this machine to act as a DNS
          server for this site? <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If not, disable the software and remove it from the system: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig named off <xhtml:br/>
          # yum erase bind <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          DNS software should be disabled on any machine which
          does not need to be a nameserver. Note that the BIND DNS server software is not installed
          on RHEL5 by default. The remainder of this section discusses secure configuration of
          machines which must be nameservers.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.14.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable DNS Server if Possible</title>
          <description>The named service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3578-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20311" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.14.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall bind if Possible</title>
          <description>The bind package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4219-2</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20312" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.14.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Run the BIND9 Software if DNS Service is Needed</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          It is highly recommended that the BIND9 software be used to
          provide DNS service. BIND is the Internet standard Unix nameserver, and, while it has had
          security problems in the past, it is also well-maintained and Red Hat is likely to quickly
          issue updates in response to any problems discovered in the future. In addition, BIND
          version 9 has new security features and more secure default settings than earlier
          versions. In particular, BIND version 4 is no longer recommended for production use, and
          BIND4 servers should be upgraded to a newer version as soon as possible.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.14.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Isolate DNS from Other Services</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          This section discusses mechanisms for preventing the DNS server
          from interfering with other services. This is done both to protect the remainder of the
          network should a nameserver be compromised, and to make direct attacks on nameservers more
          difficult.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.14.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Run DNS Software on Dedicated Servers if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Since DNS is a high-risk service which must frequently be made
            available to the entire Internet, it is strongly recommended that no other services be
            offered by machines which act as organizational DNS servers.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Run DNS Software in a chroot Jail</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Install the bind-chroot package: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum install bind-chroot<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Place a valid named.conf file inside the chroot jail: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cp /etc/named.conf /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf <xhtml:br/>
            # chown root:root /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 644 /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Create and populate an appropriate zone
            directory within the jail, based on the options directive. If your named.conf includes:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            options { <xhtml:br/>
            directory "/path/to/DIRNAME "; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            } <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            then copy that directory and its contents from the original zone directory: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cp -r /path/to/DIRNAME /var/named/chroot/DIRNAME<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/named. Add or correct the line: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ROOTDIR=/var/named/chroot<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Chroot jails are not foolproof. However, they serve to make it more difficult for a
            compromised program to be used to attack the entire host. They do this by restricting a
            program's ability to traverse the directory upward, so that files outside the jail are
            not visible to the chrooted process. Since RHEL5 supports a standard mechanism for
            placing BIND in a chroot jail, you should take advantage of this feature. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: If you
            are running BIND in a chroot jail, then you should use the jailed named.conf as the
            primary nameserver configuration file. That is, when this guide recommends editing
            /etc/named.conf, you should instead edit /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.14.3.2.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>group owner of jail</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</question>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.14.3.2.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>user owner of jail</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify user owner of /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</question>
            <value>root</value>
            <value selector="root">root</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.14.3.2.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>permisison of jail</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify permissions of /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf</question>
            <value>110100100</value>
            <value selector="400">100000000</value>
            <value selector="644">110100100</value>
            <value selector="700">111000000</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.14.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Run DNS Software in a chroot Jail owned by root group</title>
            <description>The /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3985-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.14.3.2.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20313" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20313" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.14.3.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Run DNS Software in a chroot Jail owned by root user</title>
            <description>The /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file should be owned by the appropriate user.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4258-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chown</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.14.3.2.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20314" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20314" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.14.3.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Set permissions on chroot Jail for DNS</title>
            <description>File permissions for /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4487-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.14.3.2.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20315" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20315" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Firewalls to Protect the DNS Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines,
            ensuring that they appear before the final LOG and DROP lines for the
            RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These
            lines are necessary in order to allow remote machines to contact the DNS server. If this
            server is only available to the local network, it may be appropriate to insert a -s flag
            into this rule to allow traffic only from packets on the local network. See Section
            3.5.1.2 for an example of such a modification. See Section 2.5.5 for general information
            about iptables.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.14.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Protect DNS Data from Tampering or Attack</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">This section discusses DNS configuration options which make it more difficult for attackers to gain access to private DNS data or to modify DNS data.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.14.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Run Separate DNS Servers for External and Internal Queries if
            Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is it possible to run external and internal nameservers on
            separate machines? If so, follow the configuration guidance in this section. If not, see
            Section 3.14.4.2 for an alternate approach using BIND9. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            On the external nameserver, edit /etc/named.conf. Add or correct the following 
            directives: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            options { <xhtml:br/>
            allow-query { any; }; <xhtml:br/>
            recursion no; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            On the internal nameserver, edit
            /etc/named.conf. Add or correct the following directives, where SUBNET is the numerical
            IP representation of your organization in the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            acl internal {<xhtml:br/>
            SUBNET ; <xhtml:br/>
            localhost; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            options { <xhtml:br/>
            allow-query { internal; }; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "internal.example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Enterprise nameservers generally serve two
            functions. One is to provide public information about the machines in a domain for the
            benefit of outside users who wish to contact those machines, for instance in order to
            send mail to users in the enterprise, or to visit the enterprise's external web page.
            The other is to provide nameservice to client machines within the enterprise. Client
            machines require both private information about enterprise machines (which may be
            different from the public information served to the rest of the world) and public
            information about machines outside the enterprise, which is used to send mail or visit
            websites outside of the organization. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In order to provide the public nameservice
            function, it is necessary to share data with untrusted machines which request it —
            otherwise, the enterprise cannot be conveniently contacted by outside users. However,
            internal data should be protected from disclosure, and serving irrelevant public name
            queries for outside domains leaves the DNS server open to cache poisoning and other
            attacks. Therefore, local network nameservice functions should not be provided to
            untrusted machines. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Separate machines should be used to fill these two functions whenever possible.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use Views to Partition External and Internal Information if Necessary</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If it is not possible to run external and internal nameservers
            on separate physical machines, run BIND9 and simulate this feature using views. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit
            /etc/named.conf. Add or correct the following directives (where SUBNET is the numerical
            IP representation of your organization in the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx): <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            acl internal {<xhtml:br/>
            SUBNET ; <xhtml:br/>
            localhost; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            view "internal-view" { <xhtml:br/>
            match-clients { internal; }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "." IN { <xhtml:br/>
            type hint; <xhtml:br/>
            file "db.cache"; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "internal.example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            view "external-view" { <xhtml:br/>
            match-clients { any; }; <xhtml:br/>
            recursion no; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            };<xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The view feature is provided by BIND9 as a way to allow a single nameserver to make
            different sets of data available to different sets of clients. If possible, it is always
            better to run external and internal nameservers on separate machines, so that even
            complete compromise of the external server cannot be used to obtain internal data or
            confuse internal DNS clients. However, this is not always feasible, and use of a feature
            like views is preferable to leaving internal DNS data entirely unprotected. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: As
            shown in the example, database files which are required for recursion, such as the root
            hints file, must be available to any clients which are allowed to make recursive
            queries. Under typical circumstances, this includes only the internal clients which are
            allowed to use this server as a general-purpose nameserver.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Zone Transfers from the Nameserver if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is it necessary for a secondary nameserver to receive zone data
            via zone transfer from the primary server? If not, follow the instructions in this
            section. If so, see the next section for instructions on protecting zone transfers. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/named.conf. Add or correct the following directive: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            options { allow-transfer { none; }; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            } <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If both the primary and secondary nameserver are under your control, or
            if you have only one nameserver, it may be possible to use an external configuration
            management mechanism to distribute zone updates. In that case, it is not necessary to
            allow zone transfers within BIND itself, so they should be disabled to avoid the
            potential for abuse.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Authenticate Zone Transfers if Necessary</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            If it is necessary for a secondary nameserver to receive zone
            data via zone transfer from the primary server, follow the instructions here. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Use dnssec-keygen to create a symmetric key file in the current directory: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cd /tmp <xhtml:br/>
            # dnssec-keygen -a HMAC-MD5 -b 128 -n HOST dns.example.com <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            Kdns.example.com .+aaa +iiiii<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            This output is the name of a file containing the new key. Read the file to find the
            base64-encoded key string: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># cat Kdns.example.com.+NNN+MMMMM.key <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            dns.example.com IN KEY 512 3 157 base64-key-string <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/named.conf on the primary nameserver. Add the directives: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            key zone-transfer-key { <xhtml:br/>
            algorithm hmac-md5; <xhtml:br/>
            secret "base64-key-string "; <xhtml:br/>
            };<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            type master; <xhtml:br/>
            allow-transfer { key zone-transfer-key; }; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/named.conf on the secondary nameserver. Add the directives: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            key zone-transfer-key { <xhtml:br/>
            algorithm hmac-md5; <xhtml:br/>
            secret "base64-key-string "; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            server IP-OF-MASTER { <xhtml:br/>
            keys { zone-transfer-key; }; <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            type slave;<xhtml:br/>
            masters { IP-OF-MASTER ; }; <xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            }; <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The BIND transaction signature (TSIG) functionality
            allows primary and secondary nameservers to use a shared secret to verify authorization
            to perform zone transfers. This method is more secure than using IP-based limiting to
            restrict nameserver access, since IP addresses can be easily spoofed. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However, if you
            cannot configure TSIG between your servers because, for instance, the secondary
            nameserver is not under your control and its administrators are unwilling to configure
            TSIG, you can configure an allow-transfer directive with numerical IP addresses or ACLs
            as a last resort. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: The purpose of the dnssec-keygen command is to create the shared
            secret string base64-key-string . Once this secret has been obtained and inserted into
            named.conf on the primary and secondary servers, the key files 
            Kdns.example.com.+NNN+MMMMM.key and Kdns.example.com.+NNN+MMMMM.private are no longer 
            needed, and may safely be deleted.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.14.4.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Dynamic Updates if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is there a mission-critical reason to enable the risky dynamic
            update functionality? If not: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/named.conf. For each zone specification, correct
            the following directive if necessary: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            zone "example.com " IN { <xhtml:br/>
            allow-update { none; };<xhtml:br/>
            ... <xhtml:br/>
            } <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Dynamic updates allow remote servers to add, delete, or modify any entries in your
            zone file. Therefore, they should be considered highly risky, and disabled unless there
            is a very good reason for their use. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If dynamic updates must be allowed, IP-based ACLs
            are insufficient protection, since they are easily spoofed. Instead, use TSIG keys (see
            the previous section for an example), and consider using the update-policy directive to
            restrict changes to only the precise type of change needed.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.14.4.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable DNS Dynamic Updates if Possible</title>
            <description>LDAP's dynamic updates feature should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4399-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/named.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20316" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.15" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">FTPServer</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        FTP is a common method for allowing remote access to files. Like
        telnet, the FTP protocol is unencrypted, which means that passwords and other data
        transmitted during the session can be captured and that the session is vulnerable to
        hijacking. Therefore, running the FTP server software is not recommended. <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        However, there are
        some FTP server configurations which may be appropriate for some environments, particularly
        those which allow only read-only anonymous access as a means of downloading data available
        to the public.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.15.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable vsftpd if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Is there a mission-critical reason for the machine to act as an
          FTP server? If not, disable vsftpd if it has been installed: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig vsftpd off</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.15.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable vsftpd if Possible</title>
          <description>The vsftpd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3919-8</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20317" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.15.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Uninstall vsftpd if Possible</title>
          <description>The vsftpd service should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3919-8</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:203175" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.15.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Use vsftpd to Provide FTP Service if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If this machine must operate as an FTP server, install the vsftpd
          package via the standard channels: <xhtml:code># yum install vsftpd</xhtml:code> After RHEL 2.1, Red Hat switched
          from distributing wu-ftpd with RHEL to distributing vsftpd. For security and for
          consistency with future Red Hat releases, the use of vsftpd is recommended.</description>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.15.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure vsftpd Securely</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The primary vsftpd configuration file is /etc/vsftpd.conf, if
          that file exists, or /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf if it does not. For the remainder of this
          section, the phrase 'the configuration file' will refer to whichever of those files is
          appropriate for your environment.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable Logging of All FTP Transactions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add or correct the
            following configuration options: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            xferlog_std_format=NO <xhtml:br/>
            log_ftp_protocol=YES <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The
            modifications above ensure that all commands sent to the ftp server are logged using the
            verbose vsftpd log format. The default vsftpd log file is /var/log/vsftpd.log. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: If
            verbose logging to vsftpd.log is done, sparse logging of downloads to /var/log/xferlog
            will not also occur. However, the information about what files were downloaded is
            included in the information logged to vsftpd.log.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.15.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
            <title>Enable Logging of All FTP Transactions</title>
            <description>Logging of vsftpd transactions should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4549-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/vsftpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20318" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Create Warning Banners for All FTP Users</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add or correct the
            following configuration options: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            banner_file=/etc/issue <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See Section 2.3.7 for an
            explanation of banner file use. This setting will cause the system greeting banner to be
            used for FTP connections as well.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.15.3.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Create Warning Banners for All FTP Users</title>
            <description>A warning banner for all FTP users should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4554-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/vsftpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20319" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict the Set of Users Allowed to Access FTP</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            This section describes how to disable non-anonymous
            (password-based) FTP logins, or, if it is not possible to do this entirely due to legacy
            applications, how to restrict insecure FTP login to only those users who have an
            identified need for this access.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.15.3.3.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Access to Anonymous Users if Possible</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Is there a mission-critical reason for users to transfer
              files to/from their own accounts using FTP, rather than using a secure protocol like
              SCP/SFTP? If not: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add or correct the following
              configuration option: <xhtml:br/>
              local_enable=NO <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If non-anonymous FTP logins are necessary,
              follow the guidance in the remainder of this section to secure these logins as much as
              possible. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The use of non-anonymous FTP logins is strongly discouraged. Since SSH
              clients and servers are widely available, and since SSH provides support for a
              transfer mode which resembles FTP in user interface, there is no good reason to allow
              password-based FTP access. See Section 3.5 for more information about SSH.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.15.3.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="high">
              <title>Restrict Access to Anonymous Users if Possible</title>
              <description>Local user login to the vsftpd service should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4443-8</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/vsftpd.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20320" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.15.3.3.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Limit Users Allowed FTP Access if Necessary</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              If there is a mission-critical reason for users to access
              their accounts via the insecure FTP protocol, limit the set of users who are allowed
              this access. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add or correct the following
              configuration options: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              userlist_enable=YES <xhtml:br/>
              userlist_file=/etc/vsftp.ftpusers<xhtml:br/>
              userlist_deny=NO <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit the file /etc/vsftp.ftpusers. For each user USERNAME who should
              be allowed to access the system via ftp, add a line containing that user's name.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              USERNAME <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If anonymous access is also required, add the anonymous usernames to
              /etc/vsftp.ftpusers as well: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              anonymous <xhtml:br/>
              ftp <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Historically, the file /etc/ftpusers
              contained a list of users who were not allowed to access the system via ftp. It was
              used to prevent system users such as the root user from logging in via the insecure
              ftp protocol. <xhtml:br/>
              However, when the configuration option userlist_deny=NO is set, vsftpd
              interprets ftpusers as the set of users who are allowed to login via ftp. Since it
              should be possible for most users to access their accounts via secure protocols, it is
              recommended that this setting be used, so that non-anonymous ftp access can be limited
              to legacy users who have been explicitly identified.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable FTP Uploads if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Is there a mission-critical reason for users to upload files
            via FTP? If not: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add or correct the following
            configuration options: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            write_enable=NO <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If FTP uploads are necessary, follow the guidance
            in the remainder of this section to secure these transactions as much as possible.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Anonymous FTP can be a convenient way to make files available for universal download.
            However, it is less common to have a need to allow unauthenticated users to place files
            on the FTP server. If this must be done, it is necessary to ensure that files cannot be
            uploaded and downloaded from the same directory.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.15.3.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
            <title>Disable FTP Uploads if Possible</title>
            <description>File uploads via vsftpd should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4461-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/vsftpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20321" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Place the FTP Home Directory on its Own Partition</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            By default, the anonymous FTP root is the home directory of the
            ftp user account. The df command can be used to verify that this directory is on its own
            partition. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If there is a mission-critical reason for anonymous users to upload files,
            precautions must be taken to prevent these users from filling a disk used by other
            services.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.15.3.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Firewalls to Protect the FTP Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines,
            ensuring that they appear before the final LOG and DROP lines for the
            RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config. Ensure that the space-separated
            list of modules contains the FTP connection tracking module:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            IPTABLES_MODULES="ip_conntrack_ftp" <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            These settings configure iptables to allow
            connections to an FTP server. The first line allows initial connections to the FTP
            server port. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            FTP is an older protocol which is not very compatible with firewalls.
            During the initial FTP dialogue, the client and server negotiate an arbitrary port to be
            used for data transfer. The ip conntrack ftp module is used by iptables to listen to
            that dialogue and allow connections to the data ports which FTP negotiates. This allows
            an FTP server to operate on a machine which is running a firewall.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.16" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Web Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The web server is responsible for providing access to content via
        the HTTP protocol. Web servers represent a significant security risk because: <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:ul>
          <xhtml:li>The HTTP port is commonly probed by malicious sources </xhtml:li>
          <xhtml:li>Web server software is very complex, and includes a long history of vulnerabilities </xhtml:li>
          <xhtml:li>The HTTP protocol is unencrypted and vulnerable to passive monitoring </xhtml:li>
        </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
        <xhtml:br/>
        The system's default web server software is Apache 2 and is provided
        in the RPM package httpd.</description>
      <reference>Ristic, I. Apache Security. O’Reilly and Associates, Mar 2005</reference>
      <Group id="group-3.16.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Apache if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If Apache was installed and activated, but the system does not
          need to act as a web server, then it should be disabled and removed from the system: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig httpd off <xhtml:br/>
          # yum erase httpd</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.16.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable Apache if Possible</title>
          <description>The httpd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4338-0</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20322" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.16.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall Apache if Possible</title>
          <description>The httpd package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4514-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20323" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.16.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Install Apache if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the Apache web server must be run, follow these guidelines to
          install it defensively. Then follow the guidelines in the remainder of Section 3.16 to
          configure the web server machine and software as securely as possible.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.16.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Install Apache Software Safely</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Install the Apache 2 package from the standard Red Hat
            distribution channel: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># yum install httpd <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: This method of installation is
            recommended over installing the 'Web Server' package group during the system
            installation process. The Web Server package group includes many packages which are
            likely extraneous, while the command-line method installs only the required httpd
            package itself.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Confirm Minimal Built-in Modules</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default Apache installation minimizes the number of modules
            that are compiled directly into the binary (core prefork http core mod so). This
            minimizes risk by limiting the capabilities allowed by the webserver. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Query the set of compiled-in modules using the following command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>$ httpd -l <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the number of compiled-in
            modules is significantly larger than the aforementioned set, this guide recommends
            reinstallating Apache with a reduced configuration.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.16.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Secure the Apache Configuration</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The Apache configuration file is /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.
          Apply the recommendations in the remainder of this section to this file.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Information Leakage</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The ServerTokens and ServerSignature directives determine how
            much information the web server discloses about the configuration of the system.
            ServerTokens Prod restricts information in page headers, returning only the word
            'Apache.' ServerSignature Off keeps Apache from displaying the server version on error
            pages. It is a good security practice to limit the information provided to clients. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Add
            or correct the following directives in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf so that as little
            information as possible is released: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ServerTokens Prod <xhtml:br/>
            ServerSignature Off</description>
          <Value id="var-3.16.3.1.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>value of ServerTokens</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Tells apache to only return Apache in the Server header, returned on every page request.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify restrictions of of provided information in page headers for web server</question>
            <value>Prod</value>
            <value selector="prod">Prod</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.16.3.1.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>value of ServerSignature</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Tells apache not to display the server version on error pages, or other pages it generates.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable Apache displaying the server version on error pages</question>
            <value>Off</value>
            <value selector="off">Off</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.3.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict Information Leakageusing ServerTokens</title>
            <description>The apache2 server's ServerTokens value should be set appropriately</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4474-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.3.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20324" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20324" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.3.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict Information Leakage using ServerSignature</title>
            <description>The apache2 server's ServerSignature value should be set appropriately</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3756-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.3.1.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20325" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20325" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Minimize Loadable Modules</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            A default installation of Apache includes a plethora of
            'dynamically shared objects' (DSO) that are loaded at run-time. Unlike the
            aforementioned 'compiled-in' modules, a DSO can be disabled in the configuration file by
            removing the corresponding LoadModule directive. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: A DSO only provides additional
            functionality if associated directives are included in the Apache configuration file. It
            should also be noted that removing a DSO will produce errors on Apache startup if the
            configuration file contains directives that apply to that module. Refer to
            http://httpd.apache.org/docs/ for details on which directives are associated with each
            DSO. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Follow each DSO removal, the configuration can be tested with the following command
            to check if everything still works: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># service httpd configtest <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The purpose of each of
            the modules loaded by default will now be addressed one at a time. If none of a module's
            directives are being used, remove it.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Apache Core Modules</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              These modules comprise a basic subset of modules that are
              likely needed for base Apache functionality; ensure they are not commented out in
              /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule auth_basic_module modules/mod_auth_basic.so<xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authn_default_module modules/mod_authn_default.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authz_host_module modules/mod_authz_host.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authz_user_module modules/mod_authz_user.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authz_groupfile_module modules/mod_authz_groupfile.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authz_default_module modules/mod_authz_default.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule log_config_module modules/mod_log_config.so<xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule logio_module modules/mod_logio.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule setenvif_module modules/mod_setenvif.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule mime_module modules/mod_mome.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule autoindex_module modules/mod_autoindex.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule negotiation_module modules/mod_negotiation.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule dir_module modules/mod_dir.so <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule alias_module modules/mod_alias.so</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">HTTP Basic Authentication</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The following modules are necessary if this web server will
              provide content that will be restricted by a password. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Authentication can be performed
              using local plain text password files (authn file), local DBM password files (authn
              dbm) or an LDAP directory (see Section 3.16.3.2.5). The only module required by the
              web server depends on your choice of authentication. Comment out the modules you don't
              need from the following: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authn_file_module modules/mod_authn_file.so<xhtml:br/>
              LoadModule authn_dbm_module modules/mod_authn_dbm.so <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              authn_alias allows for
              authentication based on aliases. authn_anon allows anonymous authentication similar to
              that of anonymous ftp sites. authz owner allows authorization based on file ownership.
              authz dbm allows for authorization based on group membership if the web server is
              using DBM authentication. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the
              related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule authn_alias_module modules/mod_authn_alias.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule authn_anon_module modules/mod_authn_anon.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule authz_owner_module modules/mod_authz_owner.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule authz_dbm_module modules/mod_authz_dbm.so</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">HTTP Digest Authentication</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module provides encrypted authentication sessions.
              However, this module is rarely used and considered experimental. Alternate methods of
              encrypted authentication are recommended, such as SSL (Section 3.16.4.1) <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above
              functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule auth_digest_module modules/mod_auth_digest.so</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">mod rewrite</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The mod rewrite module is very powerful and can protect
              against certain classes of web attacks. However, it is also very complex and has a
              significant history of vulnerabilities itself. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is
              unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.5" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">LDAP Support</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module provides HTTP authentication via an LDAP
              directory. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related modules:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule ldap_module modules/mod_ldap.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule authnz_ldap_module modules/mod_authnz_ldap.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If LDAP is to be used, SSL encryption (Section 3.16.4.1)
              should be used as well.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.6" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Server Side Includes</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Server Side Includes provide a method of dynamically
              generating web pages through the insertion of server-side code. However, the
              technology is also deprecated and introduces significant security concerns. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule include_module modules/mod_include.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is a critical need for Server Side
              Includes, they should be enabled with the option IncludesNoExec to prevent arbitrary
              code execution. Additionally, user supplied data should be encoded to prevent
              cross-site scripting vulnerabilities.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.7" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">MIME Magic</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module provides a second layer of MIME support that in
              most configurations is likely extraneous. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule mime_magic_module modules/mod_mime_magic.so</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.8" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">WebDAV (Distributed Authoring and Versioning)</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              WebDAV is an extension of the HTTP protocol that provides
              distributed and collaborative access to web content. Due to a number of security
              concerns with WebDAV, its use is not recommended. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related modules: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule dav_module modules/mod_dav.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule dav_fs_module modules/mod_dav_fs.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is a
              critical need for WebDAV, extra care should be taken in its configuration. Since DAV
              access allows remote clients to manipulate server files, any location on the server
              that is DAV enabled should be protected by encrypted authentication.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.9" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Server Activity Status</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module provides real-time access to statistics on the
              internal operation of the web server. This is an unnecessary information leak and
              should be disabled. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is a critical need
              for this module, ensure that access to the status page is properly restricted to a
              limited set of hosts in the status handler configuration.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.10" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Web Server Configuration Display</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module creates a web page illustrating the configuration
              of the web server. This is an unnecessary security leak and should be disabled. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule info_module modules/mod_info.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is a critical need for this module, use the
              Location directive to provide an access control list to restrict access to the
              information.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.11" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">URL Correction on Misspelled Entries</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module attempts to find a document match by allowing one
              misspelling in an otherwise failed request. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule speling_module modules/mod_speling.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This functionality weakens server security by making site enumeration easier.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.12" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">User-specific directories</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The UserDir directive provides user-specific directory
              translation, allowing URLs based on associated usernames. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule userdir_module modules/mod_userdir.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If there is a critical need for this module, include the line
              UserDir disabled root (at a minimum) in the configuration file. Ideally, UserDir
              should be disabled, and then enabled on a case-by-case basis for specific users that
              require this functionality. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: A web server's users can be trivially enumerated
              using this module.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.13" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Proxy Support</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module provides proxying support, allowing Apache to
              forward requests and serve as a gateway for other servers. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related modules: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule proxy_balancer_module modules/mod_proxy_balancer.so<xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If proxy support is needed, load proxy and the
              appropriate proxy protocol handler module (one of proxy http, proxy ftp, or proxy
              connect). Additionally, make certain that a server is secure before enabling proxying,
              as open proxy servers are a security risk. proxy balancer enables load balancing, but
              requires that mod status be enabled. Since mod status is not recommended, proxy
              balancer should be avoided as well.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.14" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Cache Support</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module allows Apache to cache data, optimizing access to
              frequently accessed content. However, not only is it an experimental module, but it
              also introduces potential security flaws into the web server such as the possibility
              of circumventing Allow and Deny directives. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related modules: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so<xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule file_cache_module modules/mod_file_cache.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule mem_cache_module modules/mod_mem_cache.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If caching is required, it should not be enabled for any limited-access content.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.15" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">CGI Support (and Related Modules)</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This module allows HTML to interact with the CGI web
              programming language. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the above functionality is unnecessary, comment out the related modules: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code>#LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule actions_module modules/mod_actions.so <xhtml:br/>
              #LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              If the web server requires the use of CGI, enable
              the cgi module. If extended CGI functionality is required, include the appropriate
              modules. env allows for control of the environment passed to CGI scripts. actions
              allows CGI events to be triggered when files of a certain type are requested. su exec
              allows CGI scripts to run as a specified user/group instead of as the server's
              user/group.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.2.16" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Various Optional Components</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The following modules perform very specific tasks, sometimes
              providing access to just a few additional directives. If this functionality is not
              required (or if you are not using these directives), comment out the associated
              module: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>External filtering (response passed through external program prior to client delivery) <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule ext_filter_module modules/mod_ext_filter.so </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>User-specified
                  Cache Control and Expiration <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so</xhtml:code> </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Compression Output Filter (provides content compression prior to client delivery)<xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule deflate_module modules/mod_deflate.so </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>HTTP Response/Request Header Customization <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule headers_module modules/mod_headers.so</xhtml:code> </xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>User activity monitoring via cookies <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule usertrack_module modules/mod_usertrack.so </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:br/>
                  <xhtml:code>#LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules/mod_vhost_alias.so</xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul>
              </description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Minimize Configuration Files Included</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The Include directive directs Apache to load supplementary
            configuration files from a provided path. The default configuration loads all files that
            end in .conf from the /etc/httpd/conf.d directory. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To restrict excess configuration, the
            following line should be commented out and replaced with Include directives that only
            reference required configuration files: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code>#Include conf.d/*.conf <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the above change was
            made, ensure that the SSL encryption remains loaded by explicitly including the
            corresponding configuration file: (see Section 3.16.4.1 for further details on SSL
            configuration) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Include conf.d/ssl.conf <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If PHP is necessary, a similar alteration must be
            made: (see Section 3.16.4.4.1 for further details on PHP configuration) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Include conf.d/php.conf</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Directory Restrictions</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The Directory tags in the web server configuration file allow
            finer grained access control for a specified directory. All web directories should be
            configured on a case-by-case basis, allowing access only where needed.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.4.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Root Directory</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The Apache root directory should always have the most
              restrictive configuration enabled.
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;Directory
              /&gt;
              <xhtml:br/>
              Options None
              <xhtml:br/>
              AllowOverride None
              <xhtml:br/>
              Order
              allow,deny
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;/Directory&gt;
            </description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.4.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Web Directory</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              The default configuration for the web (/var/www/html)
              Directory allows directory indexing (Indexes)and the following of symbolic links
              (FollowSymLinks). Neither of these is recommended.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The
              /var/www/html directory hierarchy should not be viewable via the web, and symlinks
              should only be followed if the owner of the symlink also owns the linked
              file.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Ensure that this policy is adhered to by altering the
              related section of the configuration:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;Directory
              "/var/www/html"&gt;
              <xhtml:br/>
              # ...
              <xhtml:br/>
              Options SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
              <xhtml:br/>
              # ...
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;/Directory&gt;
            </description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.3.4.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Other Critical Directories</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              All accessible web directories should be configured with
              similar restrictive settings. The Options directive should be limited to necessary
              functionality and the AllowOverride directive should be used only if needed. The Order
              and Deny access control tags should be used to deny access by default, allowing access
              only where necessary.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Authentication if Applicable</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>Set up a password file. <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                If a password file doesn't yet exist, one must be generated with the following command: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># htpasswd -cs passwdfile user <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:em>WARNING: This command will overwrite an existing file at this location.</xhtml:em>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Once a password file has been generated, subsequent users can be added with the
                following command: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># htpasswd -s passwdfile user </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Optionally, set up a group file (if using group authentication). <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                The group file is a plain text file of the following format
                (each group is on its own line, followed by a colon and a list of users that belong to
                that group, separated by spaces): <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                group : user1 user2 <xhtml:br/>
                group2 : user3 </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Modify file
                permissions so that Apache can read the group and passwd files: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:code># chgrp apache passwdfile groupfile <xhtml:br/>
                # chmod 640 passwdfile groupfile </xhtml:code></xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Turn on authentication for desired directories <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Add the following options inside the appropriate Directory tag: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:ul>
                  <xhtml:li>For single-user authentication: <xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;Directory "directory "&gt; <xhtml:br/>
                    # ... AuthName "Private Data" <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthType Basic <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthUserFile passwdfile <xhtml:br/>
                    require user user <xhtml:br/>
                    # ...<xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;/Directory&gt; </xhtml:li>
                  <xhtml:li>For multiple-user authentication restricted by groups:<xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;Directory "directory "&gt; <xhtml:br/>
                    # ... <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthName "Private Data" <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthType Basic<xhtml:br/>
                    <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthUserFile passwdfile <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthGroupFile groupfile <xhtml:br/>
                    require group group <xhtml:br/>
                    # ...<xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;/Directory&gt; </xhtml:li>
                  <xhtml:li>For multiple-user authentication restricted by valid user accounts: <xhtml:br/>
                    <xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;Directory "directory "&gt; <xhtml:br/>
                    # ... <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthName "Private Data" <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthType Basic <xhtml:br/>
                    AuthUserFile passwdfile <xhtml:br/>
                    require valid-user <xhtml:br/>
                    # ... <xhtml:br/>
                    &lt;/Directory&gt; </xhtml:li>
                </xhtml:ul>
                </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol>
            The AuthName directive specifies a label for the protected content. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The AuthType directive
            specifies the kind of authentication (if using Digest authentication, this line would
            instead read AuthType Digest) <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The AuthUserFile and AuthGroupFile directives point to the
            password and group files (if using Digest authentication, these directives would instead
            be AuthDigestFile and AuthDigestGroupFile.)<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The require user directive restricts access
            to a single user. The require group directive restricts access to multiple users in a
            designated group. The short-hand require valid-user directive restricts access to any
            user in the passwdfile <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: Make sure the AuthUserFile and AuthGroupFile locations are
            outside the web server document tree to prevent remote clients from having access to
            restricted usernames and passwords. This guide recommends /etc/httpd/conf as a location
            for these files.</description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Basic authentication is handled in plaintext over the network.
            Therefore, all login attempts are vulnerable to password sniffing. For increased
            protection against passive monitoring, encrypted authentication over a secure channel
            such as SSL (Section 3.16.4.1) is recommended. </warning>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.3.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Limit Available Methods</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Web server methods are defined in section 9 of RFC 2616
            (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt). If a web server does not require the
            implementation of all available methods, they should be disabled. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: GET and POST are
            the most common methods. A majority of the others are limited to the WebDAV protocol.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            &lt;Directory /var/www/html&gt; <xhtml:br/>
            # ... <xhtml:br/>
            # Only allow specific methods (this command is case-sensitive!) <xhtml:br/>
            &lt;LimitExcept GET POST&gt; <xhtml:br/>
            Order allow,deny<xhtml:br/>
            &lt;/LimitExcept&gt; <xhtml:br/>
            # ... <xhtml:br/>
            &lt;/Directory&gt;</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.16.4" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Use Appropriate Modules to Improve Apaches Security'</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Among the modules available for Apache are several whose use may
          improve the security of the web server installation. This section recommends and discusses
          the deployment of security-relevant modules.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.16.4.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Deploy mod ssl</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Because HTTP is a plain text protocol, all traffic is
            susceptible to passive monitoring. If there is a need for confidentiality, SSL should be
            configured and enabled to encrypt content. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note: mod nss is a FIPS 140-2 certified
            alternative to mod ssl. The modules share a considerable amount of code and should be
            nearly identical in functionality. If FIPS 140-2 validation is required, then mod nss
            should be used. If it provides some feature or its greater compatibility is required,
            thenmod ssl should be used.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.1.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install mod ssl</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Install mod ssl: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># yum install mod ssl</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.1.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create an SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              On your CA (if you are using your own) or on another
              physically secure system, generate a key pair for the web server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/pki/tls/certs <xhtml:br/>
              # openssl genrsa -des3 -out httpserverkey.pem 2048 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              When prompted,
              enter a strong, unique passphrase to protect the web server key pair. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next, generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) from the key for the CA: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl req -new -key httpserverkey.pem -out httpserver.csr <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Enter the passphrase for the web server key pair
              and then fill out the fields as completely as possible (or hit return to accept
              defaults); the Common Name field is especially important. It must match the
              fullyqualified domain name of your server exactly (e.g. www.example.com) or the
              certificate will not work. The /etc/pki/tls/openssl.conf file will determine which
              other fields (e.g. Country Name, Organization Name, etc) must match between the server
              request and the CA. Leave the challenge password and an optional company name blank.
              Next, the web server CSR must be signed to create the web server certificate. You can
              either send the CSR to an established CA or sign it with your CA. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To sign httpserver.csr using your CA: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl ca -in httpserver.csr -out httpservercert.pem<xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              When prompted, enter the CA passphrase to continue and then complete the process. The
              httpservercert. pem certificate needed to enable SSL on the web server is now in the
              directory. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Finally, the web server key and certificate file need to be moved to the
              web server. Use removable media if possible. Place the server key and certificate file
              in /etc/pki/tls/http/, naming them serverkey.pem and servercert.pem, respectively.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.1.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Add or modify the configuration file
              /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf to match the following: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # establish new listening port<xhtml:br/>
              Listen 443 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # seed appropriately <xhtml:br/>
              SSLRandomSeed startup file:/dev/urandom 1024<xhtml:br/>
              SSLRandomSeed connect file:/dev/urandom 1024 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;VirtualHost site-on-certificate.com:443&gt; <xhtml:br/>
              # Enable SSL <xhtml:br/>
              SSLEngine On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Path to server certificate + private key <xhtml:br/>
              SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/http/servercert.pem<xhtml:br/>
              SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/http/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 <xhtml:br/>
              # Weak ciphers and null authentication should be denied unless absolutely necessary <xhtml:br/>
              # (and even then, such cipher weakening should occur within a Location enclosure)<xhtml:br/>
              SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:+MD5 <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;/VirtualHost&gt; <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Ensure that all
              directories that house SSL content are restricted to SSL access only in
              /etc/httpd/conf/ httpd.conf: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              &lt;Directory /var/www/html/secure&gt; <xhtml:br/>
              # require SSL for access <xhtml:br/>
              SSLRequireSSL <xhtml:br/>
              SSLOptions +StrictRequire <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # require domain to match certificate domain <xhtml:br/>
              SSLRequire %{HTTP HOST} eq "site-on-certificate.com" <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # rather than reply with 403 error, redirect user to appropriate site <xhtml:br/>
              # this is OPTIONAL - uncomment to apply <xhtml:br/>
              # ErrorDocument 403 https://site-on-certificate.com<xhtml:br/>
              &lt;/Directory&gt;</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.4.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Deploy mod security</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            mod security provides an application level firewall for Apache.
            Following the installation of mod security with the base ruleset, specific configuration
            advice can be found at http://www.modsecurity.org/ to design a policy that best matches
            the security needs of the web applications.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install mod security</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Install mod security: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # yum install mod_security</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure mod security Filtering</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              mod security supports a significant number of options, far
              too many to be fully covered in this guide. However, the following list comprises a
              smaller subset of suggested filters to be added to /etc/httpd/conf/ httpd.conf: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # enable mod_security <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilterEngine On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # enable POST filtering <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilterScanPost On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Make sure that URL encoding is valid <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilterCheckURLEncoding On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Accept almost all byte values <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilterForceByteRange 1 255 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Prevent directory traversal <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter "\.\./" <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Filter on specific system specific paths <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter /etc/passwd <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter /bin/ <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Prevent cross-site scripting <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter "&lt;[[:space:]]* script" <xhtml:br/>
              # Prevent SQL injection <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter "delete[[:space:]]+from" <xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter "insert[[:space:]]+into"<xhtml:br/>
              SecFilter "select.+from"</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.4.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Use Denial-of-Service Protection Modules</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Denial-of-service attacks are difficult to detect and prevent
            while maintaining acceptable access to authorized users. However, there are a number of
            traffic-shaping modules that attempt to address the problem. Well-known DoS protection
            modules include: mod_throttle mod_bwshare mod_limitipconn mod_dosevasive It is
            recommended that denial-of-service prevention be implemented for the web server.
            However, this guide leaves specific configuration details to the discretion of the
            reader.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.4.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Supplemental Modules Appropriately</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">Any required functionality added to the web server via additional modules should be configured appropriately.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.16.4.4.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure PHP Securely</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              PHP is a widely used and often misconfigured server-side
              scripting language. It should be used with caution, but configured appropriately when
              needed. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Make the following changes to /etc/php.ini: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Do not expose PHP error messages to external users <xhtml:br/>
              display_errors = Off <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Enable safe mode <xhtml:br/>
              safe_mode = On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Only allow access to executables in isolated directory <xhtml:br/>
              safe_mode_exec_dir = php-required-executables-path <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Limit external access to PHP environment<xhtml:br/>
              safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_ <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Restrict PHP information leakage <xhtml:br/>
              expose_php = Off<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Log all errors <xhtml:br/>
              log_errors = On <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Do not register globals for input data<xhtml:br/>
              register_globals = Off <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Minimize allowable PHP post size <xhtml:br/>
              post_max_size = 1K <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Ensure PHP redirects appropriately <xhtml:br/>
              cgi.force_redirect = 0 <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Disallow uploading unless necessary <xhtml:br/>
              file_uploads = Off <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Disallow treatment of file requests as fopen calls<xhtml:br/>
              allow_url_fopen = Off <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # Enable SQL safe mode <xhtml:br/>
              sql.safe_mode = On</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.16.5" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Operating System to Protect Web Server</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The following configuration steps should be taken on the machine
          which hosts the web server, in order to provide as safe an environment as possible for the
          web server.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.16.5.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict File and Directory Access</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Minimize access to critical Apache files and directories: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># chmod 511 /usr/sbin/httpd <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 750 /var/log/httpd/ <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 750 /etc/httpd/conf/ <xhtml:br/>
            # chmod 640 /etc/httpd/conf/* <xhtml:br/>
            # chgrp -R apache /etc/httpd/conf</xhtml:code></description>
          <Value id="var-3.16.5.1.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>Directory permissions on /etc/httpd/conf</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify directory permissions on /etc/httpd/conf</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify directory permissions of /etc/httpd/conf</question>
            <value>111101000</value>
            <value selector="750">111101000</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.16.5.1.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>File permissions on /etc/httpd/conf/*</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /etc/httpd/conf/*</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions of /etc/httpd/conf/*</question>
            <value>110100000</value>
            <value selector="640">110100000</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.16.5.1.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>File permissions on /usr/sbin/httpd</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /usr/sbin/httpd</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions of /etc/sbin/httpd</question>
            <value>101001001</value>
            <value selector="511">101001001</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.16.5.1.d" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>group owner of /etc/httpd/conf/*</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/httpd/conf/*</description>
      	    <question xml:lang="en">Specify group owner of /etc/httpd/conf/*</question>
            <value>apache</value>
            <value selector="apache">apache</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.16.5.1.e" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>File permissions on /var/log/httpd/</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions on /var/log/httpd/</description>
      	    <question xml:lang="en">Specify file permissions of /var/log/httpd/</question>
            <value>111101000</value>
            <value selector="750">111101000</value>
            <match>^[01]+$</match>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.5.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict permissions on /etc/httpd/conf</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/httpd/conf should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4509-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.5.1.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20326" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20326" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.5.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict permissions on /etc/httpd/conf/*</title>
            <description>File permissions for /etc/httpd/conf/* should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4386-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.5.1.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20327" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20327" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.5.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict permissions on /usr/sbin/httpd</title>
            <description>File permissions for /usr/sbin/httpd should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4029-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.5.1.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20328" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20328" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.5.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict group access to /etc/httpd/conf/*</title>
            <description>The /etc/httpd/conf/* files should be owned by the appropriate group.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3581-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chgrp</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.5.1.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20329" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20329" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.16.5.1.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict permissions on /var/log/httpd</title>
            <description>File permissions for /var/log/httpd should be set correctly.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4574-0</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via chmod</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.16.5.1.e" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20330" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20330" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.5.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure iptables to Allow Access to the Web Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines, ensuring
            that they appear before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default
            Iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to the HTTP (80) and HTTPS (443)
            ports used by the web server. This modification allows that access, while keeping other
            ports on the server in their default protected state. See Section 2.5.5 for more
            information about Iptables.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.16.5.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Run Apache in a chroot Jail if Possible</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Putting Apache in a chroot jail minimizes the damage done by a
            potential break-in by isolating the web server to a small section of the filesystem. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            In
            order to configure Apache to run from a chroot directory, edit the Apache configuration
            file, /etc/httpd/ conf/httpd.conf, and add the directive: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            SecChrootDir /chroot/apache <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It
            is also necessary to place all files required by Apache inside the filesystem rooted at
            /chroot/apache , including Apache's binaries, modules, configuration files, and served
            web pages. The details of this configuration are beyond the scope of this guide.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.16.6" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Additional Resources</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          Further resources should be consulted if your web server requires
          more extensive configuration guidance, especially if particular applications need to be
          secured. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          In particular, [26] is recommended as a more comprehensive guide to securing Apache.</description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.17" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">IMAP and POP3 Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        Dovecot provides IMAP and POP3 services. It is not installed by
        default. The project page at http://www.dovecot.org contains more detailed information
        about Dovecot configuration.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.17.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Dovecot if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the system does not need to operate as an IMAP or POP3 server,
          disable and remove Dovecot if it was installed: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig dovecot off <xhtml:br/>
          # yum erase dovecot</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.17.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable Dovecot if Possible</title>
          <description>The dovecot service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3847-1</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20331" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.17.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall Dovecot if Possible</title>
          <description>The dovecot package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4239-0</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20332" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.17.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Dovecot if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">Dovecot's main configuration file is /etc/dovecot.conf. The settings which appear, commented out, in the file are the defaults.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.17.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Support Only the Necessary Protocols</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/dovecot.conf. Add or correct the following lines,
            replacing PROTOCOL with only the subset of protocols (imap, imaps, pop3, pop3s)
            required: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            protocols = PROTOCOL <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Dovecot supports the IMAP and POP3 protocols, as well as
            SSL-protected versions of those protocols. Configure the Dovecot server to support only
            the protocols needed by your site. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If possible, require SSL protection for all
            transactions. The SSL protocol variants listen on alternate ports (995 instead of 110
            for pop3s, and 993 instead of 143 for imaps), and require SSL-aware clients. An
            alternate approach is to listen on the standard port and require the client to use the
            STARTTLS command before authenticating.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Dovecot should not support imaps</title>
            <description>Dovecot should be configured to not support the imaps protocol</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4384-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20333" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Dovecot should not support pop3s</title>
            <description>Dovecot should be configured to not support the pop3s protocol</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3887-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20334" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.1.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Dovecot should not support pop3</title>
            <description>Dovecot should be configured to not support the pop3 protocol</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4530-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20335" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.1.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Dovecot should not support imap</title>
            <description>Dovecot should be configured to not support the imap protocol</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4547-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20336" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.17.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable SSL Support</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            SSL should be used to encrypt network traffic between the
            Dovecot server and its clients. Users must authenticate to the Dovecot server in order
            to read their mail, and passwords should never be transmitted in clear text. In
            addition, protecting mail as it is downloaded is a privacy measure, and clients may use
            SSL certificates to authenticate the server, preventing another system from
            impersonating the server. See Section 2.5.6 for general SSL information, including the
            setup of a Certificate Authority (CA).</description>
          <reference>Apache 2 with SSL/TLS: Step-by-step, Part 2. Tech. rep.</reference>
          <Group id="group-3.17.2.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Create an SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Note: The following steps should be performed on your CA
              system, and not on the Dovecot server itself. If you will have a commercial CA sign
              certificates, then these steps should be performed on a separate, physically secure
              system devoted to that purpose. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              On your CA (if you are using your own) or on another
              physically secure system, generate a key pair for the Dovecot server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># cd /etc/pki/tls/certs <xhtml:br/>
              # openssl genrsa -out imapserverkey.pem 2048 <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next, generate a
              certificate signing request (CSR) for the CA to sign, making sure to enter the
              server's fully-qualified domain name when prompted for the Common Name: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl req -new -key imapserverkey.pem -out imapserver.csr <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Next, the mail server CSR must be
              signed to create the Dovecot server certificate. You can either send the CSR to an
              established CA or sign it with your CA. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              To sign imapserver.csr using your CA: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># openssl ca -in imapserver.csr -out imapservercert.pem <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              This step creates a private key,
              imapserverkey.pem, and a public certificate, imapservercert.pem. The Dovecot server
              will use these to prove its identity by demonstrating that it has a certificate which
              has been signed by a CA. POP3 or IMAP clients at your site should only be willing to
              provide users' credentials to a server they can authenticate.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.17.2.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Install the SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Create the PKI directory for POP and IMAP certificates if it
              does not already exist: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># mkdir /etc/pki/tls/imap <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/imap<xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 755 /etc/pki/tls/imap <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Using removable media or some other secure transmission
              format, install the files generated in the previous step onto the Dovecot server: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:ul>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/imap/serverkey.pem: the private key imapserverkey.pem</xhtml:li>
                <xhtml:li>/etc/pki/tls/imap/servercert.pem: the certificate file imapservercert.pem</xhtml:li>
              </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify thepermissions on these files: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/imap/serverkey.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/imap/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 600 /etc/pki/tls/imap/serverkey.pem<xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 600 /etc/pki/tls/imap/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Verify that the CA's public certificate
              file has been installed as /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem, and has the correct
              permissions: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:code># chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              # chmod 644 /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem</xhtml:code></description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.17.2.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Configure Dovecot to Use the SSL Certificate</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Edit /etc/dovecot.conf and add or correct the following lines
              (ensuring they reference the appropriate files): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              ssl_cert_file = /etc/pki/tls/imap/servercert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              ssl_key_file = /etc/pki/tls/imap/serverkey.pem<xhtml:br/>
              ssl_ca_file = /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              These options tell Dovecot where to find the
              TLS configuration, allowing clients to make encrypted connections.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.17.2.2.4" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Disable Plaintext Authentication</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              To prevent Dovecot from attempting plaintext authentication
              of clients, edit /etc/dovecot.conf and add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              disable_plaintext_auth = yes <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              The disable_plaintext_auth command disallows
              login-related commands until an encrypted session has been negotiated using SSL. If
              client compatibility requires you to allow connections to the pop3 or imap ports,
              rather than the alternate SSL ports, you should use this command to require STARTTLS
              before authentication.</description>
            <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.2.4.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
              <title>Disable Plaintext Authentication</title>
              <description>Dovecot plaintext authentication of clients should be disabled</description>
              <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4552-6</ident>
              <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
              <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
                <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20337" />
              </check>
            </Rule>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.17.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Enable Dovecot Options to Protect Against Code Flaws</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/dovecot.conf and add or correct the following line:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            login_process_per_connection = yes <xhtml:br/>
            mail_drop_priv_before_exec = yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            IMAP and POP3 are
            remote authenticated protocols, meaning that the server must accept remote connections
            from anyone, but provide substantial services only to clients who have successfully
            authenticated. To protect against security problems, Dovecot splits these functions into
            separate server processes. The imap-login and/or pop3-login processes accept connections
            from unauthenticated users, and only spawn imap or pop3 processes on successful
            authentication. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            However, the imap-login and pop3-login processes themselves may contain
            vulnerabilities. Since each of these processes operates as a daemon, handling multiple
            sequential client connections from different users, bugs in the code could allow
            unauthenticated users to steal credential data. If the login_process_per_connection
            option is enabled, then a separate imap-login or pop3-login process is created for each
            new connection, protecting against this class of problems. This option has an efficiency
            cost, but is strongly recommended. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the mail_drop_priv_before_exec option is on, the
            imap-login or pop3-login process will drop privileges to the user's ID after
            authentication and before executing the imap or pop3 process itself. Under some very
            limited circumstances, this could protect against privilege escalation by authenticated
            users. However, if the mail executable option is used to run code before starting each
            user's session, it is important to drop privileges to prevent the custom code from
            running as root.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Enable Dovecot Option mail_drop_priv_before_exec</title>
            <description>The Dovecot option to drop privileges to user before executing mail process should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4371-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20338" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.17.2.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Enable Dovecot Option mail_drop_priv_before_exec</title>
            <description>The Dovecot option to spawn a new login process per connection should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4410-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/dovecot.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20339" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.17.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Allow IMAP Clients to Access the Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following line, ensuring
            that it appears before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default
            iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to any services. This modification
            will allow remote hosts to initiate connections to the IMAP daemon, while keeping all
            other ports on the server in their default protected state. See Section 2.5.5 for more
            information about iptables.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.18" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Samba(SMB) Microsoft Windows File Sharing Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        When properly configured, the Samba service allows Linux machines
        to provide file and print sharing to Microsoft Windows machines. There are two software
        packages that provide Samba support. The first, samba-client, provides a series of command
        line tools that enable a client machine to access Samba shares. The second, simply labeled
        samba, provides the Samba service. It is this second package that allows a Linux machine to
        act as an Active Directory server, a domain controller, or as a domain member. Only the
        samba-client package is installed by default.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.18.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Samba if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If the Samba service has been enabled and will not be used, disable it: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig smb off <xhtml:br/></xhtml:code>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Even after the Samba server package has been installed, it
          will remain disabled. Do not enable this service unless it is absolutely necessary to
          provide Microsoft Windows file and print sharing functionality.</description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.18.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Disable Samba if Possible</title>
          <description>The smb service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4551-8</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20340" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.18.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Samba if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          All settings for the Samba daemon can be found in
          /etc/samba/smb.conf. Settings are divided between a [global] configuration section and a
          series of user created share definition sections meant to describe file or print shares on
          the system. By default, Samba will operate in user mode and allow client machines to
          access local home directories and printers. It is recommended that these settings be
          changed or that additional limitations be set in place.</description>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Testing the Samba Configuration File</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To test the configuration file for syntax errors, use the
            testparm command. It will also list all settings currently in place, including defaults
            that may not appear in the configuration file. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># testparm -v</xhtml:code></description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Choosing the Appropriate security Parameter</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            There are two kinds of security in Samba, share-level (share)
            and user-level. User-level security is further subdivided into four separate
            implementations: user, domain, ads, and server. It is recommended that the share and
            server security modes not be used. In share security, everyone is given the same
            password for each share, preventing individual user accountability. server security mode
            has been superseded by the domain and ads security modes. It may now be considered
            obsolete. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The security parameter is set in the [global] section of the Samba
            configuration file. It determines how the server will handle user names and passwords.
            Some security modes require additional parameters, such as workgroup, realm, or password
            server names. All security modes will require that each remote user have a matching
            local account. One workaround to this problem is to use the winbindd daemon. Please
            consult the official Samba documentation to learn more.</description>
          <Group id="group-3.18.2.2.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use user Security for Servers Not in a Domain Context</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              This is the default setting with a new Samba installation and
              the best choice when operating outside of a domain security context. The relevant
              parameters in /etc/samba/smb.conf will read as follows: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              security = user <xhtml:br/>
              workgroup = MYGROUP <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Set the value of workgroup so that it matches the value of other machines on
              the network. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              In user mode, authentication requests are handled locally and not passed
              on to a separate authentication server. This is the desired behavior for standalone
              servers and domain controllers.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.18.2.2.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use domain Security for Servers in a Domain Context</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              First, change the security parameter to domain.
              Next, set the workgroup and netbios name parameters (if necessary): <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              security = domain<xhtml:br/>
              workgroup = WORKGROUP <xhtml:br/>
              netbios name = NETBIOSNAME <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              domain mode is used for any machine
              that will act as a domain member server. It lets Samba know that the authentication
              information it needs can be found on another machine. Primary and Backup Domain
              Controllers host copies of this information. Samba will try to automatically determine
              which machine it should authenticate against on a domain network. If this detection
              fails, it may be necessary to specify the location manually. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Unlike the Microsoft
              Windows implementation of the SMB standard, a Samba machine can freely change roles
              within a domain without requiring that the machine be reinstalled (such roles include
              primary and backup domain controllers, domain member servers, and ordinary domain
              workstations). However, there are some limitations on how each machine can fulfill
              each role in a mixed network.</description>
            <warning xml:lang="en">When using Samba as a Primary or Backup Domain Controller,
              use security = user, not security = domain. This tells Samba that the local machine is
              hosting the authentication backend. </warning>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.18.2.2.3" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Use ads (Active Directory Service) Security For Servers in an ADS
              Domain</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Context The security mode ads enables a Samba machine to act
              as an ADS domain member server. Since ADS requires Kerberos, be sure to set the realm
              parameter appropriately and configure the local copy of Kerberos. If necessary, it is
              also possible to manually set the password server parameter. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              security = ads <xhtml:br/>
              realm = MY_REALM <xhtml:br/>
              password server = your.kerberos.server <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Currently, it is possible to act as an
              Active Directory domain member server, but not as a domain controller. Be sure to
              operate in mixed mode. Native mode may not work yet in current versions of Samba.
              Future support for ADS should be forthcoming in Samba 4. See the Samba project web
              site at http://www.samba.org for more details.</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Guest Access and Local Login Support</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Do not allow guest users to access local file or printer
            shares. In global or in each share, set the parameter guest ok to no: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [share] <xhtml:br/>
            guest ok = no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is safe to disable local login support for remote Samba users. Consider changing
            the add user account script to set remote user shells to /sbin/nologin.</description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.18.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Disable Guest Access and Local Login Support</title>
            <description>Do not allow guest users to access local file or printer shares. In global or in each share, set the parameter guest ok to no.</description>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/samba/smb.conf in [share] guest ok = no </fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:203403" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Disable Root Access</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Administrators should not use administrator accounts to access
            Samba file and printer shares. If possible, disable the root user and the wheel
            administrator group: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [share] <xhtml:br/>
            invalid users = root @wheel <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If administrator accounts
            cannot be disabled, ensure that local machine passwords and Samba service passwords do
            not match. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Typically, administrator access is required when Samba must create user and
            machine accounts and shares. Domain member servers and standalone servers may not need
            administrator access at all. If that is the case, add the invalid users parameter to
            [global] instead.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Set the Allowed Authentication Negotiation Levels</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">By default, Samba will attempt to negotiate with Microsoft
            Windows machines to set a common communication protocol. Whenever possible, be sure to
            disable LANMAN authentication, as it is far weaker than the other supported protocols.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [global] <xhtml:br/>
            client lanman auth = no <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Newer versions of Microsoft Windows may require the use
            of NTLMv2. NTLMv2 is the preferred protocol for authentication, but since older machines
            do not support it, Samba has disabled it by default. If possible, reenable it. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [global]<xhtml:br/>
            client ntlmv2 auth = yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For the sake of backwards compatibility, most modern Windows
            machines will still allow other machines to communicate with them over weak protocols
            such as LANMAN. On Samba, by enabling NTLMv2, you are also disabling LANMAN and NTLMv1.
            If NTLMv1 is required, it is still possible to individually disable LANMAN.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Let Domain Controllers Create Machine Trust Accounts On-the-Fly</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Add or correct an add machine script entry to the [global]
            section of /etc/samba/smb.conf to allow Samba to dynamically create Machine Trust
            Accounts: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [global] <xhtml:br/>
            add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -n -g machines -d /dev/null -s /sbin/nologin %u <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Make sure that the group machines exists. If not, add it with the
            following command: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            /usr/sbin/groupadd machines <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            When acting as a PDC, it becomes
            necessary to create and store Machine Trust Accounts for each machine that joins the
            domain. On a Microsoft Windows PDC, this account is created with the Server Manager
            tool, but on a Samba PDC, two accounts must be created. The first is the local machine
            account, and the second is the Samba account. For security purposes, it is recommended
            to let Samba create these accounts on-the-fly. When Machine Trust Accounts are created
            manually, there is a small window of opportunity in which a rogue machine could join the
            domain in place of the new server.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Access to the [IPC$] Share</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Limit access to the [IPC$] share so that only machines in your
            network will be able to connect to it: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [IPC$] <xhtml:br/>
            hosts allow = 192.168.1. 127.0.0.1 <xhtml:br/>
            hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The [IPC$] share allows users to anonymously fetch a list of shared
            resources from a server. It is intended to allow users to browse the list of available
            shares. It also can be used as a point of attack into a system. Disabling it completely
            may break some functionality, so it is recommended that you merely limit access to it
            instead.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.8" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict File Sharing</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Only users with local user accounts will be able to log in to
            Samba shares by default. Shares can be limited to particular users or network addresses.
            Use the hosts allow and hosts deny directives accordingly, and consider setting the
            valid users directive to a limited subset of users or to a group of users. Separate each
            address, user, or user group with a space as follows: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [share] hosts allow = 192.168.1. 127.0.0.1 <xhtml:br/>
            valid users = userone usertwo @usergroup <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            It is also possible to limit read and
            write access to particular users with the read list and write list options, though the
            permissions set by the system itself will override these settings. Set the read only
            attribute for each share to ensure that global settings will not accidentally override
            the individual share settings. Then, as with the valid users directive, separate each
            user or group of users with a space: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [share] <xhtml:br/>
            read only = yes <xhtml:br/>
            write list = userone usertwo @usergroup <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Samba service is only required for sharing files and printers
            with Microsoft Windows workstations, and even then, other options may exist. Do not use
            the Samba service to share files between Unix or Linux machines.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.9" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Require Server SMB Packet Signing</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To make the server use packet signing, add the following to the [global] section of the Samba conﬁguration
            ﬁle:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            server signing = mandatory<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Samba server should only communicate with clients who can support SMB packet signing. Packet signing
            can prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which modify SMB packets in transit.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The Samba service is only required for sharing ﬁles and printers with Microsoft Windows workstations, and even
            then, other options may exist. Do not use the Samba service to share ﬁles between Unix or Linux machines.
          </description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.10" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using smbclient</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            To require samba clients running smbclient to use packet signing, add the following to the [global] section
            of the Samba conﬁguration ﬁle:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            client signing = mandatory<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            A Samba client should only communicate with servers who can support SMB packet signing. Packet signing can
            prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which modify SMB packets in transit.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.18.2.10.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using smbclient</title>
            <description>
              Require samba clients running smbclient to use packet signing.  A Samba client should only communicate with servers who can support SMB packet signing. Packet signing can
              prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which modify SMB packets in transit.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4556-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/samba/smb.conf in [global] client signing = mandatory</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:2034010" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.11" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using mount.cifs</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Require packet signing of clients who mount Samba shares using the mount.cifs program (e.g., those who
            specify shares in /etc/fstab). To do so, ensure that signing options (either sec=krb5i or sec=ntlmv2i) are
            used.<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            See the mount.cifs(8) man page for more information. A Samba client should only communicate with servers
            who can support SMB packet signing. Packet signing can prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which modify SMB
            packets in transit.
          </description>
          <Rule id="rule-3.18.2.11.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Require Client SMB Packet Signing, if using mount.cifs</title>
            <description>
              Require packet signing of clients who mount Samba shares using the mount.cifs program (e.g., those who
              specify shares in /etc/fstab). To do so, ensure that signing options (either sec=krb5i or sec=ntlmv2i) are
              used.<xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              See the mount.cifs(8) man page for more information. A Samba client should only communicate with servers
              who can support SMB packet signing. Packet signing can prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which modify SMB
              packets in transit.</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4556-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/fstab</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:2034011" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.12" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Restrict Printer Sharing</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            By default, Samba utilizes the CUPS printing service to enable
            printer sharing with Microsoft Windows workstations. If there are no printers on the
            local machine, or if printer sharing with Microsoft Windows is not required, disable the
            printer sharing capability by commenting out the following lines, found in /etc/
            samba/smb.conf: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [global] <xhtml:br/>
            ; load printers = yes <xhtml:br/>
            ; cups options = raw <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [printers] <xhtml:br/>
            comment = All Printers <xhtml:br/>
            path = /usr/spool/samba <xhtml:br/>
            browseable = no <xhtml:br/>
            guest ok = no <xhtml:br/>
            writable = no
            printable = yes <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            There may be other options present, but these are the only options
            enabled and uncommented by default. Removing the [printers] share should be enough for
            most users. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the Samba printer sharing capability is needed, consider disabling the
            Samba network browsing capability or restricting access to a particular set of users or
            network addresses. Set the valid users parameter to a small subset of users or restrict
            it to a particular group of users with the shorthand @. Separate each user or group of
            users with a space. For example, under the [printers] share: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            [printers] <xhtml:br/>
            valid users = user @printerusers <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The CUPS service is capable of sharing printers with other Unix and
            Linux machines on the local network without the Samba service. The Samba service is only
            required when a Microsoft Windows machine needs printer access on a Unix or Linux host.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.18.2.13" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure iptables to Allow Access to the Samba Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
            mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which should operate as clients
            of the Samba server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following lines, ensuring
            that they appear before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain:<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default Iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to the ports used by
            the Samba service. This modification allows that access, while keeping other ports on
            the server in their default protected state. Since these ports are frequent targets of
            network scanning attacks, restricting access to only the network segments which need to
            access the Samba server is strongly recommended. See Section 2.5.5 for more information
            about Iptables.</description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.18.3" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Avoid the Samba Web Administration Tool (SWAT)</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          SWAT is a web based configuration tool provided by the Samba team
          that enables both local and remote configuration management. It is not installed by
          default. It is recommended that SWAT not be used, as it requires the use of a Samba
          administrator account and sends that password in the clear over a network connection. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If
          SWAT is absolutely required, limit access to the local machine or tunnel SWAT connections
          through SSL with stunnel.</description>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.19" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">Proxy Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        A proxy server is a very desirable target for a potential adversary
        because much (or all) sensitive data for a given infrastructure may flow through it.
        Therefore, if one is required, the machine acting as a proxy server should be dedicated to
        that purpose alone and be stored in a physically secure location. The system's default proxy
        server software is Squid, and provided in an RPM package of the same name.</description>
      <reference>Galarneua, E. Security Considerations with Squid proxy server. Tech. rep., Apr 2003</reference>
      <reference>Wessels, D. Squid: The Deﬁnitive Guide. O’Reilly and Associates, Jan 2004</reference>
      <Group id="group-3.19.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable Squid if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If Squid was installed and activated, but the system does not
          need to act as a proxy server, then it should be disabled and removed: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig squid off <xhtml:br/>
          # yum erase squid</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.19.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="low">
          <title>Disable Squid if Possible</title>
          <description>The squid service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4556-7</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20341" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.19.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall Squid if Possible</title>
          <description>The squid package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4076-6</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20342" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.19.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure Squid if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The Squid configuration file is /etc/squid/squid.conf. The
          following recommendations can be applied to this file. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          Note: If a particular tag is not
          present in the configuration file, Squid falls back to the default setting (which is often
          illustrated by a comment).</description>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Listen on Uncommon Port</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default listening port for the Squid service is 3128. As
            such, it is frequently scanned by adversaries looking for proxy servers. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Select an
            arbitrary (but uncommon) high port to use as the Squid listening port and make the
            corresponding change to the configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            http_port port <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Run the following command
            to add a new SELinux port mapping for the service: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:code># semanage port -a -t http_cache_port_t -p tcp port</xhtml:code></description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.2" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Verify Default Secure Settings</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Several security-enhancing settings in the Squid configuration
            file are enabled by default, but appear as comments in the configuration file (as
            mentioned in Section 3.19.2). In these instances, the explicit directive is not present,
            which means it is implicitly enabled. If you are operating with a default configuration
            file, this section can be ignored. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Ensure that the following security settings are NOT
            explicitly changed from their default values: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ftp_passive on <xhtml:br/>
            ftp_sanitycheck on<xhtml:br/>
            check_hostnames on <xhtml:br/>
            request_header_max_size 20 KB <xhtml:br/>
            reply_header_max_size 20 KB<xhtml:br/>
            cache_effective_user squid <xhtml:br/>
            cache_effective_group squid <xhtml:br/>
            ignore_unknown_nameservers on <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ftp_passive forces FTP passive connections. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ftp_sanitycheck performs additional sanity checks on FTP data connections. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            check_hostnames ensures that hostnames meet RFC compliance. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            request_header_max_size and reply_header_max_size place an upper limit on
            HTTP header length, precautions against denial-of-service and buffer overflow
            vulnerabilities. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            cache_effective_user and cache_effective_group designate the EUID and
            EGID of Squid following initialization (it is essential that the EUID/EGID be set to an
            unprivileged sandbox account). <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            ignore_unknown_nameservers checks to make sure that DNS
            responses come from the same IP the request was sent to.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.2.d" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>request_header_max_size</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Place an upper limit on HTTP request header length, precautions against denial-of-service and buffer overflow vulnerabilities.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify an upper limit on HTTP request header length</question>
            <value>20kb</value>
            <value selector="20kb">20kb</value>
            <match>^[\d][KMGkmg]?[Bb]?$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.2.e" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>reply_header_max_size</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Place an upper limit on HTTP reply header length, precautions against denial-of-service and buffer overflow vulnerabilities.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Specify an upper limit on HTTP reply header length</question>
            <value>20kb</value>
            <value selector="20kb">20kb</value>
            <match>^[\d][KMGkmg]?[Bb]?$</match>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.2.f" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>cache_effective_user</title>
      	    <description xml:lang="en">Designate the EUID of Squid following initialization (it is essential that the EUID be set to an unprivileged sandbox account)..</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Designate the EUID of Squid following initialization</question>
            <value>squid</value>
            <value selector="squid">squid</value>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.2.g" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>cache_effective_group</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">Designate the EGID of Squid following initialization (it is essential that the EGID be set to an unprivileged sandbox account)..</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Designate the EGID of Squid following initialization</question>
            <value>squid</value>
            <value selector="squid">squid</value>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify ftp_passive setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to force FTP passive connections should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4454-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20343" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify ftp_sanitycheck setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to perform FTP sanity checks should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4459-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20344" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify check_hostnames stting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to check for RFC compliant hostnames should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4503-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20345" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify request_header_max_size setting</title>
            <description>The Squid max request HTTP header length should be set to an appropriate value</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4353-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.2.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20346" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20346" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify reply_header_max_size setting</title>
            <description>The Squid max reply HTTP header length should be set to an appropriate value</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4419-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.2.e" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20347" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20347" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify cache_effective_user setting</title>
            <description>The Squid EUID should be set to an appropriate user</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3692-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.2.f" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20348" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20348" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.g" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify cache_effective_group setting</title>
            <description>The Squid GUID should be set to an appropriate group</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4476-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.2.g" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20349" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20349" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.2.h" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Verify ignore_unknown_nameservers setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to ignore unknown nameservers should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3585-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20350" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.3" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Change Default Insecure Settings</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default configuration settings for the following tags are
            considered to be weak security and NOT recommended. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Add or modify the configuration file to include the following lines: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            allow_underscore off <xhtml:br/>
            httpd_suppress_version_string on<xhtml:br/>
            forwarded_for off <xhtml:br/>
            log_mime_hdrs on <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            allow_underscore enforces RFC 1034 compliance on
            hostnames by disallowing the use of underscores. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            httpd_suppress_version string prevents
            Squid from revealing version information in web headers and error pages. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            forwarded_for
            reveals proxy client IP addresses in HTTP headers and should be disabled to prevent the
            leakage of internal network configuration details. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            log_mime_hdrs enables logging of HTTP
            response/request headers.</description>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.3.a" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>allow_underscore</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">allow_underscore enforces RFC 1034 compliance on hostnames by disallowing the use of underscores.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable enforcing RFC 1034 compliance on hostnames</question>
            <value>off</value>
            <value selector="enabled">on</value>
            <value selector="disabled">off</value>
            <match>on|off</match>
            <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>on</choice>
                <choice>off</choice>
            </choices>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.3.b" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>httpd_suppress_version</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">httpd_suppress_version string prevents Squid from revealing version information in web headers and error pages.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable preventing squid from revealing version information in web headers and error pages</question>
            <value>on</value>
            <value selector="enabled">on</value>
            <value selector="disabled">off</value>
            <match>on|off</match>
            <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>on</choice>
                <choice>off</choice>
            </choices>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.3.c" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>forwarded_for</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">forwarded_for reveals proxy client IP addresses in HTTP headers and should be disabled to prevent the leakage of internal network configuration details. </description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable revealing proxy client IP addresses in HTTP headers</question>
            <value>off</value>
            <value selector="enabled">on</value>
            <value selector="disabled">off</value>
            <match>on|off</match>
            <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>on</choice>
                <choice>off</choice>
            </choices>
          </Value>
          <Value id="var-3.19.2.3.d" type="string" operator="equals">
            <title>log_mime_hdrs</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">log_mime_hdrs enables logging of HTTP response/request headers.</description>
            <question xml:lang="en">Enable/Disable logging of HTTP response/request headers</question>
            <value>on</value>
            <value selector="enabled">on</value>
            <value selector="disabled">off</value>
            <match>on|off</match>
            <choices mustMatch="1">
                <choice>on</choice>
                <choice>off</choice>
            </choices>
          </Value>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.3.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Check allow_underscore setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to allow underscores in hostnames should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4344-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.3.a" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20351" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20351" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.3.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Check httpd_suppress_version setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to suppress the httpd version string should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4494-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.3.b" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20352" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20352" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.3.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Check forwarded_for setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to show proxy client IP addresses in HTTP headers should be disabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4181-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.3.c" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20353" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20353" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.3.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Check log_mime_hdrs setting</title>
            <description>The Squid option to log HTTP MIME headers should be enabled</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4577-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-export value-id="var-3.19.2.3.d" export-name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:var:20354" />
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20354" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.4" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Authentication if Applicable</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Note: Authentication cannot be used in the case of transparent
            proxies due to limitations of the TCP/IP protocol. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Similar to web servers, two of the
            available options are Basic and Digest authentication. The other options are NTLM and
            Negotiate authentication. As noted in Section 3.16.3.5, Basic authentication transmits
            passwords in plain-text and is susceptible to passive monitoring. If network sniffing is
            a concern, basic authentication should not be used. Negotiate is the newest and most
            secure protocol. It attempts to use Kerberos authentication and falls back to NTLM if it
            cannot. It should be noted that Kerberos requires a third-party Key Distribution Center
            (KDC) to function properly, whereas the other methods of authentication are two-party
            schemes. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Squid also offers the ability to choose a custom external authenticator.
            Designating an external authenticator (also known as a 'helper' module) allows Squid to
            offer pluggable third-party authentication schemes. LDAP is one example of a helper
            module that exists and is in use today. <xhtml:br/>
            There are comments under the auth_param tag
            inside /etc/squid/squid.conf that provide extensive detail on how to configure each of
            these methods. If authentication is necessary, choose a method of authentication and
            configure appropriately. The recommended minimum configurations illustrated for each
            method are acceptable. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To force an ACL (as discussed in Section 3.19.2.5) to require
            authentication, use the following directive: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            acl name-of-ACL proxy_auth REQUIRED <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Note:
            The keyword REQUIRED can be replaced with a user or list of users to further restrict
            access to a smaller subset of users.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.5" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Access Control Lists (ACL)</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The acl and http access tags are used in combination to allow filtering based on a series of
            access control lists. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Squid has a list of default ACLs for localhost, SSL ports, and
            'safe' ports. Following the definition of these ACLs, a series of http access directives
            establish the following default filtering policy: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>Allow cachemgr access only from localhost </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Allow access to only ports in the 'safe' access control list</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Limit CONNECT method to SSL ports only</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Allow access from localhost</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Deny all other requests</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The
            default ACL policies are reasonable from a security standpoint. However, the number of
            ports listed as 'safe' could be significantly trimmed depending on the needs of your
            network. Out of the box, ports 21, 70, 80, 210, 280, 443, 488, 591, 777, and 1025
            through 65535 are all considered safe. Some of these ports are associated with
            deprecated or rarely used protocols. As such, this list could be trimmed to further
            tighten filtering. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The following actions should be taken to tighten the ACL policies: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ol>
              <xhtml:li>There is a filter line in the configuration file that is recommended but commented out.
                This line should be uncommented or added to prevent access to localhost from the proxy:<xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                http access deny to_localhost </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>An access list should be setup for the specific network
                or networks that the proxy is intended to serve. Only this subset of IP addresses should
                be allowed access. <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Add these lines where the following comment appears: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                # INSERT YOUR OWN RULE(S) HERE TO ALLOW ACCESS FROM YOUR CLIENTS <xhtml:br/>
                acl your-network-acl-name src ip-range <xhtml:br/>
                http_access allow your-network-acl-name <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Note: ip-range is of the format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Ensure that the final http access line to appear in the document
                is the following: <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                http_access deny all <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                This guarantees that all traffic not meeting an
                explicit filtering rule is denied. <xhtml:br/>
                <xhtml:br/>
                Further filters should be established to meet the
                specific needs of a network, explicitly allowing access only where necessary.</xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>Consult
                the chart below. Corresponding acl entries for unused protocols should be commented out
                and thus denied. </xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ol><xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:table>
              <xhtml:thead>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>Port</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Service</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Summary</xhtml:td><xhtml:td>Recommendation</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
              </xhtml:thead>
              <xhtml:tbody>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>21</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>ftp</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
                    is a widely used file transfer protocol. </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>ALLOW</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>70</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>gopher</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>The gopher protocol is a
                    deprecated search and retrieval protocol that is almost extinct, with as few as 100
                    gopher servers present worldwide. Support for gopher is disabled in most modern
                    browsers. </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>80</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>http</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>A web proxy needs to allow access to HTTP traffic.  </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>ALLOW</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>210</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>wais</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>The Wide Area Information Server port is similar to gopher, serving as a text searching
                    system to scour indexes on remote machines. Today, it is deprecated and nearly
                    non-existent on the Internet.  </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                    <xhtml:td>280</xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>http-mgmt</xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>No documentation of any kind could be
                      found on the obscure service that resides on this port. </xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                  </xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:tr>
                    <xhtml:td>443</xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>https</xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>SSL traffic is
                      likely (and recommended) for any proxy and should be allowed. </xhtml:td>
                    <xhtml:td>ALLOW</xhtml:td>
                  </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>488</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>gss-http</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>No
                    documentation of any kind could be found on the obscure service that resides on this
                    port. </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>591</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>filemaker</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>Filemaker is a database application originally offered by Apple
                    in the 1980s. Although development continues and it remains in use today, it should be
                    disabled if your network does not require such traffic. </xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>777</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>multiling http</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>No documentation of any kind could be found on
                    the obscure service that resides on this port</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>DENY</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
                <xhtml:tr>
                  <xhtml:td>1025-65535</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>unregistered ports http</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>unregistered
                    ports Random high ports are used by a variety of applications and should be allowed.</xhtml:td>
                  <xhtml:td>ALLOW</xhtml:td>
                </xhtml:tr>
              </xhtml:tbody>
            </xhtml:table></description>
          <warning xml:lang="en">Be very careful with the order of access control tags. Access
            control is handled top-down. The first rule that matches is the only rule adhered to.
            The last rule on the list defines the default behavior in the case of no rule match. </warning>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.a" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict gss-http traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow gss-http traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4511-2</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20355" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict https traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow https traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4529-4</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20356" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.c" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict wais traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow wais traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3610-3</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20357" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.d" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict multiling http traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow multiling http traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4466-9</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20358" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.e" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict http traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow http traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4607-8</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20359" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.f" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict ftp traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow ftp traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4255-6</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20360" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.g" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict gopher traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow gopher traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4127-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20361" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.h" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict filemaker traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow filemaker traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4519-5</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20362" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.i" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict proxy access to localhost </title>
            <description>Squid proxy access to localhost should be denied</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4413-1</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20363" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
          <Rule id="rule-3.19.2.5.j" selected="false" weight="10.0">
            <title>Restrict http-mgmt traffic</title>
            <description>Squid should be configured to not allow http-mgmt traffic</description>
            <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4373-7</ident>
            <fixtext>(1) via /etc/squid/squid.conf</fixtext>
            <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
              <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20364" />
            </check>
          </Rule>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.6" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure Internet Cache Protocol (ICP) if Necessary</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The ICP protocol is a cache communication protocol that allows
            multiple Squid servers to communicate. The ICP protocol was designed with no security in
            mind, relying on user-defined access control lists alone to determine which ICP messages
            to allow. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If a Squid server is standalone, the ICP port should be disabled by adding or
            correcting the following line in the configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            icp_port 0 <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            If the Squid server
            is meant to speak with peers, strict ACLs should be established to only allow ICP
            traffic from trusted neighbors. To accomplish this, add or correct the following lines:<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            icp_access allow acl-defining-trusted-neighbors <xhtml:br/>
            icp_access deny all</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.7" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Configure iptables to Allow Access to the Proxy Server</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Determine an appropriate network block, netwk , and network
            mask, mask , representing the machines on your network which should operate as clients
            of the proxy server. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Edit /etc/sysconfig/iptables. Add the following line, ensuring that
            it appears before the final LOG and DROP lines for the RH-Firewall-1-INPUT chain: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s netwk /mask -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport port -j ACCEPT<xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            For port , use either the default 3128 or the alternate port was selected in Section
            3.19.2.1. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            The default Iptables configuration does not allow inbound access to the Squid
            proxy service. This modification allows that access, while keeping other ports on the
            server in their default protected state. See Section 2.5.5 for more information about
            Iptables.</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.8" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Forward Log Messages to Syslog Daemon</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The default behavior of Squid is to record its log messages in
            /var/log/squid.log. This behavior can be supplemented so that Squid also sends messages
            to syslog as well. This is useful for centralizing log data, particularly in instances
            where multiple Squid servers are present. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            Squid provides a command line argument to
            enable syslog forwarding. Modify the SQUID OPTS line in /etc/init.d/squid to include the
            -s option: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            SQUID_OPTS="${SQUID_OPTS:-"-D"} -s"</description>
        </Group>
        <Group id="group-3.19.2.9" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Do Not Run as Root</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            Since Squid is loaded by the system's service utility, it
            starts as root and then changes its effective UID to the UID specified by the cache
            effective user directive. However, since it was still executed by root, the program
            maintains a saved UID of root even after changing its effective UID. <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            To prevent this
            undesired behavior, Squid must either be configured to run in a chroot environment or it
            must be executed by a non-privileged user in non-daemon mode (the service utility must
            not be used).</description>
          <Group id="group-3.19.2.9.1" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Run Squid in a chroot Jail</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">
              Chrooting Squid can be a very complicated task. Documentation
              for the process is vague and a great deal of trial and error may be required to
              determine all the files that need to be transitioned over to the chroot environment.
              Therefore, this guide recommends instead the method detailed in Section 3.19.2.9.2 to
              lower privileges. If chrooting Squid is still desired, it can be enabled with the
              following directive in the configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              chroot chroot-path <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Then, all the
              necessary files used by Squid must be copied into the chroot-path directory. The
              specifics of this step cannot be covered in this guide because they are highly
              dependent on the external programs used in the Squid configuration. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Note: The strace
              utility is a valuable resource for discovering the files needed for the chroot
              environment.</description>
          </Group>
          <Group id="group-3.19.2.9.2" hidden="false">
            <title xml:lang="en">Modify Service Entry to Lower Privileges</title>
            <description xml:lang="en">T
              he following modification to /etc/init.d/squid forces the
              service utility to execute Squid as the squid user instead of the root user: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              # determine the name of the squid binary <xhtml:br/>
              [ -f /usr/sbin/squid ] &amp;&amp; SQUID="sudo -u squid squid" <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Making this change prevents Squid from writing its pid to
              /var/run. This pid file is used by service to check to see if the program started
              successfully. Therefore, a new location must be chosen for this pid file that the
              squid user has access to, and the corresponding references in /etc/init.d/squid must
              be altered to point to it. <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Make the following modification to the Squid configuration file: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              pid_filename /var/spool/squid/squid.pid <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Edit the file /etc/init.d/squid by
              changing all occurrences of /var/run/squid.pid to /var/spool/squid/ squid.pid <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              Also modify the following line in /etc/init.d/squid: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; touch /var/lock/subsys/squid <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              and add the following lines immediately after it: <xhtml:br/>
              <xhtml:br/>
              rm -f /var/lock/subsys/squid <xhtml:br/>
              status squid</description>
          </Group>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group id="group-3.20" hidden="false">
      <title xml:lang="en">SNMP Server</title>
      <description xml:lang="en">
        The Simple Network Management Protocol allows administrators to
        monitor the state of network devices, including computers. Older versions of SNMP were
        well-known for weak security, such as plaintext transmission of the community string (used
        for authentication) and also usage of easily-guessable choices for community string.</description>
      <Group id="group-3.20.1" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Disable SNMP Server if Possible</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          The system includes an SNMP daemon that allows for its remote
          monitoring, though it not installed by default. If it was installed and activated, it is
          important that the software be disabled and removed. <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          If there is not a mission-critical
          need for hosts at this site to be remotely monitored by a SNMP tool, then disable and
          remove SNMP as follows: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:code># chkconfig snmpd off <xhtml:br/>
          # yum erase net-snmpd</xhtml:code></description>
        <Rule id="rule-3.20.1.a" selected="false" weight="10.0" severity="medium">
          <title>Disable snmpd if Possible</title>
          <description>The snmpd service should be disabled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-3765-5</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via chkconfig</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20365" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
        <Rule id="rule-3.20.1.b" selected="false" weight="10.0">
          <title>Uninstall net-snmp if Possible</title>
          <description>The net-snmp package should be uninstalled.</description>
          <ident system="http://cce.mitre.org">CCE-4404-0</ident>
          <fixtext>(1) via yum</fixtext>
          <check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5">
            <check-content-ref href="scap-fedora14-oval.xml" name="oval:org.open-scap.f14:def:20366" />
          </check>
        </Rule>
      </Group>
      <Group id="group-3.20.2" hidden="false">
        <title xml:lang="en">Configure SNMP Server if Necessary</title>
        <description xml:lang="en">
          If it is necessary to run the snmpd agent on the system, some
          best practices should be followed to minimize the security risk from the installation. The
          multiple security models implemented by SNMP cannot be fully covered here so only the
          following general configuration advice can be offered: <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:br/>
          <xhtml:ul>
            <xhtml:li>use only SNMP version 3 security
              models and enable the use of authentication and encryption for those </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>write access to the
              MIB (Management Information Base) should be allowed only if necessary </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>all access to the
              MIB should be restricted following a principle of least privilege </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>network access should
              be limited to the maximum extent possible including restricting to expected network
              addresses both in the configuration files and in the system firewall rules </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>ensure SNMP
              agents send traps only to, and accept SNMP queries only from, authorized management
              stations </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>ensure that permissions on the snmpd.conf configuration file (by default, in
              /etc/snmp) are 640 or more restrictive </xhtml:li>
            <xhtml:li>ensure that any MIB files' permissions are also
              640 or more restrictive</xhtml:li>
          </xhtml:ul></description>
        <Group id="group-3.20.2.1" hidden="false">
          <title xml:lang="en">Further Resources</title>
          <description xml:lang="en">
            The following resources provide more detailed information about the SNMP software: <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:br/>
            <xhtml:ul>
              <xhtml:li>The CERT SNMP Vulnerabilities FAQ at http://www.cert.org/tech
                tips/snmp faq.html </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The Net-SNMP project web page at http://net-snmp.sourceforge.net </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>The snmp config(5) man page </xhtml:li>
              <xhtml:li>the snmpd.conf(5) man page</xhtml:li>
            </xhtml:ul>
            </description>
        </Group>
      </Group>
    </Group>
  </Group>
</Benchmark>

