MAKEFS(8)

NAME
makefs - create a file system image from a directory tree

SYNOPSIS
makefs [-x] [-B byte-order] [-b free-blocks] [-d debug-mask] [-F specfile] [-f free-files] [-M minimum-size] [-m maximum-size] [-N userdb-dir] [-o fs-options] [-S sector-size] [-s image-size] [-t fs-type] image-file directory

DESCRIPTION
The utility makefs creates a file system image into image-file from the directory tree directory. No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.

The options are as follows:

-B byte-order
    Set the byte order of the image to byte-order. Valid byte orders are ‘4321’, ‘big’, or ‘be’ for big endian, and ‘1234’, ‘little’, or ‘le’ for little endian. Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this argument will be ignored.

-b free-blocks
    Ensure that a minimum of free-blocks free blocks exist in the image. An optional ‘%’ suffix may be provided to indicate that free-blocks indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.

-d debug-mask
    Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are set in debug-mask. XXX: document these

-F specfile
    Use specfile as an mtree(8) ‘specfile’ specification.

    If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically overridden by the specfile. An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile conflicts with that of an existing entry.

    In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry in the underlying file system) the following occurs: If the specfile entry is marked optional, the specfile entry is ignored. Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the specfile: type, mode, gname, or gid, and uname or uid, device (in the case of block or character devices), and link (in the case of symbolic links). If time isn't provided, the current time will be used. If flags isn't provided, the current file flags will be used. Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files.

-f free-files
    Ensure that a minimum of free-files free files (inodes) exist in the image. An optional ‘%’ suffix may be provided to indicate that free-files indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.

-M minimum-size
    Set the minimum size of the file system image to minimum-size.

-m maximum-size
    Set the maximum size of the file system image to maximum-size. An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.

-N dbdir
    Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database text file group from dbdir, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.

-o fs-options
    Set file system specific options. fs-options is a comma separated list of options. Valid file system specific options are detailed below.

-S sector-size
    Set the file system sector size to sector-size. Defaults to 512.

-s image-size
    Set the size of the file system image to image-size.

-t fs-type
    Create an fs-type file system image. The following file system types are supported:

    ffs BSD fast file system (default).

    cd9660
        ISO 9660 file system.

-x  Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.

Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected. Two or more numbers may be separated by an “x” to indicate a product. Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
b   Block; multiply by 512
k   Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
m   Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
g   Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
t   Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
w   Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer

  FFS-specific options
ffs images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided. Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign (‘=’), and a value. The following keywords are supported:

avgfilesize
    Expected average file size.
avgfpdir
    Expected number of files per directory.
bsize
    Block size.
density
    Bytes per inode.
fsize
    Fragment size.
maxbpg
    Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
minfree
    Minimum % free.
optimization
    Optimization preference; one of ‘space’ or ‘time’.
extent
    Maximum extent size.
maxbpcg
    Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
version
    UFS version. 1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.

  CD9660-specific options
cd9660 images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be provided. The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign (‘=’), and a value. The following keywords are supported:

allow-deep-trees
    Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in the spec.
allow-max-name
    Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the version id.
allow-multidot
    Allow multiple dots in a filename.
applicationid
    Application ID of the image.
archimedes
    Use the ‘ARCHIMEDES’ extension to encode RISC OS metadata.
boot-info-table
    Write a legacy 56-byte table at offset 8 into the boot image (see below).
boot-load-segment
    Set load segment for the boot image.
bootimage
    Filename of a boot image in the format “sysid;filename”, where “sysid” is one of ‘i386’, ‘mac68k’, ‘macppc’, or ‘powerpc’.
creation-date
    Override PVD creation date.
effective-date
    Override PVD effective date.
expiration-date
    Override PVD expiration date.
generic-bootimage
    Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
hard-disk-boot
    Boot image is a hard disk image.
hide-rr-moved
    Assign the RR_MOVED directory a rock ridge name of the empty string instead of the default .rr_moved.
keep-bad-images
    Don't throw away images whose write was aborted due to an error. For debugging purposes.
label
    Label name of the image.
modification-date
    Override PVD modification date.
no-boot
    Boot image is not bootable.
no-emul-boot
    Boot image is a “no emulation” ElTorito image.
no-trailing-padding
    Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
omit-trailing-period
    Violate the standard, do not append a trailing period to filenames without an extension.
preparer
    Preparer ID of the image.
publisher
    Publisher ID of the image.
rockridge
    Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
rr-squash
    Force uid 0, gid 0, and rationalised permission bits for RockRidge entries.
volumeid
    Volume set identifier of the image.

The boot-info-table currently consists of the following fields (all 7.3.1 numbers), offsets relative to the boot image:
0   8 bytes: kept as is, not part of checksum
8   LBA of PVD
12  LBA of boot image
16  Size in bytes of boot image
20  32-bit additive sum of all 32-bit words of boot image
24  40 reserved bytes (MBZ)
64  Begin of checksummed data, kept as is

Dates (to override) are in 8.4.26.1 format (YYYYmmddHHMMSS00) and Universal Time, i.e. with zero offset from Greenwich Mean Time.

SEE ALSO
strsuftoll(3), installboot(8), mtree(8), newfs(8)

HISTORY
The makefs utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6.

Support for overriding PVD dates and the boot info table was added in

AUTHORS
Luke Mewburn <lukem@NetBSD.org> (original program) Daniel Watt, Walter Deignan, Ryan Gabrys, Alan Perez-Rathke, Ram Vedam (cd9660 support) Thorsten Glaser <tg@mirbsd.org>

CAVEATS
makefs may be limited to images less than 2 GiB in size due to internal use of the long type.