{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module      :  Data.PriorityQueue.FingerTree
-- Copyright   :  (c) Ross Paterson 2008
-- License     :  BSD-style
-- Maintainer  :  ross@soi.city.ac.uk
-- Stability   :  experimental
-- Portability :  non-portable (MPTCs and functional dependencies)
--
-- Interval maps implemented using the 'FingerTree' type, following
-- section 4.8 of
--
--    * Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson,
--      \"Finger trees: a simple general-purpose data structure\",
--      /Journal of Functional Programming/ 16:2 (2006) pp 197-217.
--      <http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/FingerTree.html>
--
-- An amortized running time is given for each operation, with /n/
-- referring to the size of the priority queue.  These bounds hold even
-- in a persistent (shared) setting.
--
-- /Note/: Many of these operations have the same names as similar
-- operations on lists in the "Prelude".  The ambiguity may be resolved
-- using either qualification or the @hiding@ clause.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

module Data.IntervalMap.FingerTree (
	-- * Intervals
	Interval(..), point,
	-- * Interval maps
	IntervalMap, empty, singleton, insert, union,
	-- * Searching
	search, intersections, dominators
	) where

import qualified Data.FingerTree as FT
import Data.FingerTree (FingerTree, Measured(..), ViewL(..), (<|), (><))

import Control.Applicative ((<$>))
import Data.Traversable (Traversable(traverse))
import Data.Foldable (Foldable(foldMap))
import Data.Monoid

----------------------------------
-- 4.8 Application: interval trees
----------------------------------

-- | A closed interval.  The lower bound should be less than or equal
-- to the higher bound.
data Interval v = Interval { low :: v, high :: v }
	deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

-- | An interval in which the lower and upper bounds are equal.
point :: v -> Interval v
point v = Interval v v

data Node v a = Node (Interval v) a

instance Functor (Node v) where
	fmap f (Node i x) = Node i (f x)

instance Foldable (Node v) where
	foldMap f (Node _ x) = f x

instance Traversable (Node v) where
	traverse f (Node i x) = Node i <$> f x

-- rightmost interval (including largest lower bound) and largest upper bound.
data IntInterval v = NoInterval | IntInterval (Interval v) v

instance Ord v => Monoid (IntInterval v) where
	mempty = NoInterval
	NoInterval `mappend` i	= i
	i `mappend` NoInterval	= i
	IntInterval _ hi1 `mappend` IntInterval int2 hi2 =
		IntInterval int2 (max hi1 hi2)

instance (Ord v) => Measured (IntInterval v) (Node v a) where
	measure (Node i _) = IntInterval i (high i)

-- | Map of closed intervals, possibly with duplicates.
-- The 'Foldable' and 'Traversable' instances process the intervals in
-- lexicographical order.
newtype IntervalMap v a =
	IntervalMap (FingerTree (IntInterval v) (Node v a))
-- ordered lexicographically by interval

instance Functor (IntervalMap v) where
	fmap f (IntervalMap t) = IntervalMap (FT.unsafeFmap (fmap f) t)

instance Foldable (IntervalMap v) where
	foldMap f (IntervalMap t) = foldMap (foldMap f) t

instance Traversable (IntervalMap v) where
	traverse f (IntervalMap t) =
		IntervalMap <$> FT.unsafeTraverse (traverse f) t

-- | 'empty' and 'union'.
instance (Ord v) => Monoid (IntervalMap v a) where
	mempty = empty
	mappend = union

-- | /O(1)/.  The empty interval map.
empty :: (Ord v) => IntervalMap v a
empty = IntervalMap FT.empty

-- | /O(1)/.  Interval map with a single entry.
singleton :: (Ord v) => Interval v -> a -> IntervalMap v a
singleton i x = IntervalMap (FT.singleton (Node i x))

-- | /O(log n)/.  Insert an interval into a map.
-- The map may contain duplicate intervals; the new entry will be inserted
-- before any existing entries for the same interval.
insert :: (Ord v) => Interval v -> a -> IntervalMap v a -> IntervalMap v a
insert (Interval lo hi) x m | lo > hi = m
insert i x (IntervalMap t) = IntervalMap (l >< Node i x <| r)
  where (l, r) = FT.split larger t
	larger (IntInterval k _) = k >= i

-- | /O(m log (n/\//m))/.  Merge two interval maps.
-- The map may contain duplicate intervals; entries with equal intervals
-- are kept in the original order.
union  ::  (Ord v) => IntervalMap v a -> IntervalMap v a -> IntervalMap v a
union (IntervalMap xs) (IntervalMap ys) = IntervalMap (merge1 xs ys)
  where merge1 as bs = case FT.viewl as of
		EmptyL			-> bs
		a@(Node i _) :< as'	-> l >< a <| merge2 as' r
		  where (l, r) = FT.split larger bs
			larger (IntInterval k _) = k >= i
	merge2 as bs = case FT.viewl bs of
		EmptyL			-> as
		b@(Node i _) :< bs'	-> l >< b <| merge1 r bs'
		  where (l, r) = FT.split larger as
			larger (IntInterval k _) = k > i

-- | /O(k log (n/\//k))/.  All intervals that intersect with the given
-- interval, in lexicographical order.
intersections :: (Ord v) => Interval v -> IntervalMap v a -> [(Interval v, a)]
intersections i = inRange (low i) (high i)

-- | /O(k log (n/\//k))/.  All intervals that contain the given interval,
-- in lexicographical order.
dominators :: (Ord v) => Interval v -> IntervalMap v a -> [(Interval v, a)]
dominators i = inRange (high i) (low i)

-- | /O(k log (n/\//k))/.  All intervals that contain the given point,
-- in lexicographical order.
search :: (Ord v) => v -> IntervalMap v a -> [(Interval v, a)]
search p = inRange p p

-- | /O(k log (n/\//k))/.  All intervals that intersect with the given
-- interval, in lexicographical order.
inRange :: (Ord v) => v -> v -> IntervalMap v a -> [(Interval v, a)]
inRange lo hi (IntervalMap t) = matches (FT.takeUntil (greater hi) t)
  where matches xs  =  case FT.viewl (FT.dropUntil (atleast lo) xs) of
		EmptyL    ->  []
		Node i x :< xs'  ->  (i, x) : matches xs'

atleast :: (Ord v) => v -> IntInterval v -> Bool
atleast k (IntInterval _ hi) = k <= hi

greater :: (Ord v) => v -> IntInterval v -> Bool
greater k (IntInterval i _) = low i > k

mkMap :: (Ord v) => [(v, v, a)] -> IntervalMap v a
mkMap = foldr ins empty
  where ins (lo, hi, n) = insert (Interval lo hi) n

composers :: IntervalMap Int String
composers = mkMap [
	(1685, 1750, "Bach"),
	(1685, 1759, "Handel"),
	(1732, 1809, "Haydn"),
	(1756, 1791, "Mozart"),
	(1770, 1827, "Beethoven"),
	(1782, 1840, "Paganini"),
	(1797, 1828, "Schubert"),
	(1803, 1869, "Berlioz"),
	(1810, 1849, "Chopin"),
	(1833, 1897, "Brahms"),
	(1838, 1875, "Bizet")]

mathematicians :: IntervalMap Int String
mathematicians = mkMap [
	(1642, 1727, "Newton"),
	(1646, 1716, "Leibniz"),
	(1707, 1783, "Euler"),
	(1736, 1813, "Lagrange"),
	(1777, 1855, "Gauss"),
	(1811, 1831, "Galois")]
