# -*- test-case-name: twext.enterprise.test.test_adbapi2 -*-
##
# Copyright (c) 2010-2014 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
##

"""
Asynchronous multi-process connection pool.

This is similar to L{twisted.enterprise.adbapi}, but can hold a transaction
(and thereby a thread) open across multiple asynchronous operations, rather
than forcing the transaction to be completed entirely in a thread and/or
entirely in a single SQL statement.

Also, this module includes an AMP protocol for multiplexing connections through
a single choke-point host.  This is not currently in use, however, as AMP needs
some optimization before it can be low-impact enough for this to be an
improvement.
"""

import sys
import weakref

from cStringIO import StringIO
from cPickle import dumps, loads
from itertools import count

from zope.interface import implements

from twisted.internet.defer import inlineCallbacks
from twisted.internet.defer import returnValue
from twisted.internet.defer import DeferredList
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
from twisted.protocols.amp import Boolean
from twisted.python.failure import Failure
from twisted.protocols.amp import Argument, String, Command, AMP, Integer
from twisted.internet import reactor as _reactor
from twisted.application.service import Service
from twisted.python import log
from twisted.internet.defer import maybeDeferred
from twisted.python.components import proxyForInterface

from twext.internet.threadutils import ThreadHolder
from twisted.internet.defer import succeed

from twext.enterprise.ienterprise import ConnectionError
from twext.enterprise.ienterprise import IDerivedParameter

from twisted.internet.defer import fail

from twext.enterprise.ienterprise import (
    AlreadyFinishedError, IAsyncTransaction, POSTGRES_DIALECT, ICommandBlock
)


# FIXME: there should be no defaults for connection metadata, it should be
# discovered dynamically everywhere.  Right now it's specified as an explicit
# argument to the ConnectionPool but it should probably be determined
# automatically from the database binding.

DEFAULT_PARAM_STYLE = 'pyformat'
DEFAULT_DIALECT = POSTGRES_DIALECT


def _forward(thunk):
    """
    Forward an attribute to the connection pool.
    """
    @property
    def getter(self):
        return getattr(self._pool, thunk.func_name)
    return getter



def _destructively(aList):
    """
    Destructively iterate a list, popping elements from the beginning.
    """
    while aList:
        yield aList.pop(0)



def _deriveParameters(cursor, args):
    """
    Some DB-API extensions need to call special extension methods on
    the cursor itself before executing.

    @param cursor: The DB-API cursor object to derive parameters from.

    @param args: the parameters being specified to C{execSQL}.  This list will
        be modified to present parameters suitable to pass to the C{cursor}'s
        C{execute} method.

    @return: a list of L{IDerivedParameter} providers which had C{preQuery}
        executed on them, so that after the query they may have C{postQuery}
        executed.  This may also be C{None} if no parameters were derived.

    @see: {IDerivedParameter}
    """
    # TODO: have the underlying connection report whether it has any
    # IDerivedParameters that it knows about, so we can skip even inspecting
    # the arguments if none of them could possibly provide
    # IDerivedParameter.
    derived = None
    for n, arg in enumerate(args):
        if IDerivedParameter.providedBy(arg):
            if derived is None:
                # Be as sparing as possible with extra allocations, as this
                # usually isn't needed, and we're doing a ton of extra work to
                # support it.
                derived = []
            derived.append(arg)
            args[n] = arg.preQuery(cursor)
    return derived



def _deriveQueryEnded(cursor, derived):
    """
    A query which involved some L{IDerivedParameter}s just ended.  Execute any
    post-query cleanup or tasks that those parameters have to do.

    @param cursor: The DB-API object that derived the query.

    @param derived: The L{IDerivedParameter} providers that were given
        C{preQuery} notifications when the query started.

    @return: C{None}
    """
    for arg in derived:
        arg.postQuery(cursor)



class _ConnectedTxn(object):
    """
    L{IAsyncTransaction} implementation based on a L{ThreadHolder} in the
    current process.
    """
    implements(IAsyncTransaction)

    noisy = False

    def __init__(self, pool, threadHolder, connection, cursor):
        self._pool       = pool
        self._completed  = "idle"
        self._cursor     = cursor
        self._connection = connection
        self._holder     = threadHolder
        self._first      = True


    @_forward
    def paramstyle(self):
        """
        The paramstyle attribute is mirrored from the connection pool.
        """


    @_forward
    def dialect(self):
        """
        The dialect attribute is mirrored from the connection pool.
        """


    def _reallyExecSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None):
        """
        Execute the given SQL on a thread, using a DB-API 2.0 cursor.

        This method is invoked internally on a non-reactor thread, one
        dedicated to and associated with the current cursor.  It executes the
        given SQL, re-connecting first if necessary, re-cycling the old
        connection if necessary, and then, if there are results from the
        statement (as determined by the DB-API 2.0 'description' attribute) it
        will fetch all the rows and return them, leaving them to be relayed to
        L{_ConnectedTxn.execSQL} via the L{ThreadHolder}.

        The rules for possibly reconnecting automatically are: if this is the
        very first statement being executed in this transaction, and an error
        occurs in C{execute}, close the connection and try again.  We will
        ignore any errors from C{close()} (or C{rollback()}) and log them
        during this process.  This is OK because adbapi2 always enforces
        transaction discipline: connections are never in autocommit mode, so if
        the first statement in a transaction fails, nothing can have happened
        to the database; as per the ADBAPI spec, a lost connection is a
        rolled-back transaction.  In the cases where some databases fail to
        enforce transaction atomicity (i.e.  schema manipulations),
        re-executing the same statement will result, at worst, in a spurious
        and harmless error (like "table already exists"), not corruption.

        @param sql: The SQL string to execute.
        @type sql: C{str}

        @param args: The bind parameters to pass to adbapi, if any.
        @type args: C{list} or C{None}

        @param raiseOnZeroRowCount: If specified, an exception to raise when no
            rows are found.

        @return: all the rows that resulted from execution of the given C{sql},
            or C{None}, if the statement is one which does not produce results.
        @rtype: C{list} of C{tuple}, or C{NoneType}

        @raise Exception: this function may raise any exception raised by the
            underlying C{dbapi.connect}, C{cursor.execute},
            L{IDerivedParameter.preQuery}, C{connection.cursor}, or
            C{cursor.fetchall}.

        @raise raiseOnZeroRowCount: if the argument was specified and no rows
            were returned by the executed statement.
        """
        wasFirst = self._first
        # If this is the first time this cursor has been used in this
        # transaction, remember that, but mark it as now used.
        self._first = False
        if args is None:
            args = []
        # Note: as of this writing, derived parameters are only used to support
        # cx_Oracle's "host variable" feature (i.e. cursor.var()), and creating
        # a host variable will never be a connection-oriented error (a
        # disconnected cursor can happily create variables of all types).
        # However, this may need to move into the 'try' below if other database
        # features need to compute database arguments based on runtime state.
        derived = _deriveParameters(self._cursor, args)
        try:
            self._cursor.execute(sql, args)
        except:
            # If execute() raised an exception, and this was the first thing to
            # happen in the transaction, then the connection has probably gone
            # bad in the meanwhile, and we should try again.
            if wasFirst:
                # Report the error before doing anything else, since doing
                # other things may cause the traceback stack to be eliminated
                # if they raise exceptions (even internally).
                log.err(
                    Failure(),
                    "Exception from execute() on first statement in "
                    "transaction.  Possibly caused by a database server "
                    "restart.  Automatically reconnecting now."
                )
                try:
                    self._connection.close()
                except:
                    # close() may raise an exception to alert us of an error as
                    # well.  Right now the only type of error we know about is
                    # "the connection is already closed", which obviously
                    # doesn't need to be handled specially. Unfortunately the
                    # reporting of this type of error is not consistent or
                    # predictable across different databases, or even different
                    # bindings to the same database, so we have to do a
                    # catch-all here.  While I can't imagine another type of
                    # error at the moment, bare 'except:'s are notorious for
                    # making debugging surprising error conditions very
                    # difficult, so let's make sure that the error is logged
                    # just in case.
                    log.err(
                        Failure(),
                        "Exception from close() while automatically "
                        "reconnecting. (Probably not serious.)"
                    )

                # Now, if either of *these* things fail, there's an error here
                # that we cannot workaround or address automatically, so no
                # try:except: for them.
                self._connection = self._pool.connectionFactory()
                self._cursor     = self._connection.cursor()

                # Note that although this method is being invoked recursively,
                # the '_first' flag is re-set at the very top, so we will _not_
                # be re-entering it more than once.
                result = self._reallyExecSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount)
                return result
            else:
                raise
        if derived is not None:
            _deriveQueryEnded(self._cursor, derived)
        if self._cursor.description:
            # see test_raiseOnZeroRowCountWithUnreliableRowCount
            rows = self._cursor.fetchall()
            if not rows:
                if raiseOnZeroRowCount is not None:
                    raise raiseOnZeroRowCount()
            return rows
        else:
            if raiseOnZeroRowCount is not None and self._cursor.rowcount == 0:
                raise raiseOnZeroRowCount()
            return None


    def execSQL(self, *args, **kw):
        result = self._holder.submit(
            lambda: self._reallyExecSQL(*args, **kw)
        )
        if self.noisy:
            def reportResult(results):
                sys.stdout.write("\n".join([
                    "",
                    "SQL: %r %r" % (args, kw),
                    "Results: %r" % (results,),
                    "",
                ]))
                return results
            result.addBoth(reportResult)
        return result


    def _end(self, really):
        """
        Common logic for commit or abort.  Executed in the main reactor thread.

        @param really: the callable to execute in the cursor thread to actually
            do the commit or rollback.

        @return: a L{Deferred} which fires when the database logic has
            completed.

        @raise: L{AlreadyFinishedError} if the transaction has already been
            committed or aborted.
        """
        if not self._completed:
            self._completed = "ended"
            def reallySomething():
                """
                Do the database work and set appropriate flags.  Executed in
                the cursor thread.
                """
                if self._cursor is None or self._first:
                    return
                really()
                self._first = True
            result = self._holder.submit(reallySomething)
            self._pool._repoolAfter(self, result)
            return result
        else:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError(self._completed)


    def commit(self):
        return self._end(self._connection.commit)


    def abort(self):
        return self._end(self._connection.rollback).addErrback(log.err)


    def reset(self):
        """
        Call this when placing this transaction back into the pool.

        @raise RuntimeError: if the transaction has not been committed or
            aborted.
        """
        if not self._completed:
            raise RuntimeError("Attempt to re-set active transaction.")
        self._completed = False


    def _releaseConnection(self):
        """
        Release the thread and database connection associated with this
        transaction.
        """
        self._completed = "released"
        self._stopped   = True
        holder          = self._holder
        self._holder    = None

        def _reallyClose():
            if self._cursor is None:
                return
            self._connection.close()
        holder.submit(_reallyClose)
        return holder.stop()



class _NoTxn(object):
    """
    An L{IAsyncTransaction} that indicates a local failure before we could even
    communicate any statements (or possibly even any connection attempts) to
    the server.
    """
    implements(IAsyncTransaction)

    def __init__(self, pool, reason):
        self.paramstyle = pool.paramstyle
        self.dialect = pool.dialect
        self.reason = reason


    def _everything(self, *a, **kw):
        """
        Everything fails with a L{ConnectionError}.
        """
        return fail(ConnectionError(self.reason))

    execSQL = _everything
    commit  = _everything
    abort   = _everything



class _WaitingTxn(object):
    """
    A L{_WaitingTxn} is an implementation of L{IAsyncTransaction} which cannot
    yet actually execute anything, so it waits and spools SQL requests for
    later execution.  When a L{_ConnectedTxn} becomes available later, it can
    be unspooled onto that.
    """

    implements(IAsyncTransaction)

    def __init__(self, pool):
        """
        Initialize a L{_WaitingTxn} based on a L{ConnectionPool}.  (The C{pool}
        is used only to reflect C{dialect} and C{paramstyle} attributes; not
        remembered or modified in any way.)
        """
        self._spool = []
        self.paramstyle = pool.paramstyle
        self.dialect = pool.dialect


    def _enspool(self, cmd, a=(), kw={}):
        d = Deferred()
        self._spool.append((d, cmd, a, kw))
        return d


    def _iterDestruct(self):
        """
        Iterate the spool list destructively, while popping items from the
        beginning.  This allows code which executes more SQL in the callback of
        a Deferred to not interfere with the originally submitted order of
        commands.
        """
        return _destructively(self._spool)


    def _unspool(self, other):
        """
        Unspool this transaction onto another transaction.

        @param other: another provider of L{IAsyncTransaction} which will
            actually execute the SQL statements we have been buffering.
        """
        for (d, cmd, a, kw) in self._iterDestruct():
            self._relayCommand(other, d, cmd, a, kw)


    def _relayCommand(self, other, d, cmd, a, kw):
        """
        Relay a single command to another transaction.
        """
        maybeDeferred(getattr(other, cmd), *a, **kw).chainDeferred(d)


    def execSQL(self, *a, **kw):
        return self._enspool('execSQL', a, kw)


    def commit(self):
        return self._enspool('commit')


    def abort(self):
        """
        Succeed and do nothing.  The actual logic for this method is mostly
        implemented by L{_SingleTxn._stopWaiting}.
        """
        return succeed(None)



class _HookableOperation(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self._hooks = []


    @inlineCallbacks
    def runHooks(self, ignored=None):
        """
        Callback for C{commit} and C{abort} Deferreds.
        """
        for operation in _destructively(self._hooks):
            yield operation()
        self.clear()
        returnValue(ignored)


    def addHook(self, operation):
        """
        Implement L{IAsyncTransaction.postCommit}.
        """
        if self._hooks is not None:
            self._hooks.append(operation)


    def clear(self):
        """
        Remove all hooks from this operation.  Once this is called, no
        more hooks can be added ever again.
        """
        self._hooks = None



class _CommitAndAbortHooks(object):
    """
    Shared implementation of post-commit and post-abort hooks.
    """
    # FIXME: this functionality needs direct tests, although it's pretty well-
    # covered by txdav's test suite.

    def __init__(self):
        self._preCommit = _HookableOperation()
        self._commit = _HookableOperation()
        self._abort = _HookableOperation()


    def _commitWithHooks(self, doCommit):
        """
        Run pre-hooks, commit, the real DB commit, and then post-hooks.
        """
        pre = self._preCommit.runHooks()
        def ok(ignored):
            self._abort.clear()
            return doCommit().addCallback(self._commit.runHooks)
        def failed(why):
            return self.abort().addCallback(lambda ignored: why)
        return pre.addCallbacks(ok, failed)


    def preCommit(self, operation):
        return self._preCommit.addHook(operation)


    def postCommit(self, operation):
        return self._commit.addHook(operation)


    def postAbort(self, operation):
        return self._abort.addHook(operation)



class _SingleTxn(_CommitAndAbortHooks,
                 proxyForInterface(iface=IAsyncTransaction,
                                   originalAttribute='_baseTxn')):
    """
    A L{_SingleTxn} is a single-use wrapper for the longer-lived
    L{_ConnectedTxn}, so that if a badly-behaved API client accidentally hangs
    on to one of these and, for example C{.abort()}s it multiple times once
    another client is using that connection, it will get some harmless
    tracebacks.

    It's a wrapper around a "real" implementation; either a L{_ConnectedTxn},
    L{_NoTxn}, or L{_WaitingTxn} depending on the availability of real
    underlying datbase connections.

    This is the only L{IAsyncTransaction} implementation exposed to application
    code.

    It's also the only implementor of the C{commandBlock} method for grouping
    commands together.
    """

    def __init__(self, pool, baseTxn):
        super(_SingleTxn, self).__init__()
        self._pool           = pool
        self._baseTxn        = baseTxn
        self._completed      = False
        self._currentBlock   = None
        self._blockedQueue   = None
        self._pendingBlocks  = []
        self._stillExecuting = []


    def __repr__(self):
        """
        Reveal the backend in the string representation.
        """
        return '_SingleTxn(%r)' % (self._baseTxn,)


    def _unspoolOnto(self, baseTxn):
        """
        Replace my C{_baseTxn}, currently a L{_WaitingTxn}, with a new
        implementation of L{IAsyncTransaction} that will actually do the work;
        either a L{_ConnectedTxn} or a L{_NoTxn}.
        """
        spooledBase   = self._baseTxn
        self._baseTxn = baseTxn
        spooledBase._unspool(baseTxn)


    def execSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None):
        return self._execSQLForBlock(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount, None)


    def _execSQLForBlock(self, sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount, block):
        """
        Execute some SQL for a particular L{CommandBlock}; or, if the given
        C{block} is C{None}, execute it in the outermost transaction context.
        """
        self._checkComplete()
        if block is None and self._blockedQueue is not None:
            return self._blockedQueue.execSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount)
        # 'block' should always be _currentBlock at this point.
        d = super(_SingleTxn, self).execSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount)
        self._stillExecuting.append(d)
        def itsDone(result):
            self._stillExecuting.remove(d)
            self._checkNextBlock()
            return result
        d.addBoth(itsDone)
        return d


    def _checkNextBlock(self):
        """
        Check to see if there are any blocks pending statements waiting to
        execute, and execute the next one if there are no outstanding execute
        calls.
        """
        if self._stillExecuting:
            # If we're still executing statements, nevermind.  We'll get called
            # again by the 'itsDone' callback above.
            return

        if self._currentBlock is not None:
            # If there's still a current block, then keep it going.  We'll be
            # called by the '_finishExecuting' callback below.
            return

        # There's no block executing now.  What to do?
        if self._pendingBlocks:
            # If there are pending blocks, start one of them.
            self._currentBlock = self._pendingBlocks.pop(0)
            d = self._currentBlock._startExecuting()
            d.addCallback(self._finishExecuting)
        elif self._blockedQueue is not None:
            # If there aren't any pending blocks any more, and there are
            # spooled statements that aren't part of a block, unspool all the
            # statements that have been held up until this point.
            bq = self._blockedQueue
            self._blockedQueue = None
            bq._unspool(self)


    def _finishExecuting(self, result):
        """
        The active block just finished executing.  Clear it and see if there
        are more blocks to execute, or if all the blocks are done and we should
        execute any queued free statements.
        """
        self._currentBlock = None
        self._checkNextBlock()


    def commit(self):
        if self._blockedQueue is not None:
            # We're in the process of executing a block of commands.  Wait
            # until they're done.  (Commit will be repeated in
            # _checkNextBlock.)
            return self._blockedQueue.commit()
        def reallyCommit():
            self._markComplete()
            return super(_SingleTxn, self).commit()
        return self._commitWithHooks(reallyCommit)


    def abort(self):
        self._markComplete()
        self._commit.clear()
        self._preCommit.clear()
        result = super(_SingleTxn, self).abort()
        if self in self._pool._waiting:
            self._stopWaiting()
        result.addCallback(self._abort.runHooks)
        return result


    def _stopWaiting(self):
        """
        Stop waiting for a free transaction and fail.
        """
        self._pool._waiting.remove(self)
        self._completed = True
        self._unspoolOnto(_NoTxn(self._pool,
                                 "connection pool shut down while txn "
                                 "waiting for database connection."))


    def _checkComplete(self):
        """
        If the transaction is complete, raise L{AlreadyFinishedError}
        """
        if self._completed:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()


    def _markComplete(self):
        """
        Mark the transaction as complete, raising AlreadyFinishedError.
        """
        self._checkComplete()
        self._completed = True


    def commandBlock(self):
        """
        Create a L{CommandBlock} which will wait for all currently spooled
        commands to complete before executing its own.
        """
        self._checkComplete()
        block = CommandBlock(self)
        if self._currentBlock is None:
            self._blockedQueue = _WaitingTxn(self._pool)
            # FIXME: test the case where it's ready immediately.
            self._checkNextBlock()
        return block


    def __del__(self):
        """
        When garbage collected, a L{_SingleTxn} recycles itself.
        """
        try:
            if not self._completed:
                self.abort()
        except AlreadyFinishedError:
            # The underlying transaction might already be completed without us
            # knowing; for example if the service shuts down.
            pass



class _Unspooler(object):
    def __init__(self, orig):
        self.orig = orig


    def execSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None):
        """
        Execute some SQL, but don't track a new Deferred.
        """
        return self.orig.execSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount, False)



class CommandBlock(object):
    """
    A partial implementation of L{IAsyncTransaction} that will group execSQL
    calls together.

    Does not implement commit() or abort(), because this will simply group
    commands.  In order to implement sub-transactions or checkpoints, some
    understanding of the SQL dialect in use by the underlying connection is
    required.  Instead, it provides 'end'.
    """
    implements(ICommandBlock)

    def __init__(self, singleTxn):
        self._singleTxn = singleTxn
        self.paramstyle = singleTxn.paramstyle
        self.dialect = singleTxn.dialect
        self._spool = _WaitingTxn(singleTxn._pool)
        self._started = False
        self._ended = False
        self._waitingForEnd = []
        self._endDeferred = Deferred()
        singleTxn._pendingBlocks.append(self)


    def _startExecuting(self):
        self._started = True
        self._spool._unspool(_Unspooler(self))
        return self._endDeferred


    def execSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None, track=True):
        """
        Execute some SQL within this command block.

        @param sql: the SQL string to execute.

        @param args: the SQL arguments.

        @param raiseOnZeroRowCount: see L{IAsyncTransaction.execSQL}

        @param track: an internal parameter; was this called by application
            code or as part of unspooling some previously-queued requests?
            True if application code, False if unspooling.
        """
        if track and self._ended:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        self._singleTxn._checkComplete()
        if self._singleTxn._currentBlock is self and self._started:
            d = self._singleTxn._execSQLForBlock(
                sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount, self)
        else:
            d = self._spool.execSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount)
        if track:
            self._trackForEnd(d)
        return d


    def _trackForEnd(self, d):
        """
        Watch the following L{Deferred}, since we need to watch it to determine
        when C{end} should be considered done, and the next CommandBlock or
        regular SQL statement should be unqueued.
        """
        self._waitingForEnd.append(d)


    def end(self):
        """
        The block of commands has completed.  Allow other SQL to run on the
        underlying L{IAsyncTransaction}.
        """
        # FIXME: test the case where end() is called when it's not the current
        # executing block.
        if self._ended:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        self._ended = True
        # TODO: maybe this should return a Deferred that's a clone of
        # _endDeferred, so that callers can determine when the block is really
        # complete?  Struggling for an actual use-case on that one.
        DeferredList(self._waitingForEnd).chainDeferred(self._endDeferred)



class _ConnectingPseudoTxn(object):
    """
    This is a pseudo-Transaction for bookkeeping purposes.

    When a connection has asked to connect, but has not yet completed
    connecting, the L{ConnectionPool} still needs a way to shut it down.  This
    object provides that tracking handle, and will be present in the pool's
    C{busy} list while it is populating the list.
    """

    _retry = None

    def __init__(self, pool, holder):
        """
        Initialize the L{_ConnectingPseudoTxn}; get ready to connect.

        @param pool: The pool that this connection attempt is participating in.
        @type pool: L{ConnectionPool}

        @param holder: the L{ThreadHolder} allocated to this connection attempt
            and subsequent SQL executions for this connection.
        @type holder: L{ThreadHolder}
        """
        self._pool    = pool
        self._holder  = holder
        self._aborted = False


    def abort(self):
        """
        Ignore the result of attempting to connect to this database, and
        instead simply close the connection and free the L{ThreadHolder}
        allocated for it.
        """
        self._aborted = True
        if self._retry is not None:
            self._retry.cancel()
        d = self._holder.stop()
        def removeme(ignored):
            if self in self._pool._busy:
                self._pool._busy.remove(self)
        d.addCallback(removeme)
        return d



def _fork(x):
    """
    Produce a L{Deferred} that will fire when another L{Deferred} fires without
    disturbing its results.
    """
    d = Deferred()
    def fired(result):
        d.callback(result)
        return result

    x.addBoth(fired)
    return d



class ConnectionPool(Service, object):
    """
    This is a central service that has a threadpool and executes SQL statements
    asynchronously, in a pool.

    @ivar connectionFactory: a 0-or-1-argument callable that returns a DB-API
        connection.  The optional argument can be used as a label for
        diagnostic purposes.

    @ivar maxConnections: The connection pool will not attempt to make more
        than this many concurrent connections to the database.

    @type maxConnections: C{int}

    @ivar reactor: The reactor used for scheduling threads as well as retries
        for failed connect() attempts.

    @type reactor: L{IReactorTime} and L{IReactorThreads} provider.

    @ivar _free: The list of free L{_ConnectedTxn} objects which are not
        currently attached to a L{_SingleTxn} object, and have active
        connections ready for processing a new transaction.

    @ivar _busy: The list of busy L{_ConnectedTxn} objects; those currently
        servicing an unfinished L{_SingleTxn} object.

    @ivar _finishing: The list of 2-tuples of L{_ConnectedTxn} objects which
        have had C{abort} or C{commit} called on them, but are not done
        executing that method, and the L{Deferred} returned from that method
        that will be fired when its execution has completed.

    @ivar _waiting: The list of L{_SingleTxn} objects attached to a
        L{_WaitingTxn}; i.e. those which are awaiting a connection to become
        free so that they can be executed.

    @ivar _stopping: Is this L{ConnectionPool} in the process of shutting down?
        (If so, new connections will not be established.)
    """

    reactor = _reactor

    RETRY_TIMEOUT = 10.0


    def __init__(self, connectionFactory, maxConnections=10,
                 paramstyle=DEFAULT_PARAM_STYLE, dialect=DEFAULT_DIALECT):

        super(ConnectionPool, self).__init__()
        self.connectionFactory = connectionFactory
        self.maxConnections = maxConnections
        self.paramstyle = paramstyle
        self.dialect = dialect

        self._free       = []
        self._busy       = []
        self._waiting    = []
        self._finishing  = []
        self._stopping   = False


    def startService(self):
        """
        Increase the thread pool size of the reactor by the number of threads
        that this service may consume.  This is important because unlike most
        L{IReactorThreads} users, the connection work units are very long-lived
        and block until this service has been stopped.
        """
        super(ConnectionPool, self).startService()
        tp = self.reactor.getThreadPool()
        self.reactor.suggestThreadPoolSize(tp.max + self.maxConnections)


    @inlineCallbacks
    def stopService(self):
        """
        Forcibly abort any outstanding transactions, and release all resources
        (notably, threads).
        """
        super(ConnectionPool, self).stopService()
        self._stopping = True

        # Phase 1: Cancel any transactions that are waiting so they won't try
        # to eagerly acquire new connections as they flow into the free-list.
        while self._waiting:
            waiting = self._waiting[0]
            waiting._stopWaiting()

        # Phase 2: Wait for all the Deferreds from the L{_ConnectedTxn}s that
        # have *already* been stopped.
        while self._finishing:
            yield _fork(self._finishing[0][1])

        # Phase 3: All of the busy transactions must be aborted first.  As each
        # one is aborted, it will remove itself from the list.
        while self._busy:
            yield self._busy[0].abort()

        # Phase 4: All transactions should now be in the free list, since
        # 'abort()' will have put them there.  Shut down all the associated
        # ThreadHolders.
        while self._free:
            # Releasing a L{_ConnectedTxn} doesn't automatically recycle it /
            # remove it the way aborting a _SingleTxn does, so we need to
            # .pop() here.  L{_ConnectedTxn.stop} really shouldn't be able to
            # fail, as it's just stopping the thread, and the holder's stop()
            # is independently submitted from .abort() / .close().
            yield self._free.pop()._releaseConnection()

        tp = self.reactor.getThreadPool()
        self.reactor.suggestThreadPoolSize(tp.max - self.maxConnections)


    def _createHolder(self):
        """
        Create a L{ThreadHolder}.  (Test hook.)
        """
        return ThreadHolder(self.reactor)


    def connection(self, label="<unlabeled>"):
        """
        Find and immediately return an L{IAsyncTransaction} object.  Execution
        of statements, commit and abort on that transaction may be delayed
        until a real underlying database connection is available.

        @return: an L{IAsyncTransaction}
        """
        if self._stopping:
            # FIXME: should be wrapping a _SingleTxn around this to get
            # .commandBlock()
            return _NoTxn(self, "txn created while DB pool shutting down")
        if self._free:
            basetxn = self._free.pop(0)
            self._busy.append(basetxn)
            txn = _SingleTxn(self, basetxn)
        else:
            txn = _SingleTxn(self, _WaitingTxn(self))
            self._waiting.append(txn)
            # FIXME/TESTME: should be len(self._busy) + len(self._finishing)
            # (free doesn't need to be considered, as it's tested above)
            if self._activeConnectionCount() < self.maxConnections:
                self._startOneMore()
        return txn


    def _activeConnectionCount(self):
        """
        @return: the number of active outgoing connections to the database.
        """
        return len(self._busy) + len(self._finishing)


    def _startOneMore(self):
        """
        Start one more _ConnectedTxn.
        """
        holder = self._createHolder()
        holder.start()
        txn = _ConnectingPseudoTxn(self, holder)
        # take up a slot in the 'busy' list, sit there so we can be aborted.
        self._busy.append(txn)
        def initCursor():
            # support threadlevel=1; we can't necessarily cursor() in a
            # different thread than we do transactions in.
            connection = self.connectionFactory()
            cursor     = connection.cursor()
            return (connection, cursor)
        def finishInit((connection, cursor)):
            if txn._aborted:
                return
            baseTxn = _ConnectedTxn(
                pool=self,
                threadHolder=holder,
                connection=connection,
                cursor=cursor
            )
            self._busy.remove(txn)
            self._repoolNow(baseTxn)
        def maybeTryAgain(f):
            log.err(f, "Re-trying connection due to connection failure")
            txn._retry = self.reactor.callLater(self.RETRY_TIMEOUT, resubmit)
        def resubmit():
            d = holder.submit(initCursor)
            d.addCallbacks(finishInit, maybeTryAgain)
        resubmit()


    def _repoolAfter(self, txn, d):
        """
        Re-pool the given L{_ConnectedTxn} after the given L{Deferred} has
        fired.
        """
        self._busy.remove(txn)
        finishRecord = (txn, d)
        self._finishing.append(finishRecord)
        def repool(result):
            self._finishing.remove(finishRecord)
            self._repoolNow(txn)
            return result
        def discard(result):
            self._finishing.remove(finishRecord)
            txn._releaseConnection()
            self._startOneMore()
            return result
        return d.addCallbacks(repool, discard)


    def _repoolNow(self, txn):
        """
        Recycle a L{_ConnectedTxn} into the free list.
        """
        txn.reset()
        if self._waiting:
            waiting = self._waiting.pop(0)
            self._busy.append(txn)
            waiting._unspoolOnto(txn)
        else:
            self._free.append(txn)



def txnarg():
    return [('transactionID', Integer())]


CHUNK_MAX = 0xffff

class BigArgument(Argument):
    """
    An argument whose payload can be larger than L{CHUNK_MAX}, by splitting
    across multiple AMP keys.
    """
    def fromBox(self, name, strings, objects, proto):
        value = StringIO()
        for counter in count():
            chunk = strings.get("%s.%d" % (name, counter))
            if chunk is None:
                break
            value.write(chunk)
        objects[name] = self.fromString(value.getvalue())


    def toBox(self, name, strings, objects, proto):
        value = StringIO(self.toString(objects[name]))
        for counter in count():
            nextChunk = value.read(CHUNK_MAX)
            if not nextChunk:
                break
            strings["%s.%d" % (name, counter)] = nextChunk



class Pickle(BigArgument):
    """
    A pickle sent over AMP.  This is to serialize the 'args' argument to
    C{execSQL}, which is the dynamically-typed 'args' list argument to a DB-API
    C{execute} function, as well as its dynamically-typed result ('rows').

    This should be cleaned up into a nicer structure, but this is not a network
    protocol, so we can be a little relaxed about security.

    This is a L{BigArgument} rather than a regular L{Argument} because
    individual arguments and query results need to contain entire vCard or
    iCalendar documents, which can easily be greater than 64k.
    """

    def toString(self, inObject):
        return dumps(inObject)


    def fromString(self, inString):
        return loads(inString)



class FailsafeException(Exception):
    """
    Exception raised by all responders.
    """



_quashErrors = {
    FailsafeException: "SOMETHING_UNKNOWN",
    AlreadyFinishedError: "ALREADY_FINISHED",
    ConnectionError: "CONNECTION_ERROR",
}



def failsafeResponder(command):
    """
    Wrap an AMP command responder in some fail-safe logic, to make it so that
    unknown errors won't drop the connection, as AMP's default behavior would.
    """
    def wrap(inner):
        @inlineCallbacks
        def innerinner(*a, **k):
            try:
                val = yield inner(*a, **k)
            except:
                f = Failure()
                if f.type in command.errors:
                    returnValue(f)
                else:
                    log.err(Failure(), "shared database connection pool error")
                    raise FailsafeException()
            else:
                returnValue(val)
        return command.responder(innerinner)
    return wrap



class StartTxn(Command):
    """
    Start a transaction, identified with an ID generated by the client.
    """
    arguments = txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class ExecSQL(Command):
    """
    Execute an SQL statement.
    """
    arguments = [('sql', String()),
                 ('queryID', String()),
                 ('args', Pickle()),
                 ('blockID', String()),
                 ('reportZeroRowCount', Boolean())] + txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class StartBlock(Command):
    """
    Create a new SQL command block.
    """
    arguments = [("blockID", String())] + txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class EndBlock(Command):
    """
    Create a new SQL command block.
    """
    arguments = [("blockID", String())] + txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class Row(Command):
    """
    A row has been returned.  Sent from server to client in response to
    L{ExecSQL}.
    """

    arguments = [('queryID', String()),
                 ('row', Pickle())]
    errors = _quashErrors



class QueryComplete(Command):
    """
    A query issued with L{ExecSQL} is complete.
    """

    arguments = [('queryID', String()),
                 ('norows', Boolean()),
                 ('derived', Pickle()),
                 ('noneResult', Boolean())]
    errors = _quashErrors



class Commit(Command):
    arguments = txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class Abort(Command):
    arguments = txnarg()
    errors = _quashErrors



class _NoRows(Exception):
    """
    Placeholder exception to report zero rows.
    """



class ConnectionPoolConnection(AMP):
    """
    A L{ConnectionPoolConnection} is a single connection to a
    L{ConnectionPool}.  This is the server side of the connection-pool-sharing
    protocol; it implements all the AMP responders necessary.
    """

    def __init__(self, pool):
        """
        Initialize a mapping of transaction IDs to transaction objects.
        """
        super(ConnectionPoolConnection, self).__init__()
        self.pool    = pool
        self._txns   = {}
        self._blocks = {}


    def stopReceivingBoxes(self, why):
        log.msg("(S) Stopped receiving boxes: " + why.getTraceback())


    def unhandledError(self, failure):
        """
        An unhandled error has occurred.  Since we can't really classify errors
        well on this protocol, log it and forget it.
        """
        log.err(failure, "Shared connection pool server encountered an error.")


    @failsafeResponder(StartTxn)
    def start(self, transactionID):
        self._txns[transactionID] = self.pool.connection()
        return {}


    @failsafeResponder(StartBlock)
    def startBlock(self, transactionID, blockID):
        self._blocks[blockID] = self._txns[transactionID].commandBlock()
        return {}


    @failsafeResponder(EndBlock)
    def endBlock(self, transactionID, blockID):
        self._blocks[blockID].end()
        return {}


    @failsafeResponder(ExecSQL)
    @inlineCallbacks
    def receivedSQL(self, transactionID, queryID, sql, args, blockID,
                    reportZeroRowCount):
        derived = None
        noneResult = False
        for param in args:
            if IDerivedParameter.providedBy(param):
                if derived is None:
                    derived = []
                derived.append(param)
        if blockID:
            txn = self._blocks[blockID]
        else:
            txn = self._txns[transactionID]
        if reportZeroRowCount:
            rozrc = _NoRows
        else:
            rozrc = None
        try:
            rows = yield txn.execSQL(sql, args, rozrc)
        except _NoRows:
            norows = True
        else:
            norows = False
            if rows is not None:
                for row in rows:
                    # Either this should be yielded or it should be
                    # requiresAnswer=False
                    self.callRemote(Row, queryID=queryID, row=row)
            else:
                noneResult = True

        self.callRemote(QueryComplete, queryID=queryID, norows=norows,
                        derived=derived, noneResult=noneResult)
        returnValue({})


    def _complete(self, transactionID, thunk):
        txn = self._txns.pop(transactionID)
        return thunk(txn).addCallback(lambda ignored: {})


    @failsafeResponder(Commit)
    def commit(self, transactionID):
        """
        Successfully complete the given transaction.
        """
        def commitme(x):
            return x.commit()
        return self._complete(transactionID, commitme)


    @failsafeResponder(Abort)
    def abort(self, transactionID):
        """
        Roll back the given transaction.
        """
        def abortme(x):
            return x.abort()
        return self._complete(transactionID, abortme)



class ConnectionPoolClient(AMP):
    """
    A client which can execute SQL.
    """

    def __init__(self, dialect=POSTGRES_DIALECT,
                 paramstyle=DEFAULT_PARAM_STYLE):
        # See DEFAULT_PARAM_STYLE FIXME above.
        super(ConnectionPoolClient, self).__init__()
        self._nextID    = count().next
        self._txns      = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
        self._queries   = {}
        self.dialect    = dialect
        self.paramstyle = paramstyle


    def unhandledError(self, failure):
        """
        An unhandled error has occurred.  Since we can't really classify errors
        well on this protocol, log it and forget it.
        """
        log.err(failure, "Shared connection pool client encountered an error.")


    def stopReceivingBoxes(self, why):
        log.msg("(C) Stopped receiving boxes: " + why.getTraceback())


    def newTransaction(self):
        """
        Create a new networked provider of L{IAsyncTransaction}.

        (This will ultimately call L{ConnectionPool.connection} on the other
        end of the wire.)

        @rtype: L{IAsyncTransaction}
        """
        txnid             = str(self._nextID())
        txn               = _NetTransaction(client=self, transactionID=txnid)
        self._txns[txnid] = txn
        self.callRemote(StartTxn, transactionID=txnid)
        return txn


    @failsafeResponder(Row)
    def row(self, queryID, row):
        self._queries[queryID].row(row)
        return {}


    @failsafeResponder(QueryComplete)
    def complete(self, queryID, norows, derived, noneResult):
        self._queries.pop(queryID).done(norows, derived, noneResult)
        return {}



class _Query(object):
    def __init__(self, sql, raiseOnZeroRowCount, args):
        self.sql                 = sql
        self.args                = args
        self.results             = []
        self.deferred            = Deferred()
        self.raiseOnZeroRowCount = raiseOnZeroRowCount


    def row(self, row):
        """
        A row was received.
        """
        self.results.append(row)


    def done(self, norows, derived, noneResult):
        """
        The query is complete.

        @param norows: A boolean.  True if there were not any rows.

        @param derived: either C{None} or a C{list} of L{IDerivedParameter}
            providers initially passed into the C{execSQL} that started this
            query.  The values of these object swill mutate the original input
            parameters to resemble them.  Although
            L{IDerivedParameter.preQuery} and L{IDerivedParameter.postQuery}
            are invoked on the other end of the wire, the local objects will be
            made to appear as though they were called here.

        @param noneResult: should the result of the query be C{None} (i.e.  did
            it not have a C{description} on the cursor).
        """
        if noneResult and not self.results:
            results = None
        else:
            results = self.results
        if derived is not None:
            # 1) Bleecchh.
            # 2) FIXME: add some direct tests in test_adbapi2, the unit test
            # for this crosses some abstraction boundaries so it's a little
            # integration-y and in the tests for twext.enterprise.dal
            for remote, local in zip(derived, self._deriveDerived()):
                local.__dict__ = remote.__dict__

        if norows and (self.raiseOnZeroRowCount is not None):
            exc = self.raiseOnZeroRowCount()
            self.deferred.errback(Failure(exc))
        else:
            self.deferred.callback(results)


    def _deriveDerived(self):
        derived = None
        for param in self.args:
            if IDerivedParameter.providedBy(param):
                if derived is None:
                    derived = []
                derived.append(param)
        return derived



class _NetTransaction(_CommitAndAbortHooks):
    """
    A L{_NetTransaction} is an L{AMP}-protocol-based provider of the
    L{IAsyncTransaction} interface.  It sends SQL statements, query results,
    and commit/abort commands via an AMP socket to a pooling process.
    """

    implements(IAsyncTransaction)

    def __init__(self, client, transactionID):
        """
        Initialize a transaction with a L{ConnectionPoolClient} and a unique
        transaction identifier.
        """
        super(_NetTransaction, self).__init__()
        self._client        = client
        self._transactionID = transactionID
        self._completed     = False
        self._committing    = False
        self._committed     = False


    @property
    def paramstyle(self):
        """
        Forward 'paramstyle' attribute to the client.
        """
        return self._client.paramstyle


    @property
    def dialect(self):
        """
        Forward 'dialect' attribute to the client.
        """
        return self._client.dialect


    def execSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None, blockID=""):
        if not blockID:
            if self._completed:
                raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        if args is None:
            args = []
        client = self._client
        queryID = str(client._nextID())
        query = client._queries[queryID] = _Query(sql, raiseOnZeroRowCount,
                                                  args)
        result = (
            client.callRemote(
                ExecSQL, queryID=queryID, sql=sql, args=args,
                transactionID=self._transactionID, blockID=blockID,
                reportZeroRowCount=raiseOnZeroRowCount is not None,
            )
            .addCallback(lambda nothing: query.deferred)
        )
        return result


    def _complete(self, command):
        if self._completed:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        self._completed = True
        return self._client.callRemote(
            command, transactionID=self._transactionID
        ).addCallback(lambda x: None)


    def commit(self):
        def reallyCommit():
            self._committing = True
            def done(whatever):
                self._committed = True
                return whatever
            return self._complete(Commit).addBoth(done)
        return self._commitWithHooks(reallyCommit)


    def abort(self):
        self._commit.clear()
        self._preCommit.clear()
        return self._complete(Abort).addCallback(self._abort.runHooks)


    def commandBlock(self):
        if self._completed:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        blockID = str(self._client._nextID())
        self._client.callRemote(
            StartBlock, blockID=blockID, transactionID=self._transactionID
        )
        return _NetCommandBlock(self, blockID)


    def __del__(self):
        """
        When a L{_NetTransaction} is garabage collected, it aborts itself.
        """
        if not self._completed:
            def shush(f):
                f.trap(ConnectionError, AlreadyFinishedError)
            self.abort().addErrback(shush)



class _NetCommandBlock(object):
    """
    Net command block.
    """

    implements(ICommandBlock)

    def __init__(self, transaction, blockID):
        self._transaction = transaction
        self._blockID = blockID
        self._ended = False


    @property
    def paramstyle(self):
        """
        Forward 'paramstyle' attribute to the transaction.
        """
        return self._transaction.paramstyle


    @property
    def dialect(self):
        """
        Forward 'dialect' attribute to the transaction.
        """
        return self._transaction.dialect


    def execSQL(self, sql, args=None, raiseOnZeroRowCount=None):
        """
        Execute some SQL on this command block.
        """
        if (
            self._ended or self._transaction._completed and
            not self._transaction._committing or self._transaction._committed
        ):
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        return self._transaction.execSQL(sql, args, raiseOnZeroRowCount,
                                         self._blockID)


    def end(self):
        """
        End this block.
        """
        if self._ended:
            raise AlreadyFinishedError()
        self._ended = True
        self._transaction._client.callRemote(
            EndBlock, blockID=self._blockID,
            transactionID=self._transaction._transactionID
        )
