Subject: USB: add driver for Keyspan Digital Remote

From: Michael Downey <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2005 11:48:26 -0600

This driver is a basic keypress input driver for the Keyspan Digital
Remote with part number UIA-11.  Currently there is an older remote with
part number UIA-10 which isn't supported by this driver.  Support for
the older UIA-10 could be added but a binary file is required to be
download to the device, and I don't have that file.  I also don't have a
UIA-10 device so I wouldn't be able to test any of the changes.

Signed-off-by: Michael Downey <[email-masked]>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email-masked]>

---
 drivers/usb/input/Kconfig          |   13 
 drivers/usb/input/Makefile         |    1 
 drivers/usb/input/keyspan_remote.c |  633 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 647 insertions(+)

--- gregkh-2.6.orig/drivers/usb/input/Kconfig	2005-06-28 11:11:54.000000000 -0700
+++ gregkh-2.6/drivers/usb/input/Kconfig	2005-06-28 14:17:05.000000000 -0700
@@ -259,3 +259,16 @@
 	  To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module will be
 	  called ati_remote.
 
+config USB_KEYSPAN_REMOTE
+	tristate "Keyspan DMR USB remote control (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+	depends on USB && INPUT && EXPERIMENTAL
+	---help---
+	  Say Y here if you want to use a Keyspan DMR USB remote control.
+	  Currently only the UIA-11 type of receiver has been tested.  The tag
+	  on the receiver that connects to the USB port should have a P/N that
+	  will tell you what type of DMR you have.  The UIA-10 type is not
+	  supported at this time.  This driver maps all buttons to keypress
+	  events.
+
+	  To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module will
+	  be called keyspan_remote.
--- gregkh-2.6.orig/drivers/usb/input/Makefile	2005-06-28 11:11:54.000000000 -0700
+++ gregkh-2.6/drivers/usb/input/Makefile	2005-06-28 14:17:05.000000000 -0700
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_HID)		+= usbhid.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_KBD)		+= usbkbd.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_KBTAB)		+= kbtab.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_USB_KEYSPAN_REMOTE)	+= keyspan_remote.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_MOUSE)		+= usbmouse.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_MTOUCH)	+= mtouchusb.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_USB_ITMTOUCH)	+= itmtouch.o
--- /dev/null	1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 +0000
+++ gregkh-2.6/drivers/usb/input/keyspan_remote.c	2005-06-28 14:17:05.000000000 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+/*
+ * keyspan_remote: USB driver for the Keyspan DMR
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 Zymeta Corporation - Michael Downey ([email-masked])
+ *
+ *	This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ *	modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ *	published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
+ *
+ * This driver has been put together with the support of Innosys, Inc.
+ * and Keyspan, Inc the manufacturers of the Keyspan USB DMR product.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/config.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <linux/usb.h>
+
+#define DRIVER_VERSION	"v0.1"
+#define DRIVER_AUTHOR	"Michael Downey <[email-masked]>"
+#define DRIVER_DESC	"Driver for the USB Keyspan remote control."
+#define DRIVER_LICENSE	"GPL"
+
+/* Parameters that can be passed to the driver. */
+static int debug;
+module_param(debug, int, 0444);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(debug, "Enable extra debug messages and information");
+
+/* Vendor and product ids */
+#define USB_KEYSPAN_VENDOR_ID		0x06CD
+#define USB_KEYSPAN_PRODUCT_UIA11	0x0202
+
+/* Defines for converting the data from the remote. */
+#define ZERO		0x18
+#define ZERO_MASK	0x1F	/* 5 bits for a 0 */
+#define ONE		0x3C
+#define ONE_MASK	0x3F	/* 6 bits for a 1 */
+#define SYNC		0x3F80
+#define SYNC_MASK	0x3FFF	/* 14 bits for a SYNC sequence */
+#define STOP		0x00
+#define STOP_MASK	0x1F	/* 5 bits for the STOP sequence */
+#define GAP		0xFF
+
+#define RECV_SIZE	8	/* The UIA-11 type have a 8 byte limit. */
+
+/* table of devices that work with this driver */
+static struct usb_device_id keyspan_table[] = {
+	{ USB_DEVICE(USB_KEYSPAN_VENDOR_ID, USB_KEYSPAN_PRODUCT_UIA11) },
+	{ }					/* Terminating entry */
+};
+
+/* Structure to store all the real stuff that a remote sends to us. */
+struct keyspan_message {
+	u16	system;
+	u8	button;
+	u8	toggle;
+};
+
+/* Structure used for all the bit testing magic needed to be done. */
+struct bit_tester {
+	u32	tester;
+	int	len;
+	int	pos;
+	int	bits_left;
+	u8	buffer[32];
+};
+
+/* Structure to hold all of our driver specific stuff */
+struct usb_keyspan {
+	char				name[128];
+	char				phys[64];
+	struct usb_device*		udev;
+	struct input_dev		input;
+	struct usb_interface*		interface;
+	struct usb_endpoint_descriptor* in_endpoint;
+	struct urb*			irq_urb;
+	int				open;
+	dma_addr_t			in_dma;
+	unsigned char*			in_buffer;
+
+	/* variables used to parse messages from remote. */
+	struct bit_tester		data;
+	int				stage;
+	int				toggle;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Table that maps the 31 possible keycodes to input keys.
+ * Currently there are 15 and 17 button models so RESERVED codes
+ * are blank areas in the mapping.
+ */
+static int keyspan_key_table[] = {
+	KEY_RESERVED,		/* 0 is just a place holder. */
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_STOP,
+	KEY_PLAYCD,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_PREVIOUSSONG,
+	KEY_REWIND,
+	KEY_FORWARD,
+	KEY_NEXTSONG,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_PAUSE,
+	KEY_VOLUMEUP,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_VOLUMEDOWN,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_UP,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_MUTE,
+	KEY_LEFT,
+	KEY_ENTER,
+	KEY_RIGHT,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_DOWN,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_KPASTERISK,
+	KEY_RESERVED,
+	KEY_MENU
+};
+
+static struct usb_driver keyspan_driver;
+
+/*
+ * Debug routine that prints out what we've received from the remote.
+ */
+static void keyspan_print(struct usb_keyspan* dev) /*unsigned char* data)*/
+{
+	char codes[4*RECV_SIZE];
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < RECV_SIZE; i++) {
+		snprintf(codes+i*3, 4, "%02x ", dev->in_buffer[i]);
+	}
+
+	dev_info(&dev->udev->dev, "%s\n", codes);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine that manages the bit_tester structure.  It makes sure that there are
+ * at least bits_needed bits loaded into the tester.
+ */
+static int keyspan_load_tester(struct usb_keyspan* dev, int bits_needed)
+{
+	if (dev->data.bits_left >= bits_needed)
+		return(0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Somehow we've missed the last message. The message will be repeated
+	 * though so it's not too big a deal
+	 */
+	if (dev->data.pos >= dev->data.len) {
+		dev_dbg(&dev->udev, "%s - Error ran out of data. pos: %d, len: %d\n",
+			__FUNCTION__, dev->data.pos, dev->data.len);
+		return(-1);
+	}
+
+	/* Load as much as we can into the tester. */
+	while ((dev->data.bits_left + 7 < (sizeof(dev->data.tester) * 8)) &&
+	       (dev->data.pos < dev->data.len)) {
+		dev->data.tester += (dev->data.buffer[dev->data.pos++] << dev->data.bits_left);
+		dev->data.bits_left += 8;
+	}
+
+	return(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine that handles all the logic needed to parse out the message from the remote.
+ */
+static void keyspan_check_data(struct usb_keyspan *remote, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	int i;
+	int found = 0;
+	struct keyspan_message message;
+
+	switch(remote->stage) {
+	case 0:
+		/*
+		 * In stage 0 we want to find the start of a message.  The remote sends a 0xFF as filler.
+		 * So the first byte that isn't a FF should be the start of a new message.
+		 */
+		for (i = 0; i < RECV_SIZE && remote->in_buffer[i] == GAP; ++i);
+
+		if (i < RECV_SIZE) {
+			memcpy(remote->data.buffer, remote->in_buffer, RECV_SIZE);
+			remote->data.len = RECV_SIZE;
+			remote->data.pos = 0;
+			remote->data.tester = 0;
+			remote->data.bits_left = 0;
+			remote->stage = 1;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case 1:
+		/*
+		 * Stage 1 we should have 16 bytes and should be able to detect a
+		 * SYNC.  The SYNC is 14 bits, 7 0's and then 7 1's.
+		 */
+		memcpy(remote->data.buffer + remote->data.len, remote->in_buffer, RECV_SIZE);
+		remote->data.len += RECV_SIZE;
+
+		found = 0;
+		while ((remote->data.bits_left >= 14 || remote->data.pos < remote->data.len) && !found) {
+			for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+				if (keyspan_load_tester(remote, 14) != 0) {
+					remote->stage = 0;
+					return;
+				}
+
+				if ((remote->data.tester & SYNC_MASK) == SYNC) {
+					remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 14;
+					remote->data.bits_left -= 14;
+					found = 1;
+					break;
+				} else {
+					remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 1;
+					--remote->data.bits_left;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!found) {
+			remote->stage = 0;
+			remote->data.len = 0;
+		} else {
+			remote->stage = 2;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case 2:
+		/*
+		 * Stage 2 we should have 24 bytes which will be enough for a full
+		 * message.  We need to parse out the system code, button code,
+		 * toggle code, and stop.
+		 */
+		memcpy(remote->data.buffer + remote->data.len, remote->in_buffer, RECV_SIZE);
+		remote->data.len += RECV_SIZE;
+
+		message.system = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+			keyspan_load_tester(remote, 6);
+
+			if ((remote->data.tester & ZERO_MASK) == ZERO) {
+				message.system = message.system << 1;
+				remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 5;
+				remote->data.bits_left -= 5;
+			} else if ((remote->data.tester & ONE_MASK) == ONE) {
+				message.system = (message.system << 1) + 1;
+				remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 6;
+				remote->data.bits_left -= 6;
+			} else {
+				err("%s - Unknown sequence found in system data.\n", __FUNCTION__);
+				remote->stage = 0;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		message.button = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+			keyspan_load_tester(remote, 6);
+
+			if ((remote->data.tester & ZERO_MASK) == ZERO) {
+				message.button = message.button << 1;
+				remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 5;
+				remote->data.bits_left -= 5;
+			} else if ((remote->data.tester & ONE_MASK) == ONE) {
+				message.button = (message.button << 1) + 1;
+				remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 6;
+				remote->data.bits_left -= 6;
+			} else {
+				err("%s - Unknown sequence found in button data.\n", __FUNCTION__);
+				remote->stage = 0;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		keyspan_load_tester(remote, 6);
+		if ((remote->data.tester & ZERO_MASK) == ZERO) {
+			message.toggle = 0;
+			remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 5;
+			remote->data.bits_left -= 5;
+		} else if ((remote->data.tester & ONE_MASK) == ONE) {
+			message.toggle = 1;
+			remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 6;
+			remote->data.bits_left -= 6;
+		} else {
+			err("%s - Error in message, invalid toggle.\n", __FUNCTION__);
+		}
+
+		keyspan_load_tester(remote, 5);
+		if ((remote->data.tester & STOP_MASK) == STOP) {
+			remote->data.tester = remote->data.tester >> 5;
+			remote->data.bits_left -= 5;
+		} else {
+			err("Bad message recieved, no stop bit found.\n");
+		}
+
+		dev_dbg(&remote->udev,
+			"%s found valid message: system: %d, button: %d, toggle: %d\n",
+			__FUNCTION__, message.system, message.button, message.toggle);
+
+		if (message.toggle != remote->toggle) {
+			input_regs(&remote->input, regs);
+			input_report_key(&remote->input, keyspan_key_table[message.button], 1);
+			input_report_key(&remote->input, keyspan_key_table[message.button], 0);
+			input_sync(&remote->input);
+			remote->toggle = message.toggle;
+		}
+
+		remote->stage = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine for sending all the initialization messages to the remote.
+ */
+static int keyspan_setup(struct usb_device* dev)
+{
+	int retval = 0;
+
+	retval = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
+				 0x11, 0x40, 0x5601, 0x0, NULL, 0, 0);
+	if (retval) {
+		dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "%s - failed to set bit rate due to error: %d\n",
+			__FUNCTION__, retval);
+		return(retval);
+	}
+
+	retval = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
+				 0x44, 0x40, 0x0, 0x0, NULL, 0, 0);
+	if (retval) {
+		dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "%s - failed to set resume sensitivity due to error: %d\n",
+			__FUNCTION__, retval);
+		return(retval);
+	}
+
+	retval = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
+				 0x22, 0x40, 0x0, 0x0, NULL, 0, 0);
+	if (retval) {
+		dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "%s - failed to turn receive on due to error: %d\n",
+			__FUNCTION__, retval);
+		return(retval);
+	}
+
+	dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "%s - Setup complete.\n", __FUNCTION__);
+	return(retval);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine used to handle a new message that has come in.
+ */
+static void keyspan_irq_recv(struct urb *urb, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	struct usb_keyspan *dev = urb->context;
+	int retval;
+
+	/* Check our status in case we need to bail out early. */
+	switch (urb->status) {
+	case 0:
+		break;
+
+	/* Device went away so don't keep trying to read from it. */
+	case -ECONNRESET:
+	case -ENOENT:
+	case -ESHUTDOWN:
+		return;
+
+	default:
+		goto resubmit;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (debug)
+		keyspan_print(dev);
+
+	keyspan_check_data(dev, regs);
+
+resubmit:
+	retval = usb_submit_urb(urb, GFP_ATOMIC);
+	if (retval)
+		err ("%s - usb_submit_urb failed with result: %d", __FUNCTION__, retval);
+}
+
+static int keyspan_open(struct input_dev *dev)
+{
+	struct usb_keyspan *remote = dev->private;
+
+	if (remote->open++)
+		return 0;
+
+	remote->irq_urb->dev = remote->udev;
+	if (usb_submit_urb(remote->irq_urb, GFP_KERNEL)) {
+		remote->open--;
+		return -EIO;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void keyspan_close(struct input_dev *dev)
+{
+	struct usb_keyspan *remote = dev->private;
+
+	if (!--remote->open)
+		usb_kill_urb(remote->irq_urb);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine that sets up the driver to handle a specific USB device detected on the bus.
+ */
+static int keyspan_probe(struct usb_interface *interface, const struct usb_device_id *id)
+{
+	int i;
+	int retval = -ENOMEM;
+	char path[64];
+	char *buf;
+	struct usb_keyspan *remote = NULL;
+	struct usb_host_interface *iface_desc;
+	struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint;
+	struct usb_device *udev = usb_get_dev(interface_to_usbdev(interface));
+
+	/* See if the offered device matches what we can accept */
+	if ((udev->descriptor.idVendor != USB_KEYSPAN_VENDOR_ID) ||
+	    (udev->descriptor.idProduct != USB_KEYSPAN_PRODUCT_UIA11) )
+		return -ENODEV;
+
+	/* allocate memory for our device state and initialize it */
+	remote = kmalloc(sizeof(*remote), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (remote == NULL) {
+		err("Out of memory\n");
+		goto error;
+	}
+	memset(remote, 0x00, sizeof(*remote));
+
+	remote->udev = udev;
+	remote->interface = interface;
+	remote->toggle = -1;	/* Set to -1 so we will always not match the toggle from the first remote message. */
+
+	/* set up the endpoint information */
+	/* use only the first in interrupt endpoint */
+	iface_desc = interface->cur_altsetting;
+	for (i = 0; i < iface_desc->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) {
+		endpoint = &iface_desc->endpoint[i].desc;
+
+		if (!remote->in_endpoint &&
+		    (endpoint->bEndpointAddress & USB_DIR_IN) &&
+		    ((endpoint->bmAttributes & USB_ENDPOINT_XFERTYPE_MASK) == USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_INT)) {
+			/* we found our interrupt in endpoint */
+			remote->in_endpoint = endpoint;
+
+			remote->in_buffer = usb_buffer_alloc(remote->udev, RECV_SIZE, SLAB_ATOMIC, &remote->in_dma);
+			if (!remote->in_buffer) {
+				retval = -ENOMEM;
+				goto error;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!remote->in_endpoint) {
+		err("Could not find interrupt input endpoint.\n");
+		retval = -ENODEV;
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	remote->irq_urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!remote->irq_urb) {
+		err("Failed to allocate urb.\n");
+		retval = -ENOMEM;
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	retval = keyspan_setup(remote->udev);
+	if (retval) {
+		err("Failed to setup device.\n");
+		retval = -ENODEV;
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Setup the input system with the bits we are going to be reporting
+	 */
+	remote->input.evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY);		/* We will only report KEY events. */
+	for (i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
+		if (keyspan_key_table[i] != KEY_RESERVED) {
+			set_bit(keyspan_key_table[i], remote->input.keybit);
+		}
+	}
+
+	remote->input.private = remote;
+	remote->input.open = keyspan_open;
+	remote->input.close = keyspan_close;
+
+	usb_make_path(remote->udev, path, 64);
+	sprintf(remote->phys, "%s/input0", path);
+
+	remote->input.name = remote->name;
+	remote->input.phys = remote->phys;
+	remote->input.id.bustype = BUS_USB;
+	remote->input.id.vendor = le16_to_cpu(remote->udev->descriptor.idVendor);
+	remote->input.id.product = le16_to_cpu(remote->udev->descriptor.idProduct);
+	remote->input.id.version = le16_to_cpu(remote->udev->descriptor.bcdDevice);
+
+	if (!(buf = kmalloc(63, GFP_KERNEL))) {
+		usb_buffer_free(remote->udev, RECV_SIZE, remote->in_buffer, remote->in_dma);
+		kfree(remote);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	if (remote->udev->descriptor.iManufacturer &&
+	    usb_string(remote->udev, remote->udev->descriptor.iManufacturer, buf, 63) > 0)
+		strcat(remote->name, buf);
+
+	if (remote->udev->descriptor.iProduct &&
+	    usb_string(remote->udev, remote->udev->descriptor.iProduct, buf, 63) > 0)
+		sprintf(remote->name, "%s %s", remote->name, buf);
+
+	if (!strlen(remote->name))
+		sprintf(remote->name, "USB Keyspan Remote %04x:%04x",
+			remote->input.id.vendor, remote->input.id.product);
+
+	kfree(buf);
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize the URB to access the device. The urb gets sent to the device in keyspan_open()
+	 */
+	usb_fill_int_urb(remote->irq_urb,
+			 remote->udev, usb_rcvintpipe(remote->udev, remote->in_endpoint->bEndpointAddress),
+			 remote->in_buffer, RECV_SIZE, keyspan_irq_recv, remote,
+			 remote->in_endpoint->bInterval);
+	remote->irq_urb->transfer_dma = remote->in_dma;
+	remote->irq_urb->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP;
+
+	/* we can register the device now, as it is ready */
+	input_register_device(&remote->input);
+
+	/* save our data pointer in this interface device */
+	usb_set_intfdata(interface, remote);
+
+	/* let the user know what node this device is now attached to */
+	info("connected: %s on %s", remote->name, path);
+	return 0;
+
+error:
+	/*
+	 * In case of error we need to clean up any allocated buffers
+	 */
+	if (remote->irq_urb)
+		usb_free_urb(remote->irq_urb);
+
+	if (remote->in_buffer)
+		usb_buffer_free(remote->udev, RECV_SIZE, remote->in_buffer, remote->in_dma);
+
+	if (remote)
+		kfree(remote);
+
+	return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine called when a device is disconnected from the USB.
+ */
+static void keyspan_disconnect(struct usb_interface *interface)
+{
+	struct usb_keyspan *remote;
+
+	/* prevent keyspan_open() from racing keyspan_disconnect() */
+	lock_kernel();
+
+	remote = usb_get_intfdata(interface);
+	usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL);
+
+	if (remote) {	/* We have a valid driver structure so clean up everything we allocated. */
+		input_unregister_device(&remote->input);
+		usb_kill_urb(remote->irq_urb);
+		usb_free_urb(remote->irq_urb);
+		usb_buffer_free(interface_to_usbdev(interface), RECV_SIZE, remote->in_buffer, remote->in_dma);
+		kfree(remote);
+	}
+
+	unlock_kernel();
+
+	info("USB Keyspan now disconnected");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Standard driver set up sections
+ */
+static struct usb_driver keyspan_driver =
+{
+	.owner =	THIS_MODULE,
+	.name =		"keyspan_remote",
+	.probe =	keyspan_probe,
+	.disconnect =	keyspan_disconnect,
+	.id_table =	keyspan_table
+};
+
+static int __init usb_keyspan_init(void)
+{
+	int result;
+
+	/* register this driver with the USB subsystem */
+	result = usb_register(&keyspan_driver);
+	if (result)
+		err("usb_register failed. Error number %d\n", result);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static void __exit usb_keyspan_exit(void)
+{
+	/* deregister this driver with the USB subsystem */
+	usb_deregister(&keyspan_driver);
+}
+
+module_init(usb_keyspan_init);
+module_exit(usb_keyspan_exit);
+
+MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, keyspan_table);
+MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);
+MODULE_LICENSE(DRIVER_LICENSE);