# The Newsboat RSS Feedreader

## 1. Introduction

Newsboat is an RSS/Atom feedreader. RSS and Atom are a number of widely-used XML formats to transmit, publish and syndicate articles, for example news or blog articles. Newsboat is designed to be used on text terminals on Unix or Unix-like systems such as GNU/Linux, FreeBSD or macOS.

### 1.1. Platforms

Newsboat has been tested on Linux (with glibc and musl-libc), FreeBSD and macOS.

NetBSD is currently not supported, due to technical limitations in the `iconv()` implementation.

### 1.2. Why "Newsboat"?

"Newsboat" is a play on the name of its ancestor, "Newsbeuter". They’re spelled quite differently, but sound similar. ("Newsbeuter" is a pun on German word "wildbeuter"; "newsboat" is an English word.)

Newsboats were the vessels that collected and delivered news shuffling between boats in the port. Newsboat the program will collect the news for you, just like its namesakes did back in the day.

## 2. Installation

### 2.1. Pre-built binaries

Newsboat binaries are available in a number of repositories:

- various Linux and BSD distributions, Homebrew etc.; here’s a non-exclusive list;

- distribution-independent Snap store:

      $ sudo snap install newsboat

### 2.2. From source

#### 2.2.1. Download the source code

The most up-to-date source code can always be downloaded from the Git repository:

    $ git clone https://github.com/newsboat/newsboat.git

There are also signed release tarballs available from our website.

#### 2.2.2. Install dependencies

Newsboat depends on a number of libraries, which need to be installed before Newsboat can be compiled. Make sure to install the header files as well (on Debian and derivatives, headers are in `-dev` packages, e.g. `libsqlite3-dev`.)

- GNU Make 4.0 or newer

- C++17 compiler: GCC 7.0 or newer, or Clang 5 or newer

- Stable Rust and Cargo (Rust’s package manager) (1.90.0 or newer; might work with older versions, but we don’t check that)

- STFL (version 0.21 or newer) (the link points to our own fork because the upstream is dead)

- SQLite3 (version 3.5 or newer)

- libcurl (version 7.32.0 or newer)

- Header files for the SSL library that libcurl uses. You can find out which library that is from the output of `curl --version`; most often that’s OpenSSL, sometimes GnuTLS, or maybe something else.

- GNU gettext (on systems that don’t provide gettext in the libc): ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/

- pkg-config

- libxml2

- json-c (version 0.11 or newer)

- Asciidoctor (1.5.3 or newer)

- Some implementation of AWK like GNU AWK or NAWK.

Developers will also need:

- `xtr` (version 0.1.4 or newer) (can be installed with `cargo install xtr`)

- Coco/R for C++, needed to re-generate filter language parser using `regenerate-parser` target.

#### 2.2.3. Compile and install

There are a few different ways:

- build inside Docker. For that, check out doc/docker.md in the source tree. Note that the resulting binary might not run outside of that same Docker container if your system doesn’t have all the necessary libraries, or if their versions are too old;

- build in a chroot: to avoid polluting your system with developer packages, or to avoid upgrading, you might use a tool like `debootstrap` to create an isolated environment. Once that’s done, just build from source as outlined in the next item;

- build from source:

      $ make                   #  pass -jN to use N CPU cores, e.g. -j8
      $ sudo make install      #  install everything under /usr/local

  To install to a different directory, pass `prefix` like so: `sudo make prefix=/opt/newsboat install`. If you’re cross-compiling, set `CARGO_BUILD_TARGET`; see cargo documentation for details.

  To uninstall, run `sudo make uninstall`.

## 3. First Steps

After you’ve installed Newsboat, you can run it for the first time by typing `newsboat` on your command prompt. This will bring you the following message:

    Error: no URLs configured. Please fill the file /home/ak/.newsboat/urls with RSS feed URLs or import an OPML file.

    Newsboat 2.22
    usage: ./newsboat [-i <file>|-e] [-u <urlfile>] [-c <cachefile>] [-x <command> ...] [-h]
        -e, --export-to-opml            export OPML feed to stdout
        -r, --refresh-on-start          refresh feeds on start
        -i, --import-from-opml=<file>   import OPML file
        -u, --url-file=<urlfile>        read RSS feed URLs from <urlfile>
        -c, --cache-file=<cachefile>    use <cachefile> as cache file
        -C, --config-file=<configfile>  read configuration from <configfile>
        -X, --vacuum                    compact the cache
        -x, --execute=<command>...      execute list of commands
        -q, --quiet                     quiet startup
        -v, --version                   get version information
        -l, --log-level=<loglevel>      write a log with a certain loglevel (valid values: 1 to 6)
        -d, --log-file=<logfile>        use <logfile> as output log file
        -E, --export-to-file=<file>     export list of read articles to <file>
        -I, --import-from-file=<file>   import list of read articles from <file>
        -h, --help                      this help
            --cleanup                   remove unreferenced items from cache

This means that Newsboat can’t start without any configured feeds.

### 3.1. Adding Feeds

To add feeds to Newsboat, you can simply add one feed URL per line to the ~/.newsboat/urls configuration file:

    http://rss.cnn.com/rss/cnn_topstories.rss
    http://newsrss.bbc.co.uk/rss/newsonline_world_edition/front_page/rss.xml

You can also import an OPML file by running `newsboat -i blogroll.opml`

Adding comments Lines that start with `#` can contain anything you want. Comments are ignored by Newsboat, but can serve as documentation for you. Please note, that commenting out URLs for debugging purposes might lead to unexpected data loss, see `cleanup-on-quit` for more details.

Feeds with restricted access

If you need to add URLs that have restricted access, simply provide username/password:

    https://username:password@hostname.domain.tld/feed.rss

In case there is a @ in the username, you need to write it as %40.

In order to protect usernames and passwords, make sure to restrict read access for ~/.newsboat/urls to you and optionally your group:

    $ chmod u=rw,g=r,o= ~/.newsboat/urls

Newsboat makes sure to not display usernames and passwords in its user interface.

Local files as feeds

You can also configure local files as feeds, by prefixing the local path with `file://` and adding it to the urls file:

    file:///var/log/rss_eventlog.xml

### 3.2. First UI Interaction

The main UI of Newsboat consists of three views

Feed List View → Article List View → Article View

You can drill down those views by pressing `Enter` and move to the previous one by pressing `Q`. Pressing `Q` on the Feed List View — or pressing `Shift`+`Q` from anywhere — closes Newsboat.

You can also search articles' title or content by pressing `/` on the Feed List View or the Article List View. On the Feed List View all articles of all feeds are taken into account. On the Article List View the articles of the current feed are taken into account. When opening an article from a search result dialog, the search phrase is highlighted.

Search history The history of all your searches is saved to the filesystem, to the history.search file (stored next to the cache.db file). By default, the last 100 search phrases are stored.

You can influence how many search phrases are stored by configuring `history-limit`.

Feed List View

When you start Newsboat, it presents you with a list of feeds that you added previously.

You can now:

- Press `Shift`+`R` to download articles for all feeds.

- Press `R` to download articles for the selected feed.

- Press `/` to search all articles in all feeds.

- Press `Enter` to go to the article list of a selected feed.

- Press `Q` to close Newsboat.

Local articles Newsboat keeps the articles that it downloads. When you start Newsboat again and reload a feed, old articles can still be read even if they aren’t in the current RSS feeds anymore. The maximum number of articles is controlled by `max-items`.

Caching Newsboat uses a number of measures to preserve the users' and feed providers' bandwidth through the use of conditional HTTP downloading. It saves every feed’s "Last-Modified" and "ETag" response header values (if present) and advises the feed’s HTTP server to only send data if the feed has been updated. This doesn’t only make feed downloads for RSS feeds with no new updates faster, it also reduces the amount of transferred data per request.

You can disable conditional HTTP downloading per feed by configuring `always-download`.

Article List View

After you entered a feed, you can see the list of available articles by their title. A `N` on the left indicates that an article wasn’t read yet.

You can now:

- Press `Q` to go back to the Feed List View.

- Press `/` to search all articles of this feed.

- Press `Enter` to read a selected article.

Article View

On an article you can scroll through the text and read it. Each link in the article has a number next to it.

You can now:

- Press any number to open an article link in the browser. For numbers larger than 9 type `#`, then the number and press `Enter`.

- Press `O` to open the article in the browser.

- Press `Q` to go back to the Article List View.

Browser view Sometimes the content of an article is empty or just an abstract or short description. You can always press `O` to view the complete article in a browser. The default browser is lynx.

You can use your browser of choice by configuring `browser`.

## 4. Configuration

Several aspects of Newsboat can be configured via a config file, which is stored next to the urls file. A configuration line looks like this in general:

    <config-command> <arg1> ...

The configuration file can contain comments, which start with the `#` character and go as far as the end of line.

User contrib Newsboat also comes with user contributed content like scripts and color themes. The user contributed content can be found in `/usr/share/doc/newsboat/contrib/`. End users are encouraged to take a look as they may find something useful.

### 4.1. Example

An example configuration looks like this

    # a comment
    max-items        100 # such comments are possible, too
    browser          links
    show-read-feeds  no

    unbind-key       R
    bind             ^R feedlist reload-all

### 4.2. Splitting long lines into multiple ones

Settings such as macros and `ignore-article` can be quite lengthy. A long line can be broken into multiple ones using backslashes. A backslash must be the last character on the line and will immediately concatenate it with the following line. It’s important that nothing follows the `\` on the same line, otherwise the `\` character is treated "as is". For example:

    macro p open; \
    reload; quit; \
    quit;         \
    quit -- "Opens, reloads then makes sure to quit newsboat"

Please note that a backslash only makes Newsboat ignore the following newline. It doesn’t do anything else at all. For example, this nicely formatted option:

    ignore-article \
        "*" \
        "author =~ \"(\
            John Doe| \
            Mary Sue \
        )\""

does not turn into this:

    ignore-article "*" "author =~ \"(John Doe|Mary Sue)\""

Instead, as only newlines are removed, it turns to this:

    ignore-article     "*"     "author =~ \"(        John Doe|         Mary Sue     )\""

For this reason, be conscious of where you’re splitting the lines, because it might matter.

### 4.3. Using Double Quotes

TL;DR Use double quotes for strings that contain spaces or double quotes. Escape double quotes (use \") and backslashes (use \\). Don’t escape stuff outside of double quotes, and don’t use single quotes for quoting — Newsboat doesn’t support that.

Many of Newsboat’s options expect strings as arguments, be it commands, passwords, dialog titles, URLs etc. Some options even take multiple strings at once. These strings can contain spaces, which might confuse Newsboat since it already uses spaces to separate option names from option arguments.

To help Newsboat understand your intent, put such strings into double quotes:

    browser "firefox --new-tab %u"

What if you need a double quote inside a string? Escape it with a backslash:

    ocnews-password "UnbalancedQuotes\"AreSoFun!"

And what about the backslash itself? Escape it, too! Suppose you have a program called `my favourite pager`, and you want to view articles with it. Newsboat ultimately passes commands to the shell, and shell expects spaces to be escaped if you want them preserved. But since Newsboat interprets backslashes, you have to add another layer of escaping. Thus, you end up with a command like this:

    pager "/usr/bin/my\\ favourite\\ pager"

### 4.4. Shell Evaluation

It is also possible to integrate the output of external commands into the configuration. The text between two ``` backticks is evaluated as shell command, and its output is used. This works like backtick evaluation in Bourne-compatible shells and allows users to use external information from the system within the configuration.

### 4.5. Escaping

Backticks and `#` characters can be escaped with a backslash (e.g. `\`` and `\#`). In this case, they are replaced with literal ``` or `#` in the configuration.

### 4.6. Key Bindings

New style key bindings described here are supported since Newsboat 2.39.

You can bind a key (or sequence of keys) to an operation (or a list of operations) with the `bind` configuration command.

The syntax for a binding looks like this:

    bind <key-sequence> <dialog>[,<dialog>] <operation-list> [-- "<description>"]

⚠ | Limitations Bindings that share a prefix must all have the same length; otherwise, only the last binding is created. For example:
    bind ab everywhere …
    bind abc everywhere …
will only create a binding for `abc`. Re-ordering the commands will create a binding for `ab`. This avoids ambiguity when `ab` is typed and Newsboat doesn’t know if it should run the binding for `ab` already or the user is going to press `c` next, triggering the other binding. To have both bindings, either: rename them to have different prefixes (e.g. `ab` and `bcd`), or make them the same length (e.g. rename `ab` to `abd` to match the length of `abc`).

Key Sequence

Lowercase keys, uppercase keys and special characters are written literally.

Key combinations with `Ctrl` are written using the caret `^`. For instance `Ctrl`+`R` equals to `^R`. Please be aware that all `Ctrl`-related key combinations need to be written in uppercase.

Alternatively, key combinations using `Shift` or `Ctrl` can be written like `<S-a>` and `<C-a>`, for `Shift`+`A` and `Ctrl`+`A` respectively. Note that this alternative syntax only works with the `bind` command. It is not supported with the older `bind-key` command.

The following identifiers for special keys are supported:

- `<ENTER>` (Enter key)

- `<BACKSPACE>` (backspace key)

- `<LEFT>` (left cursor)

- `<RIGHT>` (right cursor)

- `<UP>` (up cursor)

- `<DOWN>` (down cursor)

- `<PPAGE>` (page up cursor)

- `<NPAGE>` (page down cursor)

- `<HOME>` (cursor to beginning of list/article)

- `<END>` (cursor to end of list/article)

- `<ESC>` (Esc key)

- `<TAB>` (Tab key)

- `<LT>` (`<` key)

- `<GT>` (`>` key)

- `<^>` (`^` key, can also be specified as just `^` if it is not followed by a letter)

- `<F1>` to `<F12>` (F1 key to F12 key)

Multiple keys can be placed in sequence. For example `gg` means pressing `g` twice and `^O<ENTER>` means pressing `Ctrl`+`O` followed by `Enter`. Pressing `Esc` will cancel a multi-key input.

Dialog

A dialog is a context in which the key binding is active. Available dialogs are:

- `everywhere`

- `feedlist`

- `filebrowser`

- `help`

- `articlelist`

- `article`

- `tagselection`

- `filterselection`

- `urlview`

- `podboat`

- `dirbrowser`

- `searchresultslist`

Multiple dialogs can be specified with a comma in between. For example:

    bind k feedlist,articlelist,urlview up
    bind j feedlist,articlelist,urlview down

or using `everywhere` to apply the binding in all dialogs:

    bind k everywhere up
    bind j everywhere down

Operation List

Operations get executed when pressing the corresponding sequence of keys. For a complete list of available operations see Newsboat Operations and Podboat Operations.

Multiple operations can be specified by writing them down separated by a semicolon. Some operations allow specifying an argument, e.g. `set <config option> <config value>` can be used to change a configuration option.

A sequence with two dashes followed by text between double quotes can be used to add a description to a binding (e.g. `-- "some description"`). If present, the description is shown in the help dialog.

In combination, this might look like:

    bind of everywhere set browser "firefox" ; open-in-browser -- "Open in Firefox"

The above example means that pressing `o` followed by `f` will change the configured browser to `firefox` and then run the `open-in-browser` command to open the feed/article in the configured browser.

`bind` is similar to macros but is more flexible. Macros are configured globally, whereas `bind` can be applied to specific dialogs. Additionally, macros always require pressing 2 keys (`macro-prefix` followed by a key specific to the macro) while `bind` can specify a key-sequence of any length.

### 4.7. Old Style Key Bindings

You can bind a single key to a single operation with the `bind-key` configuration command. This is an older, more limited form of keybinding syntax. You can specify an optional dialog. This is the context in which the key binding is active.

The syntax for an old style key binding looks like this:

    bind-key <key> <operation> [<dialog>]

Key

Lowercase keys, uppercase keys and special characters are written literally.

Key combinations with `Ctrl` are written using the caret `^`. For instance `Ctrl`+`R` equals to `^R`. Please be aware that all `Ctrl`-related key combinations need to be written in uppercase.

The following identifiers for special keys are supported:

- `ENTER` (Enter key)

- `BACKSPACE` (backspace key)

- `LEFT` (left cursor)

- `RIGHT` (right cursor)

- `UP` (up cursor)

- `DOWN` (down cursor)

- `PPAGE` (page up cursor)

- `NPAGE` (page down cursor)

- `HOME` (cursor to beginning of list/article)

- `END` (cursor to end of list/article)

- `ESC` (Esc key)

- `TAB` (Tab key)

- `F1` to `F12` (F1 key to F12 key)

Operation

An operation gets executed when pressing the corresponding key. For a complete list of available operations see Newsboat Operations and Podboat Operations.

Dialog

A dialog is a context in which the key binding is active. Available dialogs are:

- `all` (default if not specified)

- `feedlist`

- `filebrowser`

- `help`

- `articlelist`

- `article`

- `tagselection`

- `filterselection`

- `urlview`

- `podboat`

- `dirbrowser`

- `searchresultslist`

### 4.8. Colors

It is possible to configure custom color settings in Newsboat. The basic configuration syntax is:

    color <element> <foreground color> <background color> [<attribute> ...]

This means that if you configure colors for a certain element, you need to provide a foreground color and a background color as a minimum. The following colors are supported:

- `black`

- `red`

- `green`

- `yellow`

- `blue`

- `magenta`

- `cyan`

- `white`

- `default`

- `color<n>`, e.g. `color123`

The `default` color means that the terminal’s default color will be used. The `color<n>` color name (where `<n>` is a decimal number not starting with zero) can be used if your terminal supports 256 colors (e.g. `gnome-terminal`, or `xterm` with `TERM` set to `xterm-256color`). Newsboat contains support for 256 color terminals since version 2.1. For a complete chart of colors and their corresponding numbers, please see https://www.calmar.ws/vim/256-xterm-24bit-rgb-color-chart.html.

Optionally, you can also add one or more attributes. The following attributes are supported:

- `standout`

- `underline`

- `reverse`

- `blink`

- `dim`

- `bold`

- `protect`

- `invis`

Currently, the following elements are supported:

- `background`: the application background

- `listnormal`: a normal list item

- `listfocus`: the currently selected list item

- `listnormal_unread`: an unread list item

- `listfocus_unread`: the currently selected unread list item

- `title` (added in 2.25): current dialog’s title, which is usually at the top of the screen (but see `show-title-bar` and `swap-title-and-hints`). If you don’t specify a style for this element, then the `info` style is used

- `info`: the hints bar, which is usually at the bottom of the screen (but see `show-keymap-hint` and `swap-title-and-hints`)

- `hint-key` (added in 2.25): a key in the hints bar. If you don’t specify a style for this element, then the `info` style is used

- `hint-keys-delimiter` (added in 2.25): the comma that separates keys in the hints bar. If you don’t specify a style for this element, then the `info` style is used

- `hint-separator` (added in 2.25): the colon separating keys from their descriptions in the hints bar. If you don’t specify a style for this element, then the `info` style is used

- `hint-description` (added in 2.25): a description of a key in the hints bar. If you don’t specify a style for this element, then the `info` style is used

- `article`: the article text

- `end-of-text-marker`: filler lines (~) below blocks of text

The default color configuration of Newsboat looks like this:

    color background          white   black
    color listnormal          white   black
    color listfocus           yellow  blue   bold
    color listnormal_unread   white   black  bold
    color listfocus_unread    yellow  blue   bold
    color title               yellow  blue   bold
    color info                yellow  blue   bold
    color hint-key            yellow  blue   bold
    color hint-keys-delimiter white   blue
    color hint-separator      white   blue   bold
    color hint-description    white   blue
    color article             white   black

### 4.9. Files

By default, Newsboat stores all the files in a traditional Unix fashion, i.e. in a "dotdir" located at ~/.newsboat. However, it also supports a modern way, XDG Base Directory Specification, which splits the files between the following locations:

1. $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/newsboat/ (`XDG_CONFIG_HOME` defaults to ~/.config)

2. $XDG_DATA_HOME/newsboat/ (`XDG_DATA_HOME` defaults to ~/.local/share)

If the newsboat directory exists under `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, then Newsboat will use XDG directories (creating the data directory if necessary). Otherwise, Newsboat will default to ~/.newsboat.

If you’re currently using ~/.newsboat/ but wish to migrate to XDG directories, you should move the files as follows:

config, urls

  to $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/newsboat/

cache.db, history.search, history.cmdline, queue

  to $XDG_DATA_HOME/newsboat/

Newsboat and Podboat also create "lock files". These prevent you from starting two instances of the same program, and thus from corrupting your data. Newsboat and Podboat remove these files when you quit the program, so there is no need to copy them anywhere — just be aware of them in case you write scripts that work with cache.db or queue. By default, lock files are located as follows:

| dotdir | XDG
--- | --- | ---
Newsboat | ~/.newsboat/cache.db.lock | $XDG_DATA_HOME/newsboat/cache.db.lock
Podboat | ~/.newsboat/pb-lock.pid | $XDG_DATA_HOME/newsboat/.lock

Newsboat places the lock file next to the cache file, so if you specify cache-file setting or pass `--cache-file` command-line argument, the path to the lock file will change too. Podboat’s lock can be placed elsewhere using `--lock-file` command-line argument.

## 5. Migrating from other RSS Feed Readers

It is very likely that you have used other RSS feed readers before. In this case, it is practical to migrate the previous configuration to Newsboat.

### 5.1. Newsbeuter (automatic migration)

Newsboat is a fork of Newsbeuter, so the migration from the latter is partially automated. Simple enough configurations will be transferred without any user intervention, while more complicated ones might require a little tweaking afterwards.

To prevent data loss, please check the results before deleting your old configuration. Pay extra attention to files that you `include` in your configuration—​you’d probably want to manually copy them over to Newsboat directories, and possibly update the include paths.

Migration from Newsbeuter is attempted on startup if the following conditions are met:

- none of `-u`, `-c`, `-C` options were specified; and

- the urls file doesn’t exist (neither ~/.newsboat/urls nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/newsboat/urls).

Newsboat first tries to migrate an XDG configuration, and if that fails, it tries the dotdir one. If that fails as well, Newsboat proceeds with the startup as usual.

XDG migration checks that:

- $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/newsbeuter/ is readable and executable; and

- neither $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/newsboat/ nor $XDG_DATA_HOME/newsboat/ exist.

If both conditions are met, Newsboat tries to create its XDG dirs (aborting the migration if that fails), then copies the following files: urls and config from config dir; cache.db, queue, history.search, history.cmdline from data dir.

Dotdir migration checks that ~/.newsbeuter/ is readable and executable, and ~/.newsboat/ doesn’t exist. If those conditions are met, it tries to create ~/.newsboat/ (aborting the migration if that fails), then copies the following files: urls, cache.db, config, queue, history.search, history.cmdline.

There’s one scenario where the process breaks: if you have an XDG configuration for Newsbeuter, ~/.newsboat/ exists and ~/.newsboat/urls doesn’t exist, then Newsboat will migrate XDG files and proceed, ignoring the dotdir. Please don’t confuse the poor program like that!

### 5.2. Other readers (via OPML)

The vast amount of RSS feed readers allows the export of subscriptions via OPML files. OPML is an XML file format that was designed to save outlines, and has found its primary use in the import and export of feed subscriptions between different RSS feed readers.

The best thing to start with is to export your subscriptions from the old reader. Usually, RSS feed readers have appropriate menu items available to do so.

Snownews 1.7+ stores its subscriptions natively in OPML, in ~/.config/snownews/urls.opml. Earlier versions provide an export script:

    snow2opml > ~/blogroll.opml

To export the subscription list from raggle, the following command is necessary:

    raggle --export-opml ~/blogroll.opml

You can then import subscriptions into Newsboat:

    newsboat -i ~/blogroll.opml

Don’t worry, Newsboat won’t destroy your existing configuration, or add subscriptions more than once: every URL that is added to the subscription list is checked before whether it is already in the list, and is only added if not. This makes it possible to merge several OPML files into your subscription list.

If your old RSS feed reader was able to structure your subscriptions in hierarchies, and reflected this structure in the exported OPML file, Newsboat doesn’t throw away this information (although it doesn’t support hierarchies), but generates tags from it. Tags are Newsboat’s way of organizing subscriptions in a non-hierarchical way. More information on the use of tags can be found below.

Imagine the following folder hierarchy:

    |- News
    | |- Europe
    | `- International
    |- IT
    | |- Linux
    | |- Windows
    | `- Programming
    |   |- C++
    |   |- Ruby
    |   `- Erlang
    `- Private

Subscriptions found in the folder "Private" will be tagged with "Private", subscriptions in the folder "International" will be tagged with "News" and "News/International", subscriptions in the folder "Erlang" will be tagged ith "IT", "IT/Programming" and "IT/Programming/Erlang", and so on. This means that when you select the tag "Programming" in Newsboat, you will see all subscriptions that were in the "Programming" folder or one of its subfolders before. This means that you will lose virtually nothing of your previously configured structure.

## 6. Newsboat as a Client for Newsreading Services

Newsboat is a perfectly capable feedreader in its own right, but it can’t cover all the use-cases. For example, you might want to synchronize your news between devices, or you don’t have a computer that’s running 24/7 to fetch your feeds. In such cases, you might register with some online feedreader, and use Newsboat as a client. The next few sections provide configuration instructions for each supported service.

### 6.1. The Old Reader

The Old Reader is a successor to Google Reader. In order to use it, you first need to configure the proper URL source:

    urls-source "oldreader"

In addition, Newsboat needs to know your The Old Reader username and password so that it can authenticate with the service:

    oldreader-login "your-oldreader-account"
    oldreader-password "your-password"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `oldreader-passwordfile`, `oldreader-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

After setting these configuration values, you can start Newsboat. It will authenticate with The Old Reader and download your subscription list.

When you mark single items or complete feeds as read, Newsboat will synchronize this information directly to The Old Reader. This, of course, includes opening articles. Toggling read articles back to "unread" is also communicated to The Old Reader.

In addition, The Old Reader provides the ability to "star" and to "share" articles. Starred articles are basically bookmarks, while shared articles are shown to people that follow your The Old Reader account. Newsboat allows the use of this feature by mapping its powerful "flags" to the "star"/"unstar" resp. "share"/"unshare" operations.

In order to use this mapping, all you need to do is to configure the flags that shall be used:

    oldreader-flag-share "a"
    oldreader-flag-star "b"

After that, use these flags when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be starred resp. shared.

By default, Newsboat also shows The Old Reader "special feeds":

- People you follow: articles shared by people that you follow.

- Starred items: articles that you starred.

- Shared items: articles that you shared.

You can disable these feeds by setting the following configuration variable:

    oldreader-show-special-feeds no

The Old Reader’s folders are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.2. NewsBlur

NewsBlur is a successor to Google Reader. To use it, set your `urls-source`:

    urls-source "newsblur"

Then, configure your NewsBlur credentials:

    newsblur-login "your-newsblur-account"
    newsblur-password "your-password"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `newsblur-passwordfile`, `newsblur-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

Finally, set a path to the file where Newsboat can store the HTTP cookies:

    cookie-cache "~/.newsboat/cookies.txt"

When you start Newsboat, it will download the feeds that you configured in NewsBlur. Please take a closer look at the configuration commands for what you can configure in Newsboat regarding NewsBlur.

NewsBlur’s folders are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details. NewsBlur’s starring/saving feature is currently unsupported by Newsboat.

### 6.3. FeedHQ

FeedHQ is a successor to Google Reader. Configuration basically works the same as with The Old Reader.

First, set your `urls-source`:

    urls-source "feedhq"

Then, configure your FeedHQ credentials:

    feedhq-login "your-feedhq-account"
    feedhq-password "your-password"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `feedhq-passwordfile`, `feedhq-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

If you’re using a standalone instance, you should add one more setting:

    feedhq-url "https://the.url.of/your/feedhq/instance"

When you start Newsboat, it will download the feeds that you configured in FeedHQ. Please take a closer look at the configuration commands for what you can configure in Newsboat regarding FeedHQ.

FeedHQ’s folders are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.4. Bazqux

Bazqux uses "Google Reader API", which is also used by other readers like FeedHQ. Thus, one can leverage Newsboat’s support for FeedHQ (described above) to synchronize with Bazqux:

    urls-source "feedhq"
    feedhq-url "https://bazqux.com/"
    feedhq-login "username"
    feedhq-password "password"

See Passwords for external APIs for other, more secure ways to store your password.

### 6.5. Feedbin

Supported since Newsboat 2.35.

Feedbin is a web-based RSS reader. To use it, point Newsboat to your Feedbin account:

    urls-source "feedbin"
    feedbin-login "myusername"
    feedbin-password "mypassword"

See Passwords for external APIs for other, more secure ways to store your password.

### 6.6. FreshRSS

Supported since Newsboat 2.24.

FreshRSS is a self-hosted feed reader that also uses a "Google Reader API", but is incompatable with the FeedHQ API. To use FreshRSS support, ensure that API access is enabled in the Authentication settings for your server, and that you have set an API password for your user Profile. Then point Newsboat to your server:

    urls-source "freshrss"
    freshrss-url "https://freshrss.example.com/api/greader.php"
    freshrss-login "myusername"
    freshrss-password "mypassword"

See Passwords for external APIs for other, more secure ways to store your password.

Newsboat will request 20 articles by default. Change this with e.g.

    freshrss-min-items 100

FreshRSS provides the ability to "favourite"/"star" articles. Starred articles are basically bookmarks. Newsboat allows the use of these features by mapping its flags to the "star" operation.

In order to use this mapping, you need to configure the flag that should be used:

    freshrss-flag-star "s"

After that, use this flag when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be starred.

By default a "Starred Items" feed is included in the feed list. This can be removed with:

    freshrss-show-special-feeds "false"

FreshRSS categories are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.7. Tiny Tiny RSS

Newsboat can be used to synchronize with Tiny Tiny RSS installations. Tiny Tiny RSS is a web-based and (optionally) multi-user feed reader.

If you want to use Tiny Tiny RSS support, don’t forget to activate the external API support in your preferences.

To use Tiny Tiny RSS support, you need to configure a few things. First of all, Newsboat needs to know that you want to use Tiny Tiny RSS and which installation exactly:

    urls-source "ttrss"
    ttrss-url "https://example.com/ttrss/"

In addition, it requires username and password for authentication:

    ttrss-login "myusername"
    ttrss-password "mypassword"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `ttrss-passwordfile`, `ttrss-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

Tiny Tiny RSS provides two modes of usage: single-user mode and multi-user mode. Newsboat needs to know about this, too: in single-user mode, authentication is done via Basic HTTP authentication, while in multi-user mode, authentication is done against Tiny Tiny RSS itself.

    ttrss-mode "single"		# "multi" is default

If Tiny Tiny RSS is configured in multi-user mode and still deployed behind an additional HTTP-BasicAuth, the required username and password (which may deviate from `ttrss-login` and `ttrss-password`) can be specified in the user-part of the url like this:

    ttrss-url "https://htuser:htpasswd@example.com/ttrss/"

With these settings, Newsboat should be able to connect to Tiny Tiny RSS and download your subscribed feeds. Articles or even complete feeds that you marked as read are synchronized directly to Tiny Tiny RSS.

Tiny Tiny RSS provides the ability to "star" and to "publish" articles. Starred articles are basically bookmarks, while published articles can be retrieved via a public RSS feed. Newsboat allows the use of these features by mapping its flags to the "star" and "publish" operations.

In order to use this mapping, you need to configure the flags that shall be used:

    ttrss-flag-star "s"
    ttrss-flag-publish "p"

After that, use these flags when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be starred resp. published.

TT-RSS folders are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.8. ownCloud News and nextCloud News

Supported since Newsboat 2.10.

ownCloud News and nextCloud News implement the same protocol, so Newsboat treats them as equivalent. Instructions below apply to both.

First, set your `urls-source` to `ocnews` and tell Newsboat where to find your ownCloud instance:

    urls-source "ocnews"
    ocnews-url "https://localhost/owncloud"

Username and password are required:

    ocnews-login "user"
    ocnews-password "password"

See also `ocnews-passwordfile`, `ocnews-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

ownCloud News API uses HTTP basic auth, therefore running ownCloud with SSL is highly recommended. If for any reason you don’t want Newsboat to verify the hostname of your instance against the hostname specified in the SSL certificate you’re using, just say so:

    ocnews-verifyhost "no"

If you see intermittent "Authentication failed" errors, try configuring memory caching. That should improve the responsiveness of the API and fix the errors.

ownCloud News provides the ability to "star" articles; starred articles are basically bookmarks. Newsboat allows the use of this feature by mapping user-specified flag to the "star" operation.

In order to use this mapping, you need to configure the flag that shall be used:

    ocnews-flag-star "s"

After that, use these flags when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be starred.

OwnCloud News' folders are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.9. Inoreader

Supported since Newsboat 2.10.2.

⚠ | As of 2022-04-21, this only works for Inoreader Pro users, and only if they don’t have too many feeds and/or don’t reload them too often.

⚠ | As of 2021-08-23, Inoreader’s API doesn’t list enclosures, so Newsboat won’t display podcasts, cover images etc.

Inoreader is a successor to Google Reader.

To use Newsboat with Inoreader, you should first get an Inoreader Pro subscription and register your own application. This is needed because app credentials have to be kept secret, and Newsboat developers don’t want to operate a proxy needed to achieve that.

Please note that API requests to Inoreader are rate-limited, so you might have problems reloading a lot of feeds, or doing so often. Keep this in mind when enabling `auto-reload` or lowering `reload-time`.

With app ID and key in hand, tell Newsboat you’d like to use Inoreader:

    urls-source "inoreader"
    inoreader-app-id "INSERT_ID_HERE"
    inoreader-app-key "INSERT_KEY_HERE"

In addition, Newsboat needs to know your Inoreader username and password so that it can authenticate with Inoreader. Note that this is NOT your login with your Google or Facebook account. If you use one of those to login to Inoreader, you have to create a username and password in Inoreader Preferences > Profile

    inoreader-login "your-inoreader-account"
    inoreader-password "your-password"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `inoreader-passwordfile`, `inoreader-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

After setting these configuration values, you can start Newsboat. It will authenticate with Inoreader and download your subscription list. If you use "folders" in Inoreader to organize your feeds, Newsboat will make them available via its "tags" capability: each feed is tagged with the name of the folder in which it resides. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language sections for details.

When you mark single items or complete feeds as read, Newsboat will synchronize this information directly to Inoreader. This, of course, includes opening articles. Toggling read articles back to "unread" is also communicated to Inoreader.

In addition, Inoreader provides the ability to "star" and to "share" articles. Starred articles are basically bookmarks, while shared articles are shown to people that follow your Inoreader account. Newsboat allows the use of this feature by mapping its powerful "flags" to the "star"/"unstar" resp. "share"/"unshare" operations.

In order to use this mapping, all you need to do is to configure the flags that shall be used:

    inoreader-flag-share "a"
    inoreader-flag-star "b"

After that, use these flags when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be starred resp. shared.

By default, Newsboat also shows Inoreader "special feeds":

- Starred items

- Shared items

- Liked items

- Saved web pages

You can disable these feeds by setting the following configuration variable:

    inoreader-show-special-feeds no

### 6.10. Miniflux

Supported since Newsboat 2.21.

Miniflux is a "minimalist and opinionated feed reader" that is self-hostable.

Newsboat can synchronize with Miniflux installations as an alternative to the web front-end.

To configure Miniflux support, set the urls-source option and provide the url to the Miniflux instance to be used:

    urls-source "miniflux"
    miniflux-url "https://example.com/miniflux/"

In addition, Miniflux requires username and password for authentication:

    miniflux-login "myusername"
    miniflux-password "mypassword"

Note that double quotes and backslashes in your password should be escaped.

See also `miniflux-passwordfile`, `miniflux-passwordeval`, and Passwords for external APIs.

When a username/password are specified, the Miniflux backend will default to using the `basic` HTTP authentication method, since Newsboat sends extraneous requests when trying to determine the appropriate method automatically. If your Miniflux instance uses a special setup that doesn’t function with `basic` authentication, it may be necessary to explicitly set the `http-auth-method` variable in the configuration.

It is also possible to specify an API token instead of the username/password combination:

    miniflux-token "my-api-token"

See also `miniflux-tokenfile`, and `miniflux-tokeneval`.

In addition, Miniflux provides the ability to "star" or save articles. Starred articles are basically bookmarks, but saved articles are sent to your external read-it-later service configured on Miniflux, e.g. Wallabag, Shiori, Linkwarden and others.

Newsboat allows the use of this feature by mapping its powerful "flags" to the "star"/"unstar" or save operations.

In order to use this mapping, all you need to do is to configure the flags that shall be used:

    miniflux-flag-star "a"
    miniflux-flag-save "b"

After that, use these flags when you edit flags for an article, and these articles will be "starred" or saved. Both options can use the same flag if you want to bookmark and save at once.

By default a "Starred Items" feed is included in the feed list. This can be removed with:

    miniflux-show-special-feeds "no"

Miniflux categories are converted into Newsboat tags. You can select and filter feeds by tags; see Tagging and Filter Language for details.

### 6.11. OPML Online Subscription Mode

This mode provides one-way synchronization of subscriptions from the online service to Newsboat. In other words, Newsboat will know what feeds you’ve subscribed to, but the online service won’t know what feeds you’re reading in Newsboat.

This mode works with any service that publishes your subscriptions in OPML format.

To enable this mode, you need to set an appropriate URLs source and then tell Newsboat where to get the OPML file(s):

    urls-source "opml"
    opml-url "https://example.com/feeds.opml" "https://example.com/more.opml"

### 6.12. Passwords for external APIs

There are a number of ways to specify a password, each represented by a separate setting. Newsboat looks for settings in certain order, and uses the first one that it finds. The exact order is described below.

Settings are prefixed by API names; e.g. `newsblur-password`, `feedhq-passwordeval`. All APIs support all the settings, so examples below use `REMOTEAPI` for prefix. Replace it with the name of the remote API you use.

The first setting Newsboat checks is `REMOTEAPI-password`. It should contain the password in plain text.

The second setting Newsboat checks is `REMOTEAPI-passwordfile`. It should contain a path to a file; the first line of that file should contain the password in plain text. If the file doesn’t exit, is unreadable, or its first line is empty, Newsboat will exit with an error.

The third setting Newsboat checks is `REMOTEAPI-passwordeval`. It should contain a command that, when executed, will print out the password to stdout. stderr will be passed through to the terminal.

If the first line of command’s output is empty, or the command fails to execute, Newsboat will exit with an error. This is the most versatile of all the options, because it lets you emulate every other and more; let’s look at it in more detail.

For example, a user might want to store their password in a file encrypted by GPG. They create the file like that:

    $ gpg --encrypt --default-recipient-self --output ~/.newsboat/password.gpg

They enter their password, press `Enter`, and finish the command by pressing `Ctrl`+`D`. Then, they specify in their Newsboat config:

    REMOTEAPI-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/password.gpg"

Now every time they start Newsboat, GPG will be ran. It’ll probably ask for keyring password, then decrypt the file, and pass its contents to Newsboat, which will use it to authenticate with the remote API.

Note that Newsboat will keep the password in memory the entire time Newsboat is running. Other programs might be able to dump the memory and obtain the password. We don’t currently have any protection from that; patches are welcome.

The user might use any other command here; for example, they could fetch the password from GNOME keyring, KeePass, or somewhere else entirely. The possibilities are truly endless.

If none of the aforementioned settings were found, Newsboat will ask the user for the password using an interactive prompt. If the password that the user enters is empty, Newsboat will give up and exit with an error.

## 7. Advanced Features

### 7.1. Tagging

Newsboat comes with the possibility to categorize or "tag", as we call it, RSS feeds. Every RSS feed can be assigned 0 or more tags. Within Newsboat, you can then select to only show RSS feeds that match a certain tag. That makes it easy to categorize your feeds in a flexible and powerful way.

Usually, the urls file contains one RSS feed URL per line. To assign a tag to an RSS feed, simply attach it as a single word, separated by blanks such as space or tab. If the tag needs to contain spaces, you must use quotes (`"`) around the tag (see example below). An example urls file may look like this:

    https://blog.fefe.de/rss.xml?html interesting conspiracy news "cool stuff"
    https://rss.orf.at/news.xml news orf
    https://www.heise.de/newsticker/heise.rdf news interesting

When you now start Newsboat with this configuration, you can press `T` to select a tag. When you select the tag "news", you will see all three RSS feeds. Pressing `T` again and e.g. selecting the "conspiracy" tag, you will only see the https://blog.fefe.de/rss.xml?html RSS feed. Pressing `Ctrl`+`T` clears the current tag, and again shows all RSS feeds, regardless of their assigned tags.

A special type of tag are tags that start with the tilde character (`~`). When such a tag is found, the feed title is set to the tag name (excluding the `~` character). These type of tags are ignored when any kind of "first tag" property is used. With this feature, you can give feeds any title you want in your feed list:

    https://rss.orf.at/news.xml "~ORF News"

Another special type of tag are tags that start with the exclamation mark (`!`). When such a tag is found, the feed is hidden from the regular list of feeds and its content can only be found through a query feed.

    https://rss.orf.at/news.xml ! news
    http://feeds.bbci.co.uk/news/world/rss.xml ! news
    "query:News from around the globe:tags # \"news\""

In this example, the first two feeds won’t appear in the feedlist, but their articles will still be accessible through the query feed titled "News from around the globe". The "hidden" tags in this example don’t even have names, because their only use is to hide the feed that they’re tagging.

### 7.2. Scripts and Filters (Snownews Extensions)

Newsboat contains support for Snownews extensions. The RSS feed readers Snownews and Liferea share a common way of extending the readers with custom scripts. Two mechanisms, namely "execurl" and "filter" type scripts, are available and supported by Newsboat.

An "execurl" script can be any program that gets executed and whose output is interpreted as RSS feed, while "filter" scripts are fed with the content of a configured URL and whose output is interpreted as RSS feed.

The configuration is simple and straight-forward. Just add to your urls file configuration lines like the following ones:

    exec:~/bin/execurl-script
    filter:~/bin/filter-script:https://some.test/url

The first line shows how to add an execurl script to your configuration: start the line with `exec:` and then immediately append the path of the script that shall be executed. If this script requires additional parameters, simply use quotes (see Using Double Quotes for details):

    "exec:~/bin/execurl-script param1 param2"

The second line shows how to add a filter script to your configuration: start the line with `filter:`, then immediately append the path of the script, then append a colon (`:`), and then append the URL of the file that shall be fed to the script. Again, if the script requires any parameters, simply quote the whole thing:

    "filter:~/bin/filter-script param1 param2:https://url/foobar"

In both cases, the tagging feature as described above is still available:

    exec:~/bin/execurl-script tag1 tag2 "quoted tag"
    filter:~/bin/filter-script:https://some.test/url tag3 tag4 tag5

If you need to write your own extension, see this short guide for an introduction. A collection of existing scripts and filters might help, too.

Newsboat comes with an example exec script which shows one way to generate an RSS channel. It also includes a way to see which exact arguments are passed to the script by Newsboat. This example can be found in the doc/examples subdirectory.

### 7.3. Bookmarking

This feature lets you save links from the article list, the article view, and the URL view. The actual bookmarking is performed by a program that you specify via the `bookmark-cmd` setting; Newsboat merely supplies the data.

To bookmark the currently selected item, press `Ctrl`+`B` (invoking the `bookmark` operation), and Newsboat will ask you for:

1. the URL to bookmark (already preset with the URL of the current selection);

2. the bookmark title (in most cases preset with the title of the current selection);

3. the bookmark description (default empty); and

4. (since Newsboat 2.10) the title of the feed you’re currently in (preset as you’d expect).

(If you find that the above preset values always work for you, enable `bookmark-autopilot` to avoid being asked anything.)

After that, the program configured via `bookmark-cmd` is executed. It is given four arguments, the same ones and in the same order as described above. The program then does the actual bookmark saving, e.g. writing the bookmark into an external file, or storing it to a del.icio.us account.

If everything goes OK, the program simply exits. In case something goes wrong, the program writes out an error message to stdout as a single line. This error message is then presented to the user from within Newsboat. At the moment, Newsboat doesn’t care about the exit code of the program; only its output is used to determine success.

Some bookmarking commands are interactive, e.g. they might want you to select a category for your bookmark, or a Mastodon account from which to share the bookmark. Oftentimes you can specify defaults for these, but if you can’t, enable `bookmark-interactive`: it will make Newsboat relinquish the terminal to the bookmarking program. You’ll be able to make all the changes there, and will return to Newsboat once the bookmarking program exits.

Newsboat comes with an example plugin, doc/examples/example-bookmark-plugin.sh, which implements a simple tab-separated bookmark file. You can use that as a starting point to write your own bookmarking program.

### 7.4. Command Line

Like other text-oriented software, Newsboat contains an internal commandline to modify configuration variables ad hoc and to run own commands. It provides a flexible access to the functionality of Newsboat which is especially useful for advanced users.

To start the commandline, type `:`. You will see a ":" prompt at the bottom of the screen, similar to tools like vi(m) or mutt. You can now enter commands. Pressing the `Enter` key executes the command (possibly giving feedback to the user) and closes the commandline. You can cancel entering commands by pressing the `Esc` key. The history of all the commands that you enter will be saved to the history.cmdline file, stored next to the cache.db file. The backlog is limited to 100 entries by default, but can be influenced by setting the `history-limit` configuration variable. To disable history saving, set the `history-limit` to `0`.

The commandline provides you with some help if you can’t remember the full names of commandline commands. By pressing the `Tab` key, Newsboat will try to automatically complete your command. If there is more than one possible completion, you can subsequently press the `Tab` key to cycle through all results. If no match is found, no suggestion will be inserted into the commandline. For the `set` command, the completion also works for configuration variable names.

In addition, some common key combination such as `Ctrl`+`G` (to cancel input), `Ctrl`+`K` (to delete text from the cursor position to the end of line), `Ctrl`+`U` (to clear the whole line) and `Ctrl`+`W` (to delete the word before the current cursor position) were added.

Please be aware that the input history of both the command line and the search functions are saved to the filesystems, to the files history.cmdline resp. history.search (stored next to the cache.db file). By default, the last 100 entries are saved, but this can be configured (configuration variable `history-limit`) and also totally disabled (by setting said variable to `0`).

Currently, the following command line commands are available:

Syntax: quit
Example: quit

Quit Newsboat.

Syntax: q
Example: quit

Alias for quit.

Syntax: save <filename>
Example: save ~/important.txt

Export the currently selected article to a plain text file. This works in the article list and in the article view.

Syntax: set <variable>[=<value>|&|!]
Example: set reload-time=15

Set configuration variable <variable> to <value>. If no value is specified, the current value is printed out. Specifying a ! after the name of boolean configuration variables toggles their values, a & directly after the name of a configuration variable of any type resets its value to the documented default value.

Syntax: tag <tagname>
Example: tag news

Only display feeds with the tag <tagname>.

Syntax: goto <case-insensitive substring>
Example: goto foo

Search for a feed whose name contains the case-insensitive substring.

Syntax: source <filename> […​]
Example: source ~/.newsboat/colors

Load the specified configuration files. This allows it to load alternative configuration files or reload already loaded configuration files on-the-fly from the filesystem.

Syntax: dumpconfig <filename>
Example: dumpconfig ~/.newsboat/config.saved

Save current internal state of configuration to file, so that it can be instantly reused as configuration file.

Syntax: exec <operation>
Example: exec open-all-unread-in-browser-and-mark-read

Run a keybind operation in the current context.

Syntax: number
Example: 30

Jump to the entry with the index <number> (usually seen at the left side of the list). This currently works for the feed list, article list, tag selection, filter selection, and dialog selection forms.

### 7.5. Filter Language

Newsboat provides a powerful filter language that enables the user to filter the content of many dialogs, such as the feed list or the article list. The basic concept is that every feed and every article has a number of attributes which can then be compared with user-supplied values, and these comparisons and be logically AND’ed, OR’ed and grouped.

Examples for simple filter expressions are:

    unread_count > 0
    rssurl =~ "^https:"
    age between 0:10

Logically connecting and grouping such expressions looks like in the following examples:

    ( unread_count > 0 and unread_count < 10 ) or total_count > 100
    ( author =~ "Frank" or author =~ "John" ) and ( title =~ "Linux" or title =~ "FreeBSD" )

The possibilities for combining such queries is endless, sky (actually: the available memory) is the limit.

To filter your feeds, press `Shift`+`F` in the feed list, enter your filter expression, and press `Enter`. To clear the filter, press `Ctrl`+`F`. To filter the articles in the article list, press `Shift`+`F`, enter your expression, and press `Enter`. Clearing the filter works the same as before. Be aware that only certain attributes work in both dialogs. The table below lists all available attributes and their context, i.e. an attribute that belongs to a feed can only be matched in the feed list, while an attribute that belongs to an article can only be matched in the article list.

Table 1. Available Comparison Operators
Operator | Meaning
--- | ---
= / == | test for equality
!= | test for inequality; logical negation of the = operator
=~ | test whether POSIX extended regular expression matches, case-insensitively
!~ | logical negation of the =~ operator
< | less than
> | greater than
<= | less than or equal
>= | greater than or equal
between | within a range of integer values, where the two integer values are separated by a colon (see above for an example)
# | contains; this operator matches if a word is contained in a list of space-separated words (useful for matching tags, see below)
!# | contains not; the negation of the # operator

Table 2. Available Attributes
Attribute | Context | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
title | article | article title
link | article | article link
author | article | article author
content | article | article body
date | article | publication date of the article
guid | article | a unique identifier of the article
unread | article | indicates whether the article has been read
enclosure_url | article | the URL of an enclosure (e.g. podcast file), empty if there is no enclosure
enclosure_type | article | the MIME type of the enclosure, empty if there is no enclosure
flags | article | The set of flags of the article
age | article | Number of days since the article was published
articleindex | article | Index of an article in an article list
feedtitle | feed, article | title of the feed
description | feed, article | feed description
feedlink | feed, article | link to the feed
feeddate | feed, article | publication date of the feed
rssurl | feed, article | RSS URL of the feed
unread_count | feed, article | number of unread articles in the feed
total_count | feed, article | total number of articles in the feed
tags | feed, article | space-separated list of tags that are associated with the feed. Note that for tags that have spaces in them, it’s impossible to tell where they start and end, so # and !# operators don’t work for such tags.
feedindex | feed, article | Index of a feed in the feed list
latest_article_age | feed, article | Number of days since the most recent article in a feed was published

Note that it’s also possible to filter for feed attributes when you query for article attributes. This is because every article is internally linked to the feed from which it was downloaded.

### 7.6. Killfiles

Sometimes, a user is confronted with certain content they don’t want to read, e.g. on topics the user is not interested in or articles written by certain people. In Usenet, such functionality within software is traditionally called a "killfile", i.e. based on the content of this "killfile", articles that match certain conditions do not get displayed and are not presented to the user at all.

In Newsboat, such a "killfile" can be implemented on a per-article basis via the configuration file. The most important configuration command for this is `ignore-article`:

    ignore-article "https://synflood.at/blog/index.php?/feeds/index.rss2" "title =~ \"newsboat\""
    ignore-article "regex:https?://nitter.net/.*" "title =~ \"^RT by\""
    ignore-article "*" "title =~ \"Gentoo\""

It takes two parameters. The first one is either:

- The URL of a feed.

- A pattern prefixed with `regex:`. The pattern must be a POSIX extended regular expression, which will be matched case-insensitive.

- `"*"` to match any feed (asterisk is not a pattern, glob or regex—we simply reserve it to mean "all feeds").

The second argument is a filter expression for an article, probably in double quotes to preserve spaces inside. If Newsboat hits an article in the specified RSS feed that matches the specified filter expression, then this article is ignored and never presented to the user. The configuration itself can contain as many `ignore-article` commands as desired.

You can also specify the way an article is ignored. There are two ways available:

- During download: articles are ignored when a feed is downloaded and parsed, and thus won’t be written to the local cache.

- During display: articles are downloaded and written to the local cache, but are ignored when a feed is displayed.

Both modes have their advantages and disadvantages: while the download ignore mode saves some storage, you cannot simply "undo" the ignore by removing it from the configuration file: if an ignored article has already vanished from a feed, it won’t reappear. On the other hand, the display ignore mode requires some more space, but has the advantage that an ignore can be "undone" by removing the ignore-article configuration command from the configuration.

The default ignore mode is `"download"`. You can set the `ignore-mode` in the configuration file:

    ignore-mode "display"

### 7.7. Query Feeds

Query feeds are a mechanism of Newsboat to define custom "meta feeds" by using Newsboat’s built-in filter language. A query feed is a feed that is aggregated from all currently downloaded articles of all feeds. To narrow down the set of articles, the user has to specify a filter. Only articles that match this filter are added to the query feed.

A query feed is updated whenever it is entered in the feed list. When you change the unread flag of an article, this is reflected in the feed where the article was originally fetched. If you want query feeds to be updated at startup, set `prepopulate-query-feeds` to `yes`.

To define a query feed, the user has to add a line to the urls file in the following format:

    query:<name of feed>:<filter expression> [<tag> ...]

The `query:` in the beginning tells Newsboat that it’s a query feed, `<name of feed>` specifies the name under which the query feed shall be displayed in the feed list, and `<filter expression>` is the filter expression that shall be used. Like every other feed, a query feed can be tagged to organize it like a regular feed.

This feature is often used to create a feed that contains all unread articles:

    "query:Unread Articles:unread = \"yes\""

Note the use of double quotes to preserve spaces in the query feed name or filter expression.

If you want to combine several feeds to one single feed, a good solution is to tag the feeds that you want to combine with one certain tag, and then create a query feed that only displays articles from feeds with that certain tag:

    https://domain1.tld/feed.xml fun news tag1
    https://domain2.tld/?feed.rss private jokes tag1
    https://domain3.tld/feeds.rss news
    "query:tag1 Articles:tags # \"tag1\""

In this example, the feeds https://domain1.tld/feed.xml and https://domain2.tld/?feed.rss are aggregated into the query feed named "tag1 Articles", but the feed https://domain3.tld/feeds.rss is not.

Basically, the possibility of what can be realized with query feeds is only limited by what can be queried from articles and feeds with the filter language and by your creativity.

### 7.8. Flagging Articles

To support custom categorization of articles by the user, it is possible to flag an article. A valid flag is any character from A to Z and from a to z. Every article can be flagged with up to 52 different flags, i.e. every letter from the Roman alphabet in upper and lower case. Flagging is easy: just select an article in the article list, or enter the article view, and press :`Ctrl`+`E`. This will start the flag editor. By pressing `Enter`, the new flags are saved. You can cancel by pressing the `Esc` key.

The flags of an article can be used in every filter expression. The flags of an article are always ordered, and when new flags are added, ordering is immediately restored. This behaviour can also be relied upon when querying articles via the filter language.

If an article contains one or more flags, it is marked with an "!" in the article list. In the article view, all flags (if available) are listed.

### 7.9. Commandline Commands

Newsboat comes with a `-x` option that indicates that commands added as arguments to the command line shall be executed. Currently, the following commands are available:

- `reload`: this option reloads all feeds, and quits Newsboat without printing any output. This is useful if a user wants to periodically reload all feeds without always having a running Newsboat instance, e.g. from cron.

- `print-unread`: this option prints the number of unread articles and quits Newsboat. This is useful for users who want to integrate this number into some kind of monitoring system.

### 7.10. Format Strings

Newsboat contains a powerful format string system to make it possible for the user to configure the format of various aspects of the application, such as the format of entries in the feed list or in the article list.

Format strings are similar to those that are found in the `printf` function in the C programming language. A format sequence begins with the % character, followed by optional alignment indication: positive numbers indicate that the text that is inserted for the sequence shall be padded on the left to a total width that is specified by the number, while negative number specify padding on the right. Followed by the padding indication comes the actual sequence identifier, which is usually a single letter. `%=[width][identifier]` centers the sequence, where if w=0 the whole width of the window is used.

In addition, Newsboat provides other, more powerful sequences, such as `%>[char]`, which indicates that the text right to the sequence will be aligned right on the screen, and characters between the text on the left and the text on the right will be filled by `[char]`. Another powerful format is the conditional sequence, `%?[char]?[format 1]&[format 2]?`: if the text of the sequence identifier `[char]` contains any non-whitespace characters, then `[format 1]` will be evaluated and inserted, otherwise `[format 2]` will be evaluated and inserted. The `&` and `[format 2]` are optional, i.e. if the identifier’s text is empty, then an empty string will be inserted.

The following tables show what sequence identifiers are available for which format:

Table 3. Available Identifiers for feedlist-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
d | Feed description
i | Feed index
l | Feed link
L | Feed RSS URL
n | "unread" flag field
S | download status
t | Feed title
T | First tag of a feed in the URLs file
u | "unread/total" field
U | "unread" field
c | "total" field

While a `reload-all` operation is running, the download status indicates the download status of a feed, which can be "to be downloaded" (indicated by "_"), "currently downloading" (indicated by "."), successfully downloaded (indicated by " ") and "download error" (indicated by "x").

Table 4. Available Identifiers for articlelist-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
a | Article author
D | Publication date. This can be tweaked further with datetime-format
f | Two characters: 1) "N" if article is unread, "D" if article is deleted, a space otherwise; 2) "!" if article has flags, a space otherwise.
n | "unread" field
d | "deleted" field
F | Article flags
i | Article index
t | Article title
T | If the article list displays articles from different feeds, then this identifier contains the title of the feed to which the article belongs.
L | Article length
e | Article enclosure URL

Table 5. Available Identifiers for selecttag-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
i | Line’s index in the list
T | The tag this line corresponds to
f | Number of unread feeds under this tag
n | Number of unread articles in feeds tagged with this tag
u | Number of feeds tagged with this tag

Table 6. Available Identifiers for notify-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
n | Number of unread articles
f | Number of unread feeds
d | Number of new unread articles (i.e. that were added through the last reload)
D | Number of new unread feeds (i.e. that were added through the last reload)

Table 7. Available Identifiers for podlist-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
i | Download index
d | Currently downloaded size in megabytes, displays one digit of precision
t | Total download size in megabytes, displays one digit of precision
p | Downloaded precentage, displays one digit of precision
k | Download speed, displays two digit of precision, always in KB/s (does not include the "KB/s" text)
K | Download speed, displays two digit of precision, human readable (automatically switches between KB/s, MB/s, and GB/s)
S | Status of download, displays one of the folowing; "queued", "downloading", "ready", "canceled", "deleted", "missing", "played", "finished" or "failed"
u | Url of the download
F | Absolute filename of the download from the root directory (e.g. ~/downloads/podcast.mp3 → /home/name/downloads/podcast.mp3)
b | Basename of the download (e.g. /home/name/downloads/podcast.mp3 → podcast.mp3)

Examples:

    feedlist-format     "%4i %n %11u %t"
    articlelist-format  "%4i %f %D   %?T?|%-17T|  ?%t"
    notify-format       "%d new articles (%n unread articles, %f unread feeds)"
    podlist-format      "%4i [%-5p %%] %-12S %F"

Table 8. Available Identifiers for download-path and download-filename-format
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
u | Filename part of the download URL. May be empty. May include a query string
n | Name of the podcast feed
N | Name of the podcast feed. Contains the original feed’s name, even when selected through a query feed
h | Name of the podcast feed’s hostname
t | Title of the podcast episode
e | Extension of the podcast episode
F | Publication date of the podcast episode formatted as yyyy-mm-dd
m | Month when podcast episode was published
b | Abbreviated month name when podcast episode was published
d | Day when podcast episode was published
H | Hour when podcast episode was published
M | Minute when podcast episode was published
S | Second when podcast episode was published
y | Year when podcast episode was published formatted as yy
Y | Year when podcast episode was published formatted as yyyy

#### 7.10.1. Dialog Titles

You can customize the title format of all available dialogs. Here is a list of dialogs with their respective title format configuration variables, and a list of available formats and their meaning. Please note that the title formats are localized, so if you work on a different locale that is supported by Newsboat, the actually displayed title text may vary unless you customize it.

Table 9. Dialog Title Formats
Dialog | Configuration Variable | Default Value
--- | --- | ---
Feed List | feedlist-title-format |
    %N %V - %?F?Feeds&Your feeds? (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&?%?T? - tag '%T'&?
Article List | articlelist-title-format |
    %N %V - Articles in feed '%T' (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&? - %U
Search Result | searchresult-title-format |
    %N %V - Search results for '%s' (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&?
File Browser | filebrowser-title-format |
    %N %V - %?O?Open File&Save File? - %f
Directory Browser | dirbrowser-title-format |
    %N %V - %?O?Open Directory&Save File? - %f
Help | help-title-format |
    %N %V - Help
Select Tag Dialog | selecttag-title-format |
    %N %V - Select Tag
Select Filter Dialog | selectfilter-title-format |
    %N %V - Select Filter
Article View | itemview-title-format |
    %N %V - Article '%T' (%u unread, %t total)
URL View | urlview-title-format |
    %N %V - URLs
Dialog List | dialogs-title-format |
    %N %V - Dialogs

Table 10. Common Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
N | Name of the program, i.e. "Newsboat"
V | Program version

Table 11. Feed List Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
T | Currently selected tag (empty if none selected)
t | Number of total feeds
u | Number of unread feeds
U | Number of unread articles
F | Current filter expression (empty if no filter is active)

Table 12. Article List Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
T | Feed title
U | Feed URL
u | Number of unread articles
t | Number of total articles
F | Current filter expression (empty if no filter is active)

Table 13. Search Result Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
s | Search phrase
…Plus all the ones supported by articlelist-title-format (see table above)

Table 14. File Browser Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
f | Current path
O | Non-empty if file browser is in open mode, empty if in save mode

Table 15. Directory Browser Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
f | Current path
O | Non-empty if directory browser is in open mode, empty if in save mode

Table 16. Article View Title Format Identifiers
Identifier | Meaning
--- | ---
T | Article title
F | Feed title
u | Number of unread articles
t | Number of total articles

### 7.11. Highlighting Text

Newsboat supports the highlighting of text in the feed list, the article list and the article view, using regular expressions to describe patterns to be highlighted. The command syntax goes like this:

    highlight <target> <regex> <fgcolor> [<bgcolor> [<attribute> ...]]

Valid values for `<target>` are `feedlist`, `articlelist`, `article` and `all`. When specifying `all`, the matching will be done in all three views. The `<regex>` must be a POSIX extended regular expression, which will be matched case-insensitive against the text. If multiple highlight matches overlap, the style of the later specified highlight rule will be applied. `<fgcolor>` and `<bgcolor>` specify the foreground color resp. the background color of the matches. You can also specify 0 or more attributes. You can find a list of valid colors and attributes in the [_configuring_colors].

Examples for possible highlighting configurations are:

    highlight all "newsboat" red
    highlight article "^(Feed|Title|Author|Link|Date):" default default underline
    highlight feedlist "https?://[^ ]+" yellow red bold

Note the use of double quotes to preserve spaces in the regular expressions.

#### 7.11.1. Highlighting Articles in the Article List

In addition to generally highlighting text, there is also a specific way to highlight articles in the article list based on whether they match a certain filter expression. This means that you can highlight items in the article list based on their content. This is done using the `highlight-article` configuration command.

The syntax is similar to the `highlight` configuration command, with the difference that there’s no need to specify a target (since it only applies in the article list), and instead of a regular expression, a filter expression is used. After the filter expression, the colors and attributes are specified in the same way.

Example:

    highlight-article "author =~ \"Andreas Krennmair\"" white red bold

Note the use of double quotes to preserve spaces in the filter expression.

#### 7.11.2. Highlighting Feeds in the Feed List

Similarly, feeds can be highlighted in the feed list based on whether they match a certain filter expression. This is done using the `highlight-feed` configuration command.

Example:

    highlight-feed "unread_count > 100" white red bold

Note the use of double quotes to preserve spaces in the filter expression.

### 7.12. Advanced Dialog Management

Newsboat supports an advanced concept of dialogs. Previously, all dialogs (feed list, article list, article view) were internally laid out as a pure stack. In 2.0, this changed: all dialogs are managed in a list, and the user can jump to another, previously opened dialog from everywhere. This allows a user to open more than one article list, more than one article view, etc., and switch between them without closing them.

The main dialog for this feature can be reached by pressing the `V` key. This opens the list of open dialogs. From there, the user can switch to another dialog by selecting the appropriate entry and pressing `Enter`, or can close open dialogs by selecting them and pressing `Ctrl`+`X`.

### 7.13. Macro Support

Bindings created with `bind-key` can only execute a single operation, like `open` or `quit`. Macros where introduced to allow running multiple operations. However, we now have the `bind` command which is more flexible and also allows running multiple operations. To read more about the `bind` command, see Key Bindings.

To execute multiple operations, one can use the `macro` command. To invoke the macro, the user presses the `macro-prefix` (`,` by default) and then the macro’s key. It’s easier to explain with some examples:

    macro k open; reload; quit  -- "enter feed to reload it"
    macro o open-in-browser; toggle-article-read "read"

Here, we define two macros. Now when the user types `,``K`, Newsboat will enter the current feed, reload it, and go back to the feedlist. If the user types `,``O`, Newsboat will open current article in the external browser, and also mark it read. Note that macros can have a description which will be displayed in the help dialog when the user presses `?`.

Macros can invoke any of Newsboat’s operations. Keep in mind that some operations only make sense in certain situations, e.g. `reload` doesn’t make sense while viewing an article. If you try to execute an operation that is not supported by the current dialog, it will be ignored.

The macro prefix can be changed from the default `,` to another key, e.g. `+` (if you don’t unbind the default `,` you’re left with two macro prefixes):

    bind-key + macro-prefix
    unbind-key ,

### 7.14. Open Links with External Commands

#### 7.14.1. Using Browser

The first step to open links outside of Newsboat is to set a default `browser` in your config file. It can be any command that you would normally run, such as a web browser or an executable script. For example:

    browser firefox

The browser command also takes an optional `%u` to specify at which point the URL should be expanded, `%t` specifying where the type of the URL should be expanded, `%T` for the title of the feed/article, and `%F` specifying where the URL of the feed’s website (or the URL of the feed itself if not available) should be expanded. All parameters will be enclosed in single quotes, making it unnecessary to quote them yourself. If none of the parameters are used, the URL will be appended at the end of the command. Therefore, the previous example is equivalent to:

    browser "firefox %u"

The following table shows the available link types for `%t`:

Table 17. Available Link Types
Type | Meaning
--- | ---
feed | URL of the feed’s website
rssfeed | URL of the feed
article | URL of the article
link | A URL in an article
image | An image in an article
embed_flash | A flash embed in an article
iframe | An iframe in an article
video | A video in an article
audio | Audio in an article
unknown (bug) | An unknown link type, should not appear

To open any link with your browser, the versatile `open-in-browser` operation can be used. Its behavior is specific to each dialog.

The default keybinding for `open-in-browser` is `O`. An alternative operation, `open-in-browser-and-mark-read` also marks the article as read when in the article list, but doesn’t work in the feed list. The default keybinding is `Shift`+`O`.

Articles usually contain links which point to different resources and websites. Newsboat detects those links and creates a list which can be seen at the bottom of the article view. To easily scroll through the list and choose a link to open, one can go to the URL view with the `U` key.

Those links can also be opened directly from the article view. Relevant operations are `one` to `zero` (digits written as words) and `goto-url`. Keys `1` to `0` can be used to open URL 1 to 10. To open URLs above 10, start with the `#` key, then type the URL’s number, and press `Enter`. To use `goto-url` inside a macro, simply append the URL’s number (e.g. `goto-url 11`).

#### 7.14.2. Switching Browser for Different Tasks

To manually change the browser from Newsboat internal command line, type `:set browser` followed by the command, and press `Enter`. The variable is only set temporarily (useful for testing), so next time Newsboat is launched, `browser` will reset to the command specified in your config file:

    :set browser chromium

It is also possible to modify configuration variables within macros. For example, one can temporarily modify the browser command to do something else, such as running an image viewer from the URL view:

    macro i set browser feh; open-in-browser; set browser elinks

#### 7.14.3. Separating Browser from Newsboat

The default behavior of Newsboat when running external commands is to use the same terminal for the new application. It is great for a "classical" workflow i.e., when working from a virtual console without a graphical environment. On the other hand, it might seem like a limitation if you would like to keep using Newsboat while the command is running. A few simple tricks can be used to work with both Newsboat and an external application at the same time. Those are explained below.

Applications like `firefox`, if already running, will simply open a new tab when receiving a link, then give control back to Newsboat. Because of that, Newsboat will be unavailable for a split second, then work can resume.

Other applications without this kind of feature will usually do two things: print messages and warnings (or in the case of interactive console applications, overwrite Newsboat interface with their own), while also blocking user input (which prevents controlling Newsboat). To demonstrate this behavior, the single-tabbed `surf` browser is used:

    :set browser surf

To prevent applications from printing messages and warnings over Newsboat interface (useful mostly for GUI apps), you may need to "redirect standard output and error" to the `null` device:

    :set browser "surf %u >/dev/null 2>&1"

At this point, if you try to open a link, you are back to the original terminal from which Newsboat was initially launched, but input is still blocked. By adding the `&` character to the very end of the browser command, the application will run separately from Newsboat, which can then be used (and even closed) independently of the app:

    :set browser "surf %u >/dev/null 2>&1 &"

This can be simplified by using Newsboat’s `open-in-browser-noninteractively` operation. The operation runs the browser while keeping Newsboat’s view on the foreground. It does not show any of the browser’s `stdout` and `stderr` output.

    :set browser "surf %u &"
    :exec open-in-browser-noninteractively

This can also be useful if you want to run a download script in the background. For example:

    macro d set browser "youtube-dl %u &"; open-in-browser-noninteractively; set browser elinks

For text-based console applications, it is best to first launch a terminal emulator, which will in turn execute the remainder of the browser command. Standard output do not need to be silenced with this technique. Here, `alacritty` is used. Of course, you can replace it with your go-to terminal emulator, just remember to set the "command" or "execute" option (`-e` in this example). To open `lynx` in a dedicated terminal:

    :set browser "alacritty -e lynx %u &"

Once an application is properly detached, other apps can be launched from the same instance of Newsboat. Each time, you can decide to either keep the same browser, or change it to serve a different purpose.

### 7.15. Podcast Support

A podcast is a media file distributed over the internet using syndication feeds such as RSS, for later playback on portable players or computers. Newsboat supports downloading, saving and streaming podcasts, though an external media player is needed for playback. This support differs a bit from other podcast aggregators or "podcatchers" in how it is done.

Podcast content is transported in RSS feeds via special tags called "enclosures". Newsboat recognizes these enclosures and stores the relevant information for every podcast item it finds in an RSS feed. Since version 2.0, it also recognizes and handles the Yahoo Media RSS extensions.

Remote APIs don’t always list those "enclosures", so podcasts might be missing from Newsboat. Such APIs are marked in the relevant section of our docs. If a note is missing but you still don’t see enclosures in Newsboat, please file an issue and we’ll get to the bottom of it!

The following sections present two different ways to handle podcasts with Newsboat.

#### 7.15.1. Managing Audio Files with Podboat

What the user can do is to add the podcast download URL to a download queue. Alternatively, Newsboat can be configured to automatically do that. This queue is stored in the queue file next to the cache.db file.

The user can then use the download manager `podboat` to download these files to a directory on the local filesystem. Podboat comes with the Newsboat package, and features a look and feel very close to the one of Newsboat. It also shares the same configuration file.

Podcasts that have been downloaded but haven’t been played yet remain in the queue but are marked as downloaded. You can remove them by purging them from the queue with the `Shift`+`P` key. After you’ve played a file and close Podboat, it will be removed from the queue. The downloaded file remains on the filesystem unless "delete-played-files" is enabled.

A common "use case" is to configure Newsboat to automatically enqueue newly found podcast download URLs. Then, the user reloads the podcast RSS feeds in Newsboat, and after that, uses Podboat to view the current queue, and either selectively download certain files or automatically download them all together by pressing `A` within Podboat.

A macro can also be used to enqueue any of the URLs from the URLs view to Podboat’s download queue:

    macro E set browser "echo %u >> ~/.newsboat/queue"; open-in-browser; set browser elinks

#### 7.15.2. Streaming Audio Content with a Media Player

As an alternative to Podboat file management, media players such as `mpv` can stream content directly when given a URL. Since Newsboat always assign the enclosure link to URL 1, the operation `one` can be used to open the audio file (beware that this operation will always open URL 1, even if no enclosure is found). To listen to your podcast from the article view, a basic macro would be:

    macro 1 set browser mpv; one; set browser firefox

For media players with a graphical user interface like `vlc`, console output will typically need to be silenced with `>/dev/null 2>&1`. Also, the `&` character at the end of the browser command will detach the media player from Newsboat. You can then read your articles while listening to podcasts:

    macro v set browser "vlc %u >/dev/null 2>&1 &"; one; set browser firefox

With mpv, the podcast cover art is fetched automatically when using the pseudo-gui. The `--` near the end will prevent mpv from interpreting the following arguments as options:

    macro p set browser "mpv --player-operation-mode=pseudo-gui -- %u &"; one; set browser firefox

To use mpv’s console interface instead, first launch a terminal emulator which will in turn execute mpv. This way, Newsboat and the media player can both be controlled with text-based interfaces, side by side:

    macro c set browser "alacritty -e mpv --vid=no -- %u &"; one; set browser firefox

If you are working without a graphical environment (e.g. from a virtual console), you want to make sure the media player doesn’t try to launch a graphical user interface. With mpv, the `--vid=no` option can be used for this purpose:

    macro n set browser "mpv --vid=no --"; one; set browser lynx

Another use case for this macro would be when running Newsboat on a remote host, while logged in through a secure shell (e.g. OpenSSH). With this setup, Newsboat will effectively serve as the controller to an ad hoc "remote media server". Audio will be playing on the remote host.

### 7.16. Running multiple copies of Newsboat simultaneously

During development and testing, you might want to run a second copy of Newsboat, operating with different config, URLs list or cache file. This can be achieved by creative use of XDG environment variables. This approach is not beautiful, but it works.

First of all, you will need to create a directory to store the data. Let’s call it test:

    $ mkdir -p test/newsboat

Note that we also create a subdirectory called newsboat; this is required to satisfy XDG specification. ATTENTION: if this subdirectory is absent, Newsboat will attempt to run on your live data!

You can now create config and urls files inside test/newsboat; you can also copy cache.db if you don’t want to start with a fresh one.

When the files are ready, you can invoke Newsboat as follows:

    $ XDG_CONFIG_HOME=test XDG_DATA_HOME=test newsboat

(This will look newsboat binary up in your PATH; if you’ve just built your own, use ./newsboat instead, or provide a full path.)

By modifying the environment in which Newsboat runs you also modify environments of all the programs that Newsboat starts; that includes filters and external HTML renderers. If they rely on XDG_* variables, they will look for things in test directory and might fail.

For filters, you should either copy the files they need to test, or invoke them in such a way that they don’t look in XDG directories at all.

For renderers, you can work around the issue by undoing the modifications to environment, e.g.:

    html-renderer "XDG_CONFIG_HOME=$HOME/.config XDG_DATA_HOME=$HOME/.data w3c"

As already said: not beautiful, but gets the job done.

### 7.17. Using SQLite Triggers with Newsboat

This section was written by Elrond, originally for Newsbeuter.

SQLite, the db used by Newsboat, supports triggers. These are small snippets of SQL that get executed inside the database by the database engine. They’re stored inside the db and the normal user (including Newsboat itself) doesn’t see them. Just the db seems to do some magic: Like changing some values when you change another value.

So what is this good for when looking at Newsboat? Well, first off, it’s a hack. The real answer should be to use application logic (do it inside Newsboat, not in the db). So: Don’t use this, unless you know, what you’re doing, and unless you have some sort of backup.

#### 7.17.1. Example

So after the "don’t use it" you still want to know, what one can do? So here’s an example.

Suppose you have a strange feed where the articles become "new" by just changing their subject, and nothing else changes. The body is just empty, and the URL keeps the same. This feed really exists. It’s the "updated software rss feed" of some major company and the title just contains the name of the driver and version number. And the URL points to the download page. Newsboat considers articles only as new, when they have a new UniqueID (this is good). So those articles are never marked as new (unread) ever again.

So what can we do? We do some magic: We let the db test if Newsboat changes the subject and then let itself mark the article again as unread.

1. You need the `sqlite3` command line tool (available via `apt-get install sqlite3` on Debian) or some other tool to do direct sql on the sqlite database.

2. Start `sqlite3` with the Newsboat db:

       Rivendell:~/.newsboat% sqlite3 cache.db
       SQLite version 3.4.2
       Enter ".help" for instructions
       sqlite>

3. Create the trigger:

       sqlite> create trigger update_item_title update of title on rss_item
          > for each row when old.title != new.title
          > begin
          >   update rss_item set unread = 1 where rowid == new.rowid;
          > end;

4. Leave `sqlite3` with `Ctrl`+`D` or `.quit`.

That’s it. Newsboat (well, its db) now marks articles as unread when their title changes. And nicely enough this works all inside Newsboat, no need to restart it so that it rereads the cache, that magically modifies itself. It just works.

### 7.18. Environment variables

`BROWSER`

  Tells Newsboat what browser to use if there is no `browser` setting in the config file. If this variable doesn’t exist, a default of `lynx(1)` will be used.

`CURL_CA_BUNDLE`

  Tells Newsboat to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file may contain multiple certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format.

  This option is useful if your libcurl is built without useful certificate information, and you can’t rebuild the library yourself.

`EDITOR`

  Tells Newsboat what fallback editor to use when editing the urls file via the `edit-urls` operation and no `VISUAL` environment variable is set. If this variable doesn’t exist either, a default of `vi(1)` will be used.

`NO_PROXY`

  Tells Newsboat to ignore `proxy` setting for certain sites.

  This variable contains a comma-separated list of hostnames, domain names, and IP addresses.

  Domain names match subdomains, i.e. "example.com" also matches "foo.example.com". Domain names that start with a dot only match subdomains, e.g. ".example.com" matches "bar.example.com" but not "example.com" itself.

  IPv6 addresses are written without square brackets, and are matched as strings. Thus "::1" doesn’t match "::0:1" even though this is the same address.

`PAGER`

  Tells Newsboat what pager to use if the `pager` setting in the config file is explicitly set to an empty string.

`TMPDIR`

  Tells Newsboat to use the specified directory for storing temporary files. If this variable doesn’t exist, a default of /tmp will be used.

`VISUAL`

  Tells Newsboat what editor to use when editing the urls file via the `edit-urls` operation. If this variable doesn’t exist, the `EDITOR` environment variable will be used.

`XDG_CONFIG_HOME`

  Tells Newsboat which base directory to use for the configuration files. See also the section on files for more information.

`XDG_DATA_HOME`

  Tells Newsboat which base directory to use for the data files. See also the section on files for more information.

## 8. Feedback and security

Please report security vulnerabilities to security@newsboat.org, encrypting your emails to OpenPGP key 4ED6CD61932B9EBE if at all possible.

Non-security issues and general questions can be discussed on the issue tracker and the mailing list.

You can chat with developers and fellow users on #newsboat at irc.libera.chat (also accessible via webchat and via Matrix). We do not have a channel on Freenode anymore.

## Appendix A: Newsboat Configuration Commands

Syntax: always-display-description [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: always-display-description yes

If set to `yes`, then the description will always be displayed even if e.g. a `<content:encoded>` tag has been found.

Syntax: always-download <url> [<url>…​]
Default: n/a
Example: always-download "https://www.n-tv.de/23.rss"

Specifies one or more feed URLs that should always be downloaded, regardless of their Last-Modified timestamp and ETag header. This option can be specified multiple times.

Syntax: article-sort-order <sortfield>[-<direction>]
Default: date-asc
Example: article-sort-order author-desc

The <sortfield> specifies which article property shall be used for sorting. Currently available are: `date`, `title`, `flags`, `author`, `link`, `guid`, and `random`. The optional <direction> can be either `asc` for ascending order, or `desc` for descending order. Note that direction does not affect the `random` sorting. For `date`, `desc` order is the default, i.e. `date` is the same as `date-desc`; for all others, `asc` is the default. Also, the directions for `date` are reversed: `desc` means the newest items are first, whereas `asc` means the oldest items are first. These inconsistencies will be fixed in a future major version of Newsboat.

Syntax: articlelist-format <format>
Default: "%4i %f %D %6L %?T?|%-17T| ?%t"
Example: articlelist-format "%4i %f %D %?T?|%-17T| ?%t"

This variable defines the format of entries in the article list. See the Format Strings section in the documentation for more information.

Syntax: articlelist-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Articles in feed '%T' (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&? - %U" (localized)
Example: articlelist-title-format "Articles in feed '%T' (%u unread)"

Format of the title in article list. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: auto-reload [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: auto-reload yes

If set to `yes`, all feeds will be automatically reloaded at start up and then continuously after a certain time has passed (see `reload-time`). See also `refresh-on-startup` to only reload the feeds at start up, but not continuously. Enabling `suppress-first-reload` omits the reload on start up.

Syntax: bind <key-sequence> <dialog>[,<dialog>] <command-list> [-- "<binding description>"]
Default: n/a
Example: bind of everywhere set browser "firefox" ; open-in-browser

Bind sequence of keys <key-sequence> to <command-list>. This means that whenever the keys in <key-sequence> are pressed in order, then the list of commands in <command-list> is executed (if applicable in the current dialog). For more information see Key Bindings. Optionally, a description can be added. If present, the description is shown in the help form. See also `unbind-key` to remove a key binding.

Syntax: bind-key <key> <operation> [<dialog>]
Default: n/a
Example: bind-key ^R reload-all

Bind key <key> to <operation>. This means that whenever <key> is pressed, then <operation> is executed (if applicable in the current dialog). For more information see Old Style Key Bindings. See also `unbind-key` to remove a key binding.

Syntax: bookmark-autopilot [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: bookmark-autopilot yes

If set to `yes`, the configured bookmark command is executed without any further input asked from user, unless the url or the title cannot be found/guessed.

Syntax: bookmark-cmd <command>
Default: n/a
Example: bookmark-cmd "~/bin/delicious-bookmark.sh"

If set, then <command> will be used as bookmarking plugin. See the documentation on bookmarking for further information.

Syntax: bookmark-interactive [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: bookmark-interactive yes

If set to `yes`, then the configured bookmark command is an interactive program.

Syntax: browser <command>
Default: %BROWSER, otherwise lynx
Example: browser "w3m %u"

Set the browser command to use when opening an article in the browser. If the `BROWSER` environment variable is set, it will be used as the default browser, otherwise lynx will be used. For more information, see Using Browser.

Syntax: cache-file <path>
Default: "~/.newsboat/cache.db" or "~/.local/share/cache.db" (see the Files section)
Example: cache-file "/tmp/testcache.db"

This configuration option sets the cache file. This is especially useful if the filesystem of your home directory doesn’t support proper locking (e.g. NFS).

Syntax: cleanup-on-quit [yes/no/nudge]
Default: nudge
Example: cleanup-on-quit yes

If set to `yes`, then the cache gets locked and superfluous feeds and items are removed, such as feeds that can’t be found in the urls configuration file anymore. Run `newsboat --cleanup` to do this manually. If you encounter a warning about unreachable feeds having been found, you may see the feed urls listed by creating a log file via the `error-log` option. With nudge, newsboat will wait for user input if the warning is printed.

Syntax: color <element> <fgcolor> <bgcolor> [<attribute> …​]
Default: n/a
Example: color background white black

Set the foreground color, background color and optional attributes for a certain element.

Syntax: confirm-delete-all-articles [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: confirm-delete-all-articles no

If set to `yes`, then Newsboat will ask for confirmation whether the user wants to delete all articles.

Syntax: confirm-exit [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: confirm-exit yes

If set to `yes`, then Newsboat will ask for confirmation whether the user really wants to quit Newsboat.

Syntax: confirm-mark-all-feeds-read [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: confirm-mark-all-feeds-read no

If set to `yes`, then Newsboat will ask for confirmation whether the user wants to mark all feeds as read.

Syntax: confirm-mark-feed-read [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: confirm-mark-feed-read no

If set to `yes`, then Newsboat will ask for confirmation on whether the user wants to mark a feed as read.

Syntax: cookie-cache <path>
Default: n/a
Example: cookie-cache "~/.newsboat/cookies.txt"

Set a cookie cache. If set, cookies will be cached in (i.e. read from and written to) this file, using Netscape format.

Syntax: datetime-format <date/time format>
Default: %b %d
Example: datetime-format "%D, %R"

This format specifies the date/time format in the article list. For a detailed documentation on most of the allowed formats, consult the manpage of strftime(3). %L is a custom format not available in strftime which lists the days since the article was published (e.g. "2 days ago").

Syntax: define-filter <name> <filterexpr>
Default: n/a
Example: define-filter "all feeds with 'fun' tag" "tags # \"fun\""

With this command, you can predefine filters, which you can later select from a list, and which are then applied after selection. This is especially useful for filters that you need often and you don’t want to enter them every time you need them.

Syntax: delete-read-articles-on-quit [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: delete-read-articles-on-quit yes

If set to `yes`, all read articles will be deleted when quiting Newsboat. This option only applies if `cleanup-on-quit` is set to `yes` or if the `--cleanup` argument is passed.

Syntax: dialogs-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Dialogs" (localized)
Example: dialogs-title-format "%N %V - Dialogs"

Format of the title in dialog list. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: dirbrowser-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - %?O?Open Directory&Save File? - %f" (localized)
Example: dirbrowser-file-format "%?O?Open Directory&Save File? - %f"

Format of the title in directory browser. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: display-article-progress [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: display-article-progress no

If set to `yes`, then a read progress (in percent) is displayed in the article view. Otherwise, no read progress is displayed.

Syntax: download-full-page [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: download-full-page yes

If set to `yes`, then for all feed items with no content but with a link, the link is downloaded and the result used as content instead. This may significantly increase the download times of "empty" feeds.

Syntax: download-retries <number>
Default: 1
Example: download-retries 4

How many times Newsboat shall try to successfully download a feed before giving up. This is an option to improve the success of downloads on slow and shaky connections such as via a TOR proxy.

Syntax: download-timeout <number>
Default: 30
Example: download-timeout 60

The number of seconds Newsboat shall wait when downloading a feed before giving up. This is an option to improve the success of downloads on slow and shaky connections such as via a TOR proxy.

Syntax: error-log <path>
Default: n/a
Example: error-log "~/.newsboat/error.log"

If set, then user errors (e.g. errors regarding defunct RSS feeds) will be logged to this file.

Syntax: external-url-viewer <command>
Default: n/a
Example: external-url-viewer "urlview"

If set, then `show-urls` will pipe the current article to a specific external tool instead of using the internal URL viewer. This can be used to integrate tools such as urlview.

Syntax: feed-sort-order <sortfield>[-<direction>]
Default: none
Example: feed-sort-order firsttag

The <sortfield> specifies which feed property shall be used for sorting; currently available are: `firsttag`, `title`, `articlecount`, `unreadarticlecount`, `lastupdated`, `latestunread` and `none`. The optional <direction> specifies the sort direction. `asc` specifies ascending sorting, `desc` specifies descending sorting. `desc` is the default.

Syntax: feedbin-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: feedbin-flag-star "b"

If set and Feedbin support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in Feedbin and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: feedbin-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: feedbin-login "your-login"

This variable sets your Feedbin login for Feedbin support.

Syntax: feedbin-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: feedbin-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your Feedbin password for Feedbin support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: feedbin-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: feedbin-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/feedbin-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: feedbin-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: feedbin-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/feedbin-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: feedbin-url <url>
Default: "https://api.feedbin.com"
Example: feedbin-url "https://example.com/feedbin/"

Configures the URL where the Feedbin installation you want to use resides.

Syntax: feedhq-flag-share <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-flag-share "a"

If set and FeedHQ support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "shared" in FeedHQ so that people that follow you can see it.

Syntax: feedhq-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-flag-star "b"

If set and FeedHQ support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in FeedHQ and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: feedhq-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-login "your-login"

This variable sets your FeedHQ login for FeedHQ support.

Syntax: feedhq-min-items <number>
Default: 20
Example: feedhq-min-items 100

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from FeedHQ per feed.

Syntax: feedhq-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your FeedHQ password for FeedHQ support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: feedhq-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/feedhq-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: feedhq-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: feedhq-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/feedhq-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: feedhq-show-special-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: feedhq-show-special-feeds "no"

If set and FeedHQ support is used, then "special feeds" like "People you follow" (articles shared by people you follow), "Starred items" (your starred articles) and "Shared items" (your shared articles) appear in your subscription list.

Syntax: feedhq-url <url>
Default: "https://feedhq.org/"
Example: feedhq-url "https://feedhq.example.com/"

Configures the URL where your FeedHQ instance resides.

Syntax: feedlist-format <format>
Default: "%4i %n %11u %t"
Example: feedlist-format " %n %4i - %11u -%> %t"

This variable defines the format of entries in the feed list. See the Format Strings section in the documentation for more information.

Syntax: feedlist-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - %?F?Feeds&Your feeds? (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&?%?T? - tag '%T'&?" (localized)
Example: feedlist-title-format "Feeds (%u unread, %t total)"

Format of the title in feed list. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: filebrowser-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - %?O?Open File&Save File? - %f" (localized)
Example: filebrowser-title-format "%?O?Open File&Save File? - %f"

Format of the title in file browser. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: freshrss-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-flag-star "b"

If set and FreshRSS support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in FreshRSS and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: freshrss-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-login "your-login"

This variable sets your FreshRSS login for FreshRSS support.

Syntax: freshrss-min-items <number>
Default: 20
Example: freshrss-min-items 100

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from FreshRSS per feed.

Syntax: freshrss-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your FreshRSS password for FreshRSS support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: freshrss-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/freshrss-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: freshrss-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/freshrss-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: freshrss-show-special-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: freshrss-show-special-feeds "no"

If set and FreshRSS support is used, then a "Starred items" feed (containing your starred/favourited articles) appears in your subscription list.

Syntax: freshrss-url <url>
Default: n/a
Example: freshrss-url "https://freshrss.example.com/api/greader.php"

Configures the URL for the Google Reader API endpoint of your FreshRSS instance.

Syntax: goto-first-unread [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: goto-first-unread no

If set to `yes`, then the first unread article will be selected whenever a feed is entered.

Syntax: goto-next-feed [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: goto-next-feed no

If set to `yes`, then the next-unread, prev-unread and random-unread keys will search in other feeds for unread articles if all articles in the current feed are read. If set to `no`, then these keys will stop in the current feed.

Syntax: help-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Help" (localized)
Example: help-title-format "%N %V - Help"

Format of the title in help window. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: highlight <target> <regex> <fgcolor> [<bgcolor> [<attribute> …​]]
Default: n/a
Example: highlight all "newsboat" red

With this command, you can highlight text parts in the feed list, the article list and the article view.

Syntax: highlight-article <filterexpr> <fgcolor> <bgcolor> [<attribute> …​]
Default: n/a
Example: highlight-article "author =~ \"Andreas Krennmair\"" white red bold

With this command, you can highlight articles in the article list if they match a filter expression.

Syntax: highlight-feed <filterexpr> <fgcolor> <bgcolor> [<attribute> …​]
Default: n/a
Example: highlight-feed unread › 100 white red bold

With this command, you can highlight feeds in the feed list if they match a filter expression.

Syntax: history-limit <number>
Default: 100
Example: history-limit 0

Defines the maximum number of entries of commandline resp. search history to be saved. To disable history saving, set it to 0.

Syntax: html-renderer <command>
Default: internal
Example: html-renderer "w3m -dump -T text/html"

If set to `internal`, then the internal HTML renderer will be used. Otherwise, the specified command will be executed, the HTML to be rendered will be written to the command’s stdin, and the program’s output will be displayed. This makes it possible to use other, external programs, such as w3m, links or lynx, to render HTML.

Syntax: http-auth-method <method>
Default: any
Example: http-auth-method digest

Set HTTP authentication method. Allowed values: `any`, `basic`, `digest`, `digest_ie` (only available with libcurl 7.19.3 and newer), `gssnegotiate`, `ntlm` and `anysafe`.

Syntax: ignore-article <feed> <filterexpr>
Default: n/a
Example: ignore-article "*" "title =~ \"Windows\""

If a downloaded article from <feed> matches <filterexpr>, then it is ignored and not presented to the user. This command is further explained in the Killfiles section below.

Syntax: ignore-mode [download/display]
Default: download
Example: ignore-mode "display"

This configuration option defines in what way an article is ignored (see `ignore-article`). If set to `download`, then it is ignored in the download/parsing phase and thus never written to the cache, if it set to `display`, it is ignored when displaying articles but is kept in the cache.

Syntax: include <path>
Default: n/a
Example: include "~/.newsboat/colors"

With this command, you can include other files to be interpreted as configuration files. This is especially useful to separate your configuration into several files, e.g. key configuration, color configuration, …​

Syntax: inoreader-app-id <string>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-app-id "123456789"

Unique application ID issued by Inoreader. See "Inoreader" section.

Syntax: inoreader-app-key <string>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-app-key "TmV3c2JvYXQgcm9ja3MgOikK"

Application key issued by Inoreader. See "Inoreader" section.

Syntax: inoreader-flag-share <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-flag-share "a"

If set and Inoreader support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "shared" in Inoreader so that people that follow you can see it.

Syntax: inoreader-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-flag-star "b"

If set and Inoreader support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in Inoreader and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: inoreader-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-login "your-login"

This variable sets your Inoreader login for Inoreader support.

Syntax: inoreader-min-items <number>
Default: 20
Example: inoreader-min-items 100

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from Inoreader per feed.

Syntax: inoreader-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your Inoreader password for Inoreader support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: inoreader-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/inoreader-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: inoreader-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: inoreader-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/inoreader-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: inoreader-show-special-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: inoreader-show-special-feeds "no"

If set and Inoreader support is used, then "special feeds" like "Starred items" (your starred articles) and "Shared items" (your shared articles) appear in your subscription list.

Syntax: itemview-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Article '%T' (%u unread, %t total)" (localized)
Example: itemview-title-format "Article '%T'"

Format of the title in article view. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: keep-articles-days <number>
Default: 0
Example: keep-articles-days 30

If set to a number greater than 0, only articles that were published within the last <number> days are kept, and older articles are deleted. If set to 0, this option is not active. Note that changing this setting won’t bring back the articles that were deleted earlier; currently, there’s no non-hacky way to bring back deleted articles.

Syntax: macro <macro key> <command list> [-- "<macro description>"]
Default: n/a
Example: macro k open; reload; quit -- "enter feed to reload it"

With this command, you can define a macro key and specify a list of commands that shall be executed when the macro prefix and the macro key are pressed. Optionally, a description can be added. If present, the description is shown in the help form.

Syntax: mark-as-read-on-hover [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: mark-as-read-on-hover yes

If set to `yes`, then all articles that get selected in the article list are marked as read.

Syntax: max-browser-tabs <number>
Default: 10
Example: max-browser-tabs 4

Set the maximum number of articles to open in a browser when using the `open-all-unread-in-browser` or `open-all-unread-in-browser-and-mark-read` commands.

Syntax: max-download-speed <number>
Default: 0
Example: max-download-speed 50

If set to a number greater than 0, the download speed per download is set to that limit (in KB/s).

Syntax: max-items <number>
Default: 0
Example: max-items 100

Set the maximum number of articles a feed can contain. When the threshold is crossed, old articles are dropped. If the number is set to 0, then all articles are kept.

Syntax: miniflux-flag-save <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-flag-save "b"

If set and Miniflux support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being saved to external service configured on Miniflux instance.

Syntax: miniflux-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-flag-star "b"

If set and Miniflux support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in Miniflux and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: miniflux-login <username>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-login "admin"

Sets the username for use with Miniflux.

Syntax: miniflux-min-items <number>
Default: 100
Example: miniflux-min-items 20

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from Miniflux per feed.

Syntax: miniflux-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-password "here_goesAquote:\""

Configures the password for use with Miniflux. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: miniflux-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/miniflux-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: miniflux-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/miniflux-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: miniflux-show-special-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: miniflux-show-special-feeds "no"

If set and Miniflux support is used, then a "Starred items" feed (containing your starred/favourited articles) appears in your subscription list.

Syntax: miniflux-token <API Token>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-token "E-uTqU8r55KucuHz26tJbXfrZVRndwY_mZAsEfcC8Bg="

Sets the API Token for use with Miniflux.

Syntax: miniflux-tokeneval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-tokeneval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/miniflux-token.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your API token from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your token from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: miniflux-tokenfile <API Token>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-tokenfile "~/.newsboat/miniflux-token.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext token elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: miniflux-url <url>
Default: n/a
Example: miniflux-url "https://example.com/miniflux/"

Configures the URL where the Miniflux installation you want to use resides.

Syntax: newsblur-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: newsblur-login "your-login"

This variable sets your NewsBlur login for NewsBlur support.

Syntax: newsblur-min-items <number>
Default: 20
Example: newsblur-min-items 100

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from NewsBlur per feed.

Syntax: newsblur-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: newsblur-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your NewsBlur password for NewsBlur support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: newsblur-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: newsblur-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/newsblur-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: newsblur-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: newsblur-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/newsblur-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: newsblur-url <url>
Default: "https://newsblur.com"
Example: newsblur-url "https://localhost"

Configures the URL where the NewsBlur instance resides.

Syntax: notify-always [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: notify-always yes

If set to `no`, notifications will only be made when there are new feeds or articles. If set to `yes`, notifications will be made regardless.

Syntax: notify-beep [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: notify-beep yes

If set to `yes`, then the speaker will beep on new articles.

Syntax: notify-format <string>
Default: "Newsboat: finished reload, %f unread feeds (%n unread articles total)" (localized)
Example: notify-format "%d new articles (%n unread articles, %f unread feeds)"

Format string that is used for formatting notifications.

Syntax: notify-program <command>
Default: n/a
Example: notify-program "~/bin/my-notifier"

If set, then the configured program will be executed if new articles arrived (through a reload) or if `notify-always` is `yes`. The first parameter of the called program contains the notification message. In order to pass other hard-coded arguments to the program, write an appropriate wrapper shell script and use it as <command> instead.

Syntax: notify-screen [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: notify-screen yes

If set to `yes`, then a "privacy message" will be sent to the terminal, containing a notification message about new articles. This is especially useful if you use terminal emulations such as GNU screen which implement privacy messages.

Syntax: notify-xterm [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: notify-xterm yes

If set to `yes`, then the xterm window title will be set to a notification message about new articles.

Syntax: ocnews-flag-star <character>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-flag-star "s"

If set and ownCloud News support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in ownCloud News.

Syntax: ocnews-login <username>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-login "user"

Sets the username to use with the ownCloud instance.

Syntax: ocnews-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-password "here_goesAquote:\""

Configures the password to use with the ownCloud instance. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: ocnews-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/ocnews-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: ocnews-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/ocnews-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: ocnews-url <url>
Default: n/a
Example: ocnews-url "https://localhost/owncloud"

Configures the URL where the ownCloud instance resides.

Syntax: oldreader-flag-share <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-flag-share "a"

If set and The Old Reader support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "shared" in The Old Reader so that people that follow you can see it.

Syntax: oldreader-flag-star <flag>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-flag-star "b"

If set and The Old Reader support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in The Old Reader and appear in the list of "Starred items".

Syntax: oldreader-login <login>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-login "your-login"

This variable sets your The Old Reader login for The Older Reader support.

Syntax: oldreader-min-items <number>
Default: 20
Example: oldreader-min-items 100

This variable sets the number of articles that are loaded from The Old Reader per feed.

Syntax: oldreader-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-password "here_goesAquote:\""

This variable sets your The Old Reader password for The Old Reader support. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: oldreader-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/oldreader-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: oldreader-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: oldreader-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/oldreader-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: oldreader-show-special-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: oldreader-show-special-feeds "no"

If set and The Old reader support is used, then "special feeds" like "People you follow" (articles shared by people you follow), "Starred items" (your starred articles) and "Shared items" (your shared articles) appear in your subscription list.

Syntax: openbrowser-and-mark-jumps-to-next-unread [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: openbrowser-and-mark-jumps-to-next-unread yes

If set to `yes`, jump to the next unread item when an item is opened in the browser and marked as read.

Syntax: opml-url <url> …​
Default: n/a
Example: opml-url "https://host.domain.tld/blogroll.opml" "https://example.com/anotheropmlfile.opml"

If the OPML online subscription mode is enabled, then the list of feeds will be taken from the OPML file found on this location. Optionally, you can specify more than one URL. All the listed OPML URLs will then be taken into account when loading the feed list.

Syntax: pager [<command>/internal]
Default: internal
Example: pager "less %f"

If set to `internal`, then the internal pager will be used. Otherwise, the article to be displayed will be rendered to be a temporary file and then displayed with the configured pager. If the command is set to an empty string, the content of the `PAGER` environment variable will be used. If the command contains a placeholder `%f`, it will be replaced with the temporary filename.

Syntax: podcast-auto-enqueue [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: podcast-auto-enqueue yes

If set to `yes`, then all podcast URLs that are found in articles are added to the podcast download queue. See the Podcast Support section in the documentation for more information.

Syntax: prepopulate-query-feeds [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: prepopulate-query-feeds yes

If set to `yes`, then all query feeds are prepopulated with articles on startup.

Syntax: proxy <server:port>
Default: n/a
Example: proxy localhost:3128

Set the proxy to use for downloading RSS feeds. (Don’t forget to actually enable the proxy with `use-proxy yes`.) Note that the `NO_PROXY` environment variable can disable the proxy for certain sites.

Syntax: proxy-auth <auth>
Default: n/a
Example: proxy-auth user:password

Set the proxy authentication string.

Syntax: proxy-auth-method <method>
Default: any
Example: proxy-auth-method ntlm

Set proxy authentication method. Allowed values: `any`, `basic`, `digest`, `digest_ie` (only available with libcurl 7.19.3 and newer), `gssnegotiate`, `ntlm` and `anysafe`.

Syntax: proxy-type <type>
Default: http
Example: proxy-type socks5

Set proxy type. Allowed values: `http`, `socks4`, `socks4a`, `socks5` and `socks5h`.

Syntax: refresh-on-startup [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: refresh-on-startup yes

If set to `yes`, then all feeds will be reloaded when Newsboat starts up. This is equivalent to the `-r` commandline option. See also `auto-reload` to additionally reload the feeds continuously.

Syntax: reload-only-visible-feeds [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: reload-only-visible-feeds yes

If set to `yes`, then manually reloading all feeds will only reload the currently visible feeds, e.g. if a filter or a tag is set.

Syntax: reload-threads <number>
Default: 1
Example: reload-threads 3

The number of parallel reload threads that shall be started when all feeds are reloaded.

Syntax: reload-time <number>
Default: 60
Example: reload-time 120

The number of minutes between automatic reloads.

Syntax: reset-unread-on-update <url> [<url>…​]
Default: n/a
Example: reset-unread-on-update "https://blog.fefe.de/rss.xml?html"

Specifies one or more feed URLs for whose articles the unread flag will be reset if an article has been updated, i.e. its content has been changed. This is especially useful for RSS feeds where single articles are updated after publication, and you want to be notified of the updates. This option can be specified multiple times.

Syntax: restrict-filename [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: restrict-filename no

If set to `no`, Newsboat will not limit saved article filenames to ASCII characters.

Syntax: run-on-startup <list of operations>
Default: n/a
Example: run-on-startup next-unread; open; random-unread; open

Specifies one or more Newsboat operations, separated by semicolons, which are executed on Newsboat startup.

Syntax: save-path <path-to-directory>
Default: ~/
Example: save-path "~/Saved Articles"

The default path where articles shall be saved to. If an invalid path is specified, the current directory is used.

Syntax: scrolloff <number>
Default: 0
Example: scrolloff 5

Keep the configured number of lines above and below the selected item in lists. Configure a high number to keep the selected item in the center of the screen.

Syntax: search-highlight-colors <fgcolor> <bgcolor> [<attribute> …​]
Default: black yellow bold
Example: search-highlight-colors white black bold

This configuration command specifies the highlighting colors when searching for text from the article view.

Syntax: searchresult-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Search results for '%s' (%u unread, %t total)%?F? matching filter '%F'&?" (localized)
Example: searchresult-title-format "Search result"

Format of the title in search result. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: selectfilter-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Select Filter" (localized)
Example: selectfilter-title-format "Select Filter"

Format of the title in filter selection dialog. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: selecttag-format <format>
Default: "%4i %T (%u)"
Example: selecttag-format "[%2i] %T (%n unread articles in %f feeds, %u feeds total)"

Format of the lines in "Select tag" dialog. See the Format Strings section in the documentation for more information.

Syntax: selecttag-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - Select Tag" (localized)
Example: selecttag-title-format "Select Tag"

Format of the title in tag selection dialog. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: show-keymap-hint [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: show-keymap-hint no

If set to `no`, then the keymap hints will not be displayed. (The keymap hints are usually at the bottom of the screen, but see `swap-title-and-hints` setting.)

Syntax: show-read-articles [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: show-read-articles no

If set to `yes`, then all articles of a feed are listed in the article list. If set to `no`, then only unread articles are listed.

Syntax: show-read-feeds [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: show-read-feeds no

If set to `yes`, then all feeds, including those without unread articles, are listed. If set to `no`, then only feeds with one or more unread articles are list.

Syntax: show-title-bar [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: show-title-bar no

If set to `no`, then the title bar will not be displayed. (The title bar is usually at the top of the screen, but see `swap-title-and-hints` setting.)

Syntax: ssl-verifyhost [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: ssl-verifyhost no

If set to `no`, skip verification of the certificate’s name against host.

Syntax: ssl-verifypeer [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: ssl-verifypeer no

If set to `no`, skip verification of the peer’s SSL certificate.

Syntax: suppress-first-reload [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: suppress-first-reload yes

If set to `yes`, then the first automatic reload will be suppressed if `auto-reload` is set to `yes`.

Syntax: swap-title-and-hints [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: swap-title-and-hints yes

If set to `yes`, then the title (which is usually at the top of the screen) and the keymap hints (usually at the bottom) will exchange places. These bars can be hidden entirely, via the `show-keymap-hints` and `show-title-bar` settings.

Syntax: text-width <number>
Default: 0
Example: text-width 72

If set to a number greater than 0, all HTML will be rendered to this maximum line length or the terminal width (whichever is smaller). If set to 0, the terminal width will always be used in the article view, while `pipe-to`, `save`, and `save-all` will wrap at 80 columns instead. Does not apply when using external renderer or viewing the source. Also note that "Link" header and "Links" section won’t be affected by it—they contain URLs which are better not wrapped.

Syntax: toggleitemread-jumps-to-next [yes/no]
Default: yes
Example: toggleitemread-jumps-to-next no

If set to `yes`, jump to the next item when an item’s read status is toggled in the article list. If set to `no`, the cursor stays on the toggled item.

Syntax: toggleitemread-jumps-to-next-unread [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: toggleitemread-jumps-to-next-unread yes

If set to `yes`, jump to the next unread item when an item’s read status is toggled in the article list. If set to `no`, the behaviour is dictated by `toggleitemread-jumps-to-next`.

Syntax: ttrss-flag-publish <character>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-flag-publish "b"

If set and Tiny Tiny RSS support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being marked as "published" in Tiny Tiny RSS.

Syntax: ttrss-flag-star <character>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-flag-star "a"

If set and Tiny Tiny RSS support is used, then all articles that are flagged with the specified flag are being "starred" in Tiny Tiny RSS.

Syntax: ttrss-login <username>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-login "admin"

Sets the username for use with Tiny Tiny RSS.

Syntax: ttrss-mode [multi/single]
Default: multi
Example: ttrss-mode "single"

Configures the mode in which Tiny Tiny RSS is used. In single-user mode, login and password are used for HTTP authentication, while in multi-user mode, they are used for authenticating with Tiny Tiny RSS.

Syntax: ttrss-password <password>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-password "here_goesAquote:\""

Configures the password for use with Tiny Tiny RSS. Double quotes and backslashes within it should be escaped.

Syntax: ttrss-passwordeval <command>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-passwordeval "gpg --decrypt ~/.newsboat/ttrss-password.gpg"

A more secure alternative to the above, is providing your password from an external command that is evaluated during login. This can be used to read your password from a gpg encrypted file or your system keyring.

Syntax: ttrss-passwordfile <path>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-passwordfile "~/.newsboat/ttrss-pw.txt"

Another alternative, by storing your plaintext password elsewhere in your system.

Syntax: ttrss-url <url>
Default: n/a
Example: ttrss-url "https://example.com/ttrss/"

Configures the URL where the Tiny Tiny RSS installation you want to use resides.

Syntax: unbind-key <key> [<dialog>]
Default: n/a
Example: unbind-key R

Unbind key <key>. This means that no operation is called when <key> is pressed. `unbind-key` uses the syntax for special keys as specified in the Key section of Old Style Key Bindings. If you provide "-a" as <key>, all currently bound keys will become unbound. Optionally, you can specify a dialog (for a list of available dialogs, see `bind-key` above). If you specify one, the key binding will only be unbound for the specified dialog.

Syntax: urls-source <source>
Default: "local"
Example: urls-source "oldreader"

This configuration command sets the source where URLs shall be retrieved from. By default, this is the urls file. Alternatively, you can set it to `opml`, which enables Newsboat’s OPML online subscription mode, to `ttrss` which enables Newsboat’s Tiny Tiny RSS support, to `oldreader`, which enables Newsboat’s The Old Reader support, to `newsblur`, which enables NewsBlur support, to `feedbin` for Feedbin support, to `feedhq` for FeedHQ support, to `freshrss` for FreshRSS support, to `ocnews` for ownCloud News support, to `inoreader` for Inoreader support, or to `miniflux` for Miniflux support. Query feed specifications will be read from the local urls file regardless of this setting.

Syntax: urlview-title-format <format>
Default: "%N %V - URLs" (localized)
Example: urlview-title-format "URLs"

Format of the title in URL view. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: use-proxy [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: use-proxy yes

If set to `yes`, then the configured proxy will be used for downloading the RSS feeds.

Syntax: user-agent <string>
Default: n/a
Example: user-agent "Lynx/2.8.5rel.1 libwww-FM/2.14"

If set to a non-zero-length string, this value will be used as HTTP User-Agent header for all HTTP requests.

Syntax: wrap-scroll [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: wrap-scroll yes

If set to `yes`, moving down while on the last item in a list will wrap around to the top and vice versa.

## Appendix B: Newsboat Operations

Operation: open
Default key: `ENTER`

Open the currently selected feed or article.

Operation: quit
Default key: `Q`

Quit the program or return to the previous dialog (depending on the context).

Operation: hard-quit
Default key: `Shift`+`Q`

Quit the program without confirmation.

Operation: reload
Default key: `R`

Reload the currently selected feed.

Operation: reload-all
Default key: `Shift`+`R`

Reload all feeds.

Operation: mark-feed-read
Default key: `Shift`+`A`

Mark all articles in the currently selected feed read.

Operation: mark-all-feeds-read
Default key: `Shift`+`C`

Mark articles in all feeds read.

Operation: mark-all-above-as-read
Default key: n/a

Mark all above as read.

Operation: save
Default key: `S`

Export the currently selected article to a plain text file, word-wrapped according to the `text-width` setting.

Operation: save-all
Default key: n/a

Export all articles from the currently selected feed to plain text files, word-wrapped according to the `text-width` setting.

Operation: next-unread
Default key: `N`

Jump to the next unread article.

Operation: prev-unread
Default key: `P`

Jump to the previous unread article.

Operation: next
Default key: `Shift`+`J`

Jump to next list entry.

Operation: prev
Default key: `Shift`+`K`

Jump to previous list entry.

Operation: random-unread
Default key: `Ctrl`+`K`

Jump to a random unread article.

Operation: open-in-browser
Default key: `O`

Use browser to open the URL associated with the current article, feed, or entry in the URL view.

Operation: open-in-browser-noninteractively
Default key: n/a

Use browser to open the URL associated with the current article, feed, or entry in the URL view. This operation works similar to `open-in-browser`, but the output of the browser (stdout and stderr) is not shown, and the browser doesn’t receive keyboard input. You would probably add `&` at the end of the `browser` command to put it into background, too.

Operation: open-in-browser-and-mark-read
Default key: `Shift`+`O`

Use browser to open the URL associated with the current article, or entry in the URL view. When used in the article list, it will also mark the article as read.

Operation: open-all-unread-in-browser
Default key: n/a

Open all the unread URLs in the current feed.

Operation: open-all-unread-in-browser-and-mark-read
Default key: n/a

Open all the unread URLs in the current feed and mark them as read.

Operation: help
Default key: `?`

Run the help screen.

Operation: toggle-source-view
Default key: `Ctrl`+`U`

Toggle between the HTML view and the source view in the article view.

Operation: toggle-article-read
Default key: `Shift`+`N`

Toggle the read flag for the currently selected article, and clear the delete flag if set.

Operation: toggle-show-read-feeds
Default key: `L`

Toggle whether read feeds should be shown in the feed list.

Operation: show-urls
Default key: `U`

Show all URLs in the article in a list (similar to urlview).

Operation: clear-tag
Default key: `Ctrl`+`T`

Clear current tag.

Operation: set-tag
Default key: `T`

Select tag.

Operation: open-search
Default key: `/`

Open the search dialog. When a search is done in the article list, then the search operation only applies to the articles of the current feed, otherwise to all articles.

Operation: goto-url
Default key: `#`

Open the URL dialog and then open a specified URL in the browser.

Operation: one
Default key: `1`

Open URL 1 in the browser.

Operation: two
Default key: `2`

Open URL 2 in the browser.

Operation: three
Default key: `3`

Open URL 3 in the browser.

Operation: four
Default key: `4`

Open URL 4 in the browser.

Operation: five
Default key: `5`

Open URL 5 in the browser.

Operation: six
Default key: `6`

Open URL 6 in the browser.

Operation: seven
Default key: `7`

Open URL 7 in the browser.

Operation: eight
Default key: `8`

Open URL 8 in the browser.

Operation: nine
Default key: `9`

Open URL 9 in the browser.

Operation: zero
Default key: `0`

Open URL 10 in the browser.

Operation: cmd-one
Default key: `1`

Start cmdline with 1.

Operation: cmd-two
Default key: `2`

Start cmdline with 2.

Operation: cmd-three
Default key: `3`

Start cmdline with 3.

Operation: cmd-four
Default key: `4`

Start cmdline with 4.

Operation: cmd-five
Default key: `5`

Start cmdline with 5.

Operation: cmd-six
Default key: `6`

Start cmdline with 6.

Operation: cmd-seven
Default key: `7`

Start cmdline with 7.

Operation: cmd-eight
Default key: `8`

Start cmdline with 8.

Operation: cmd-nine
Default key: `9`

Start cmdline with 9.

Operation: enqueue
Default key: `E`

Add the podcast download URL of the current article (if any is found) to the podcast download queue. See the Podcast Support section for more information.

Operation: edit-urls
Default key: `Shift`+`E`

Edit the list of subscribed URLs. Newsboat will start the editor configured through the `VISUAL` environment variable (if unset, `EDITOR` is used; fallback: `vi`). When editing is finished, Newsboat will reload the URLs file.

Operation: reload-urls
Default key: `Ctrl`+`R`

Reload the URLs configuration file.

Operation: redraw
Default key: `Ctrl`+`L`

Redraw the screen.

Operation: cmdline
Default key: `:`

Open the command line.

Operation: set-filter
Default key: `Shift`+`F`

Set a filter.

Operation: select-filter
Default key: `F`

Select a predefined filter.

Operation: clear-filter
Default key: `Ctrl`+`F`

Clear currently set filter.

Operation: bookmark
Default key: `Ctrl`+`B`

Bookmark currently selected article or URL.

Operation: edit-flags
Default key: `Ctrl`+`E`

Edit the flags of the currently selected article.

Operation: next-unread-feed
Default key: `Ctrl`+`N`

Go to the next feed with unread articles. This only works from the article list.

Operation: prev-unread-feed
Default key: `Ctrl`+`P`

Go to the previous feed with unread articles. This only works from the article list.

Operation: next-feed
Default key: `J`

Go to the next feed. This only works from the article list.

Operation: prev-feed
Default key: `K`

Go to the previous feed. This only works from the article list.

Operation: delete-article
Default key: `Shift`+`D`

Delete the currently selected article.

Operation: delete-all-articles
Default key: `Ctrl`+`D`

Delete all articles in the articlelist. Note that the articlelist might contain a subset of feed’s articles (because of filters or `show-read-articles no`), or it might contain a mix of articles from different feeds (if you’re viewing a query feed) — in either case, `delete-all-articles` affects just those articles, not all articles of the respective feed(s).

Operation: purge-deleted
Default key: `$`

Purge all articles that are marked as deleted from the article list.

Operation: view-dialogs
Default key: `V`

View list of open dialogs.

Operation: close-dialog
Default key: `Ctrl`+`X`

Close currently selected dialog.

Operation: next-dialog
Default key: `Ctrl`+`V`

Go to next dialog.

Operation: prev-dialog
Default key: `Ctrl`+`G`

Go to previous dialog.

Operation: pipe-to
Default key: `|`

Pipe article to command. The text will be word-wrapped according to the `text-width` setting.

Operation: sort
Default key: `G`

Sort feeds/articles by interactively choosing the sort method.

Operation: rev-sort
Default key: `Shift`+`G`

Sort feeds/articles by interactively choosing the sort method (reversed).

Operation: up
Default key: `UP`

Go up one item in the list.

Operation: down
Default key: `DOWN`

Go down one item in the list.

Operation: pageup
Default key: `PPAGE`

Go up one page in the list.

Operation: pagedown
Default key: `NPAGE`

Go down one page in the list.

Operation: halfpageup
Default key: n/a

Go up half a page.

Operation: halfpagedown
Default key: n/a

Go down half a page.

Operation: home
Default key: `HOME`

Go to the first item in the list.

Operation: end
Default key: `END`

Go to the last item in the list.

Operation: macro-prefix
Default key: `,`

Initiate macro execution. The next key press selects the actual macro and runs it.

Operation: switch-focus
Default key: `TAB`

Switch focus between widgets. This is currently only applicable to the `filebrowser` and `dirbrowser` contexts.

Operation: goto-title
Default key: n/a

Go to item whose title contains the specified string (case-insensitive).

Operation: prevsearchresults
Default key: `Z`

Return to previous search results (if any). This only works from `searchresultslist`.

Operation: article-feed
Default key: n/a

Go to the feed of the currently selected article.

## Appendix C: Podboat Configuration Commands

Syntax: delete-played-files [yes/no]
Default: no
Example: delete-played-files yes

If set to `yes`, Podboat will delete files when their corresponding queue entry is removed (this includes "finished" and "deleted" entries as well).

Syntax: download-path <path>
Default: ~/
Example: download-path "~/Downloads/%h/%n"

Specifies the directory where Podboat shall download the files to. Optionally, placeholders can be used to place downloads in a directory structure. See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats. This setting is applied at enqueueing time; changing it won’t affect download paths of the podcasts that were already added to the queue.

Syntax: download-filename-format <string>
Default: "%?u?%u&%Y-%b-%d-%H%M%S.unknown?"
Example: download-filename-format "%F-%t.%e"

Specifies how Podboat would name the files it downloads (see also `download-path`). See the Format Strings section of the Newsboat manual for details on available formats.

Syntax: max-downloads <number>
Default: 1
Example: max-downloads 3

Specifies the maximum number of parallel downloads when automatic download is enabled.

Syntax: player <player command>
Default: n/a
Example: player "mp3blaster"

Specifies the player that shall be used for playback of downloaded files.

Syntax: podlist-format <format>
Default: "%4i [%6dMB/%6tMB] [%5p %%] [%12K] %-20S %u → %F"
Example: podlist-format "%i %u %-20S %F"

This variable defines the format of entries in Podboat’s download list. See the Format Strings section in the documentation for more information on format strings.

## Appendix D: Podboat Operations

Table 18. Available Operations in Podboat
Operation | Default key | Description
--- | --- | ---
quit | `Q` | Quit the program.
hard-quit | `Shift`+`Q` | Quit the program without confirmation.
help | `?` | Show the help screen.
pb-download | `D` | Download the currently selected URL.
pb-cancel | `C` | Cancel the currently selected download.
pb-play | `P` | Start player with currently selected download.
pb-mark-as-finished | `M` | Mark currently selected entry as finished.
pb-delete | `Shift`+`D` | Delete the currently selected URL from the queue.
pb-purge | `Shift`+`P` | Remove all finished and deleted downloads from the queue and load URLs that were newly added to the queue.
pb-toggle-download-all | `A` | Toggle the "automatic download" feature where all queued URLs are downloaded one after the other. The `max-downloads` configuration option controls how many downloads are done in parallel.
pb-increase-max-dls | `+` | Increase the `max-downloads` option by 1.
pb-decrease-max-dls | `-` | Decrease the `max-downloads` option by 1. If the option is already 1, no further decrease is possible.

## Appendix E: License

MIT License

Copyright 2006-2015 Andreas Krennmair <ak@newsbeuter.org>
Copyright 2015-2026 Alexander Batischev <eual.jp@gmail.com>
Copyright 2006-2017 Newsbeuter contributors
Copyright 2017-2026 Newsboat contributors

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.