Function: matconcat
Section: linear_algebra
C-Name: matconcat
Prototype: G
Help: matconcat(v): concatenate the entries of v and return the resulting
 matrix.
Doc: returns a \typ{MAT} built from the entries of $v$, which may
 be a \typ{VEC} (concatenate horizontally), a \typ{COL} (concatenate
 vertically), or a \typ{MAT} (concatenate vertically each column, and
 concatenate vertically the resulting matrices). The entries of $v$ are always
 considered as matrices: they can themselves be \typ{VEC} (seen as a row
 matrix), a \typ{COL} seen as a column matrix), a \typ{MAT}, or a scalar (seen
 as an $1 \times 1$ matrix).
 \bprog
 ? A=[1,2;3,4]; B=[5,6]~; C=[7,8]; D=9;
 ? matconcat([A, B]) \\ horizontal
 %1 =
 [1 2 5]

 [3 4 6]
 ? matconcat([A, C]~) \\ vertical
 %2 =
 [1 2]

 [3 4]

 [7 8]
 ? matconcat([A, B; C, D]) \\ block matrix
 %3 =
 [1 2 5]

 [3 4 6]

 [7 8 9]
 @eprog\noindent
 If the dimensions of the entries to concatenate do not match up, the above
 rules are extended as follows:

 \item each entry $v_{i,j}$ of $v$ has a natural length and height: $1 \times
 1$ for a scalar, $1 \times n$ for a \typ{VEC} of length $n$, $n \times 1$
 for a \typ{COL}, $m \times n$ for an $m\times n$ \typ{MAT}

 \item let $H_{i}$ be the maximum over $j$ of the lengths of the $v_{i,j}$,
 let $L_{j}$ be the maximum over $i$ of the heights of the $v_{i,j}$.
 The dimensions of the $(i,j)$-th block in the concatenated matrix are
 $H_{i} \times L_{j}$.

 \item a scalar $s = v_{i,j}$ is considered as $s$ times an identity matrix
 of the block dimension $\min (H_{i},L_{j})$

 \item blocks are extended by 0 columns on the right and 0 rows at the
 bottom, as needed.

 \bprog
 ? matconcat([1, [2,3]~, [4,5,6]~]) \\ horizontal
 %4 =
 [1 2 4]

 [0 3 5]

 [0 0 6]
 ? matconcat([1, [2,3], [4,5,6]]~) \\ vertical
 %5 =
 [1 0 0]

 [2 3 0]

 [4 5 6]
 ? matconcat([B, C; A, D]) \\ block matrix
 %6 =
 [5 0 7 8]

 [6 0 0 0]

 [1 2 9 0]

 [3 4 0 9]
 ? U=[1,2;3,4]; V=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9];
 ? matconcat(matdiagonal([U, V])) \\ block diagonal
 %7 =
 [1 2 0 0 0]

 [3 4 0 0 0]

 [0 0 1 2 3]

 [0 0 4 5 6]

 [0 0 7 8 9]
 @eprog
