/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.math;

import static com.google.common.math.Stats.toStats;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ALLOWED_ERROR;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ALL_MANY_VALUES;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ALL_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MAX;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MIN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_POPULATION_VARIANCE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_LONG_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_LONG_VALUES_POPULATION_VARIANCE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_LONG_VALUES_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LARGE_VALUES_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_MAX;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_MIN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_COUNT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_MAX;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_MIN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MEGA_STREAM_COUNT;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MEGA_STREAM_MAX;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MEGA_STREAM_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MEGA_STREAM_MIN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ONE_VALUE;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ONE_VALUE_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES_MAX;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES_MEAN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES_MIN;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES_STATS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS;
import static com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.megaPrimitiveDoubleStream;
import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertWithMessage;
import static java.lang.Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
import static java.lang.Double.NaN;
import static java.lang.Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;
import static java.util.Arrays.stream;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.math.StatsTesting.ManyValues;
import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
import com.google.common.primitives.Longs;
import com.google.common.testing.EqualsTester;
import com.google.common.testing.SerializableTester;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.util.DoubleSummaryStatistics;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Stats}. This tests instances created by both {@link Stats#of} and {@link
 * StatsAccumulator#snapshot}.
 *
 * @author Pete Gillin
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class StatsTest extends TestCase {

  public void testCount() {
    assertThat(EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.count()).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.count()).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.count()).isEqualTo(1);
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.count()).isEqualTo(2);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.count()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.count()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.count()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.count()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.count()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.count()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.count()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.count()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
  }

  public void testMean() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.mean());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.mean());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(ONE_VALUE);
    assertThat(Stats.of(POSITIVE_INFINITY).mean()).isPositiveInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NEGATIVE_INFINITY).mean()).isNegativeInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NaN).mean()).isNaN();
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(TWO_VALUES_MEAN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an array, we test many combinations of finite
    // and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double mean = Stats.of(values.asArray()).mean();
      if (values.hasAnyNaN()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyPositiveInfinity() && values.hasAnyNegativeInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyPositiveInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isPositiveInfinity();
      } else if (values.hasAnyNegativeInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNegativeInfinity();
      } else {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values)
            .that(mean)
            .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
            .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
      }
    }
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(LARGE_VALUES_STATS.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * Double.MAX_VALUE)
        .of(LARGE_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_STATS.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * Integer.MAX_VALUE)
        .of(LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(LARGE_LONG_VALUES_STATS.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * Long.MAX_VALUE)
        .of(LARGE_LONG_VALUES_MEAN);
  }

  public void testSum() {
    assertThat(EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.sum()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.sum()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.sum()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(ONE_VALUE);
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.sum()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(TWO_VALUES_MEAN * 2);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN * MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN * MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN * MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN * MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN * LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sum())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN * LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
  }

  public void testPopulationVariance() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.populationVariance());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.populationVariance());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.populationVariance()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(Stats.of(POSITIVE_INFINITY).populationVariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NEGATIVE_INFINITY).populationVariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NaN).populationVariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / 2);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an iterable, we test many combinations of
    // finite and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double populationVariance = Stats.of(values.asIterable()).populationVariance();
      if (values.hasAnyNonFinite()) {
        assertWithMessage("population variance of " + values).that(populationVariance).isNaN();
      } else {
        assertWithMessage("population variance of " + values)
            .that(populationVariance)
            .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
            .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
      }
    }
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_STATS.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * Integer.MAX_VALUE * Integer.MAX_VALUE)
        .of(LARGE_INTEGER_VALUES_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    assertThat(LARGE_LONG_VALUES_STATS.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * Long.MAX_VALUE * Long.MAX_VALUE)
        .of(LARGE_LONG_VALUES_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
  }

  public void testPopulationStandardDeviation() {
    assertThrows(
        IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.populationStandardDeviation());
    assertThrows(
        IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.populationStandardDeviation());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.populationStandardDeviation()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / 2));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.populationStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT));
  }

  public void testSampleVariance() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.sampleVariance());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleVariance());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> ONE_VALUE_STATS.sampleVariance());
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sampleVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1));
  }

  public void testSampleStandardDeviation() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.sampleStandardDeviation());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleStandardDeviation());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> ONE_VALUE_STATS.sampleStandardDeviation());
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(sqrt(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.sampleStandardDeviation())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS))
        .of(sqrt(LONG_MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_SQUARES_OF_DELTAS / (LONG_MANY_VALUES_COUNT - 1)));
  }

  public void testMax() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.max());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.max());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.max()).isEqualTo(ONE_VALUE);
    assertThat(Stats.of(POSITIVE_INFINITY).max()).isPositiveInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NEGATIVE_INFINITY).max()).isNegativeInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NaN).max()).isNaN();
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.max()).isEqualTo(TWO_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.max()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.max()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an iterator, we test many combinations of
    // finite and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double max = Stats.of(values.asIterable().iterator()).max();
      if (values.hasAnyNaN()) {
        assertWithMessage("max of " + values).that(max).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyPositiveInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("max of " + values).that(max).isPositiveInfinity();
      } else {
        assertWithMessage("max of " + values).that(max).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MAX);
      }
    }
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.max()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.max()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.max()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.max()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MAX);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.max()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MAX);
  }

  public void testMin() {
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.min());
    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_STATS_ITERABLE.min());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_STATS.min()).isEqualTo(ONE_VALUE);
    assertThat(Stats.of(POSITIVE_INFINITY).min()).isPositiveInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NEGATIVE_INFINITY).min()).isNegativeInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NaN).min()).isNaN();
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.min()).isEqualTo(TWO_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.min()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.min()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.min()).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an accumulator snapshot, we test many
    // combinations of finite and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      StatsAccumulator accumulator = new StatsAccumulator();
      accumulator.addAll(values.asIterable());
      double min = accumulator.snapshot().min();
      if (values.hasAnyNaN()) {
        assertWithMessage("min of " + values).that(min).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyNegativeInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("min of " + values).that(min).isNegativeInfinity();
      } else {
        assertWithMessage("min of " + values).that(min).isEqualTo(MANY_VALUES_MIN);
      }
    }
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.min()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.min()).isEqualTo(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERATOR.min()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MIN);
    assertThat(LONG_MANY_VALUES_STATS_SNAPSHOT.min()).isEqualTo(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MIN);
  }

  public void testOfPrimitiveDoubleStream() {
    Stats stats = Stats.of(megaPrimitiveDoubleStream());
    assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_COUNT);
    assertThat(stats.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT).of(MEGA_STREAM_MEAN);
    assertThat(stats.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT)
        .of(MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(stats.min()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MIN);
    assertThat(stats.max()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MAX);
  }

  public void testOfPrimitiveIntStream() {
    Stats stats = Stats.of(megaPrimitiveDoubleStream().mapToInt(x -> (int) x));
    assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_COUNT);
    assertThat(stats.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT).of(MEGA_STREAM_MEAN);
    assertThat(stats.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT)
        .of(MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(stats.min()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MIN);
    assertThat(stats.max()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MAX);
  }

  public void testOfPrimitiveLongStream() {
    Stats stats = Stats.of(megaPrimitiveDoubleStream().mapToLong(x -> (long) x));
    assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_COUNT);
    assertThat(stats.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT).of(MEGA_STREAM_MEAN);
    assertThat(stats.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT)
        .of(MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(stats.min()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MIN);
    assertThat(stats.max()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MAX);
  }

  public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
    new EqualsTester()
        .addEqualityGroup(
            Stats.of(1.0, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0),
            Stats.of(1.0, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0),
            Stats.of(ImmutableList.of(1.0, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0)),
            Stats.of(ImmutableList.of(1.0, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0).iterator()),
            SerializableTester.reserialize(Stats.of(1.0, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0)))
        .addEqualityGroup(Stats.of(1.0, 5.0))
        .addEqualityGroup(Stats.of(1.0, 5.0, 1.0, 6.0))
        .addEqualityGroup(Stats.of(2.0, 6.0, 2.0, 6.0))
        .addEqualityGroup(
            new Stats(5, -5.5, 55.5, -5.55, 5.55), new Stats(5, -5.5, 55.5, -5.55, 5.55))
        .addEqualityGroup(new Stats(6, -5.5, 55.5, -5.55, 5.55))
        .addEqualityGroup(new Stats(5, -5.6, 55.5, -5.55, 5.55))
        .addEqualityGroup(new Stats(5, -5.5, 55.6, -5.55, 5.55))
        .addEqualityGroup(new Stats(5, -5.5, 55.5, -5.56, 5.55))
        .addEqualityGroup(new Stats(5, -5.5, 55.5, -5.55, 5.56))
        .testEquals();
  }

  public void testSerializable() {
    SerializableTester.reserializeAndAssert(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE);
  }

  public void testToString() {
    assertThat(EMPTY_STATS_VARARGS.toString()).isEqualTo("Stats{count=0}");
    assertThat(MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.toString())
        .isEqualTo(
            "Stats{count="
                + MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.count()
                + ", mean="
                + MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.mean()
                + ", populationStandardDeviation="
                + MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.populationStandardDeviation()
                + ", min="
                + MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.min()
                + ", max="
                + MANY_VALUES_STATS_ITERABLE.max()
                + "}");
  }

  public void testMeanOf() {
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Stats.meanOf());
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Stats.meanOf(ImmutableList.<Number>of()));
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(ONE_VALUE)).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(ONE_VALUE);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(POSITIVE_INFINITY)).isPositiveInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(NEGATIVE_INFINITY)).isNegativeInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(NaN)).isNaN();
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(TWO_VALUES)).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(TWO_VALUES_MEAN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an array, we test many combinations of finite
    // and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double mean = Stats.meanOf(values.asArray());
      if (values.hasAnyNaN()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyPositiveInfinity() && values.hasAnyNegativeInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNaN();
      } else if (values.hasAnyPositiveInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isPositiveInfinity();
      } else if (values.hasAnyNegativeInfinity()) {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values).that(mean).isNegativeInfinity();
      } else {
        assertWithMessage("mean of " + values)
            .that(mean)
            .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
            .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
      }
    }
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(MANY_VALUES)).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(MANY_VALUES.iterator())).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES))
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(Ints.toArray(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES)))
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(INTEGER_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(LONG_MANY_VALUES))
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(Stats.meanOf(Longs.toArray(LONG_MANY_VALUES)))
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN)
        .of(LONG_MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
  }

  public void testToByteArrayAndFromByteArrayRoundTrip() {
    for (Stats stats : ALL_STATS) {
      byte[] statsByteArray = stats.toByteArray();

      // Round trip to byte array and back
      assertThat(Stats.fromByteArray(statsByteArray)).isEqualTo(stats);
    }
  }

  public void testFromByteArray_withNullInputThrowsNullPointerException() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Stats.fromByteArray(null));
  }

  public void testFromByteArray_withEmptyArrayInputThrowsIllegalArgumentException() {
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Stats.fromByteArray(new byte[0]));
  }

  public void testFromByteArray_withTooLongArrayInputThrowsIllegalArgumentException() {
    byte[] buffer = MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.toByteArray();
    byte[] tooLongByteArray =
        ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.length + 2)
            .order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN)
            .put(buffer)
            .putChar('.')
            .array();
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Stats.fromByteArray(tooLongByteArray));
  }

  public void testFromByteArrayWithTooShortArrayInputThrowsIllegalArgumentException() {
    byte[] buffer = MANY_VALUES_STATS_VARARGS.toByteArray();
    byte[] tooShortByteArray =
        ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.length - 1)
            .order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN)
            .put(buffer, 0, Stats.BYTES - 1)
            .array();
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Stats.fromByteArray(tooShortByteArray));
  }

  public void testEquivalentStreams() {
    // For datasets of many double values created from an array, we test many combinations of finite
    // and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double[] array = values.asArray();
      Stats stats = Stats.of(array);
      // instance methods on Stats vs on instance methods on DoubleStream
      assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(stream(array).count());
      assertEquivalent(stats.mean(), stream(array).average().getAsDouble());
      assertEquivalent(stats.sum(), stream(array).sum());
      assertEquivalent(stats.max(), stream(array).max().getAsDouble());
      assertEquivalent(stats.min(), stream(array).min().getAsDouble());
      // static method on Stats vs on instance method on DoubleStream
      assertEquivalent(Stats.meanOf(array), stream(array).average().getAsDouble());
      // instance methods on Stats vs instance methods on DoubleSummaryStatistics
      DoubleSummaryStatistics streamStats = stream(array).summaryStatistics();
      assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(streamStats.getCount());
      assertEquivalent(stats.mean(), streamStats.getAverage());
      assertEquivalent(stats.sum(), streamStats.getSum());
      assertEquivalent(stats.max(), streamStats.getMax());
      assertEquivalent(stats.min(), streamStats.getMin());
    }
  }

  private static void assertEquivalent(double actual, double expected) {
    if (expected == POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
      assertThat(actual).isPositiveInfinity();
    } else if (expected == NEGATIVE_INFINITY) {
      assertThat(actual).isNegativeInfinity();
    } else if (Double.isNaN(expected)) {
      assertThat(actual).isNaN();
    } else {
      assertThat(actual).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(expected);
    }
  }

  public void testBoxedDoubleStreamToStats() {
    Stats stats = megaPrimitiveDoubleStream().boxed().collect(toStats());
    assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_COUNT);
    assertThat(stats.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT).of(MEGA_STREAM_MEAN);
    assertThat(stats.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT)
        .of(MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(stats.min()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MIN);
    assertThat(stats.max()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MAX);
  }

  public void testBoxedBigDecimalStreamToStats() {
    Stats stats = megaPrimitiveDoubleStream().mapToObj(BigDecimal::valueOf).collect(toStats());
    assertThat(stats.count()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_COUNT);
    assertThat(stats.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT).of(MEGA_STREAM_MEAN);
    assertThat(stats.populationVariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR * MEGA_STREAM_COUNT)
        .of(MEGA_STREAM_POPULATION_VARIANCE);
    assertThat(stats.min()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MIN);
    assertThat(stats.max()).isEqualTo(MEGA_STREAM_MAX);
  }
}
