/*
 * Copyright (C) 2009 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.net;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.escape.Escaper;

/**
 * {@code Escaper} instances suitable for strings to be included in particular sections of URLs.
 *
 * <p>If the resulting URLs are inserted into an HTML or XML document, they will require additional
 * escaping with {@link com.google.common.html.HtmlEscapers} or {@link
 * com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers}.
 *
 * @author David Beaumont
 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 15.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class UrlEscapers {
  private UrlEscapers() {}

  // For each xxxEscaper() method, please add links to external reference pages
  // that are considered authoritative for the behavior of that escaper.

  static final String URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS = "-_.*";

  static final String URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS =
      "-._~" // Unreserved characters.
          + "!$'()*,;&=" // The subdelim characters (excluding '+').
          + "@:"; // The gendelim characters permitted in paths.

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#application-x-www-form-urlencoded-percent-encode-set">URL
   * form parameter names and values</a>. Escaping is performed with the UTF-8 character encoding.
   * The caller is responsible for <a
   * href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/form-control-infrastructure.html#multipart-form-data">replacing
   * any unpaired carriage return or line feed characters with a CR+LF pair</a> on any non-file
   * inputs before escaping them with this escaper.
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The special characters ".", "-", "*", and "_" remain the same.
   *   <li>The space character " " is converted into a plus sign "+".
   *   <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each
   *       byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit,
   *       uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>This escaper is suitable for escaping parameter names and values even when <a
   * href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html401/appendix/notes.html#h-B.2.2">using the non-standard
   * semicolon</a>, rather than the ampersand, as a parameter delimiter. Nevertheless, we recommend
   * using the ampersand unless you must interoperate with systems that require semicolons.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encode">uppercase</a> hexadecimal sequences.
   *
   */
  public static Escaper urlFormParameterEscaper() {
    return URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS, true);

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#syntax-url-path-segment">URL path segments</a>. The returned
   * escaper escapes all non-ASCII characters, even though <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-code-points">many of these are accepted in modern
   * URLs</a>. (<a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#path-state">If the escaper were to leave these
   * characters unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time, anyway.</a>)
   * Additionally, the escaper escapes the slash character ("/"). While slashes are acceptable in
   * URL paths, they are considered by the specification to be separators between "path segments."
   * This implies that, if you wish for your path to contain slashes, you must escape each segment
   * separately and then join them.
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   *   <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   *   <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.
   *   <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each
   *       byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit,
   *       uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encode">uppercase</a> hexadecimal sequences.
   */
  public static Escaper urlPathSegmentEscaper() {
    return URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+", false);

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in a <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url-fragment">URL fragment</a>. The returned escaper
   * escapes all non-ASCII characters.
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   *   <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   *   <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.
   *   <li>Fragments allow unescaped "/" and "?", so they remain the same.
   *   <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each
   *       byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit,
   *       uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce <a
   * href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encode">uppercase</a> hexadecimal sequences.
   */
  public static Escaper urlFragmentEscaper() {
    return URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+/?", false);
}
