#!/bin/bash
#
# s3fs - FUSE-based file system backed by Amazon S3
#
# Copyright 2007-2008 Randy Rizun <rrizun@gmail.com>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
#

set -o errexit
set -o pipefail

source test-utils.sh

function test_create_empty_file {
    describe "Testing creating an empty file ..."

    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    touch "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    check_file_size "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" 0

    s3_head "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"

    rm_test_file
}

function test_append_file {
    describe "Testing append to file ..."
    local TEST_INPUT="echo ${TEST_TEXT} to ${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # Write a small test file
    for x in $(seq 1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE_LENGTH}"); do
        echo "${TEST_INPUT}"
    done > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    check_file_size "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" $((TEST_TEXT_FILE_LENGTH * $((${#TEST_INPUT} + 1)) ))

    rm_test_file
}

function test_truncate_file {
    describe "Testing truncate file ..."
    # Write a small test file
    echo "${TEST_TEXT}" > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # Truncate file to 0 length.  This should trigger open(path, O_RDWR | O_TRUNC...)
    : > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    check_file_size "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" 0

    rm_test_file
}

function test_truncate_upload {
    describe "Testing truncate file for uploading ..."

    # This file size uses multipart, mix upload when uploading.
    # We will test these cases.

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"

    "${TRUNCATE_BIN}" "${BIG_FILE}" -s "${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}"

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
}

function test_truncate_empty_file {
    describe "Testing truncate empty file ..."
    # Write an empty test file
    touch "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # Truncate the file to 1024 length
    local t_size=1024
    "${TRUNCATE_BIN}" "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" -s "${t_size}"

    check_file_size "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${t_size}"

    rm_test_file
}

function test_truncate_shrink_file {
    describe "Testing truncate shrinking large binary file ..."

    local BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE="big-truncate-test.bin"
    local t_size=$((1024 * 1024 * 32 + 64))

    ../../junk_data $((64 * 1024 * 1024)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}"
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}" "${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}"

    "${TRUNCATE_BIN}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}" -s "${t_size}"
    "${TRUNCATE_BIN}" "${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}" -s "${t_size}"

    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}" "${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}"; then
       return 1
    fi

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_TRUNCATE_TEST_FILE}"
}

function test_truncate_shrink_read_file {
    describe "Testing truncate(shrink) and read file ..."

    # Initiate file size is 1024, and shrink file size is 512
    local init_size=1024
    local shrink_size=512

    # create file
    dd if=/dev/urandom of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" bs="${init_size}" count=1

    # truncate(shrink) file and read it before flushing
    ../../truncate_read_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${shrink_size}"

    # check file size
    check_file_size "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${shrink_size}"

    # Truncate the file to 1024 length
    local t_size=1024

    rm_test_file
}

function test_mv_file {
    describe "Testing mv file function ..."
    # if the rename file exists, delete it
    if [ -e "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    then
       rm "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    fi

    if [ -e "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    then
       echo "Could not delete file ${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}, it still exists"
       return 1
    fi

    # create the test file again
    mk_test_file

    # save file length
    local ALT_TEXT_LENGTH; ALT_TEXT_LENGTH=$(wc -c < "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #rename the test file
    mv "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    if [ ! -e "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    then
       echo "Could not move file"
       return 1
    fi
    
    #check the renamed file content-type
    if [ -f "/etc/mime.types" ]
    then
      check_content_type "$1/${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "text/plain"
    fi

    # Check the contents of the alt file
    local ALT_FILE_LENGTH; ALT_FILE_LENGTH=$(wc -c < "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "$ALT_FILE_LENGTH" -ne "$ALT_TEXT_LENGTH" ]
    then
       echo "moved file length is not as expected expected: $ALT_TEXT_LENGTH  got: $ALT_FILE_LENGTH"
       return 1
    fi

    # clean up
    rm_test_file "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_mv_to_exist_file {
    describe "Testing mv file to exist file function ..."

    local BIG_MV_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE=$((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE + 1))

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${BIG_FILE}"
    ../../junk_data $((BIG_MV_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${BIG_FILE}-mv"

    mv "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-mv"

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}-mv"
}

function test_mv_empty_directory {
    describe "Testing mv directory function ..."
    if [ -e "${TEST_DIR}" ]; then
       echo "Unexpected, this file/directory exists: ${TEST_DIR}"
       return 1
    fi

    mk_test_dir

    mv "${TEST_DIR}" "${TEST_DIR}_rename"
    if [ ! -d "${TEST_DIR}_rename" ]; then
       echo "Directory ${TEST_DIR} was not renamed"
       return 1
    fi

    rmdir "${TEST_DIR}_rename"
    if [ -e "${TEST_DIR}_rename" ]; then
       echo "Could not remove the test directory, it still exists: ${TEST_DIR}_rename"
       return 1
    fi
}

function test_mv_nonempty_directory {
    describe "Testing mv directory function ..."
    if [ -e "${TEST_DIR}" ]; then
       echo "Unexpected, this file/directory exists: ${TEST_DIR}"
       return 1
    fi

    mk_test_dir

    touch "${TEST_DIR}"/file

    mv "${TEST_DIR}" "${TEST_DIR}_rename"
    if [ ! -d "${TEST_DIR}_rename" ]; then
       echo "Directory ${TEST_DIR} was not renamed"
       return 1
    fi

    rm -r "${TEST_DIR}_rename"
    if [ -e "${TEST_DIR}_rename" ]; then
       echo "Could not remove the test directory, it still exists: ${TEST_DIR}_rename"
       return 1
    fi
}

function test_redirects {
    describe "Testing redirects ..."

    mk_test_file "ABCDEF"

    local CONTENT; CONTENT=$(cat "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if [ "${CONTENT}" != "ABCDEF" ]; then
       echo "CONTENT read is unexpected, got ${CONTENT}, expected ABCDEF"
       return 1
    fi

    echo "XYZ" > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    CONTENT=$(cat "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if [ "${CONTENT}" != "XYZ" ]; then
       echo "CONTENT read is unexpected, got ${CONTENT}, expected XYZ"
       return 1
    fi

    echo "123456" >> "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    local LINE1; LINE1=$("${SED_BIN}" -n '1,1p' "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local LINE2; LINE2=$("${SED_BIN}" -n '2,2p' "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if [ "${LINE1}" != "XYZ" ]; then
       echo "LINE1 was not as expected, got ${LINE1}, expected XYZ"
       return 1
    fi

    if [ "${LINE2}" != "123456" ]; then
       echo "LINE2 was not as expected, got ${LINE2}, expected 123456"
       return 1
    fi

    # clean up
    rm_test_file
}

function test_mkdir_rmdir {
    describe "Testing creation/removal of a directory ..."

    if [ -e "${TEST_DIR}" ]; then
       echo "Unexpected, this file/directory exists: ${TEST_DIR}"
       return 1
    fi

    mk_test_dir
    rm_test_dir
}

function test_chmod {
    describe "Testing chmod file function ..."

    # create the test file again
    mk_test_file

    local ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS; ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS=$(get_permissions "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    chmod 777 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}";

    # if they're the same, we have a problem.
    local CHANGED_PERMISSIONS; CHANGED_PERMISSIONS=$(get_permissions "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${CHANGED_PERMISSIONS}" = "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" ]
    then
      echo "Could not modify ${TEST_TEXT_FILE} permissions"
      return 1
    fi

    # clean up
    rm_test_file
}

function test_chown {
    describe "Testing chown file function ..."

    # create the test file again
    mk_test_file

    local ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS
    ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    # [NOTE]
    # Prevents test interruptions due to permission errors, etc.
    # If the chown command fails, an error will occur with the
    # following judgment statement. So skip the chown command error.
    # '|| true' was added due to a problem with Travis CI and MacOS
    # and ensure_diskfree option.
    #
    chown 1000:1000 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" || true

    # if they're the same, we have a problem.
    local CHANGED_PERMISSIONS
    CHANGED_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${CHANGED_PERMISSIONS}" = "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" ]
    then
      if [ "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" = "1000:1000" ]
      then
        echo "Could not be strict check because original file permission 1000:1000"
      else
        echo "Could not modify ${TEST_TEXT_FILE} ownership($ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS to 1000:1000)"
        return 1
      fi
    fi

    # clean up
    rm_test_file
}

function test_list {
    describe "Testing list ..."
    mk_test_file
    mk_test_dir

    local file_list=(*)
    local file_cnt=${#file_list[@]}
    if [ "${file_cnt}" -ne 2 ]; then
        echo "Expected 2 file but got ${file_cnt}"
        echo "Files: " "${file_list[@]}"
        return 1
    fi

    rm_test_file
    rm_test_dir
}

function test_remove_nonempty_directory {
    describe "Testing removing a non-empty directory ..."
    mk_test_dir
    touch "${TEST_DIR}/file"
    (
        set +o pipefail
        rmdir "${TEST_DIR}" 2>&1 | grep -q "Directory not empty"
    )
    rm "${TEST_DIR}/file"
    rm_test_dir
}

function test_external_directory_creation {
    describe "Test external directory creation ..."
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/directory/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo "data" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    ls | grep -q directory
    stat directory >/dev/null 2>&1
    get_permissions directory | grep -q 750$
    ls directory
    cmp <(echo "data") directory/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    rm -f directory/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_external_modification {
    describe "Test external modification to an object ..."
    echo "old" > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # [NOTE]
    # If the stat and file cache directory are enabled, an error will
    # occur if the unixtime(sec) value does not change.
    # If mtime(ctime/atime) when updating from the external program
    # (awscli) is the same unixtime value as immediately before, the
    # cache will be read out.
    # Therefore, we need to wait over 1 second here.
    #
    # In particular, on MacOS, getattrs may be called after a file is
    # uploaded(released).
    # This extends the expiration date of the target file(1 sec by
    # stat_cache_interval_expire option).
    # Therefore, on MacOS, you need to add an additional 1 sec.
    #
    sleep 1
    wait_ostype 1 "Darwin"

    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo "new new" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"

    cmp "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" <(echo "new new")
    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_external_creation {
    describe "Test external creation of an object ..."
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # [NOTE]
    # If noobj_cache is enabled, register that cache here.
    #
    [ ! -e "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]

    # [NOTE]
    # If noobj_cache is enabled, we cannot be sure that it is registered in that cache.
    # That's because an error will occur if the upload by aws cli takes more than 1 second.
    #
    echo "data" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"

    wait_ostype 1

    [ -e "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]

    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_read_external_object() {
    describe "create objects via aws CLI and read via s3fs ..."
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo "test" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    cmp "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" <(echo "test")
    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_read_external_dir_object() {
    describe "create directory objects via aws CLI and read via s3fs ..."
    local SUB_DIR_NAME;      SUB_DIR_NAME="subdir"
    local SUB_DIR_TEST_FILE; SUB_DIR_TEST_FILE="${SUB_DIR_NAME}/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local OBJECT_NAME;       OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${SUB_DIR_TEST_FILE}"

    echo "test" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"

    if stat "${SUB_DIR_NAME}" | grep -q '1969-12-31[[:space:]]23:59:59[.]000000000'; then
        echo "sub directory a/c/m time is underflow(-1)."
        return 1
    fi
    rm -rf "${SUB_DIR_NAME}"
}

function test_update_metadata_external_small_object() {
    describe "update meta to small file after created file by aws cli"

    # [NOTE]
    # Use the only filename in the test to avoid being affected by noobjcache.
    #
    local TEST_FILE_EXT; TEST_FILE_EXT=$(mktemp "XXXXXXXXXX")
    local TEST_CHMOD_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_chmod.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_CHOWN_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_chown.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_UTIMENS_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_utimens.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_SETXATTR_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_set_xattr.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_RMXATTR_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_rm_xattr.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"

    local TEST_INPUT="TEST_STRING_IN_SMALL_FILE"

    #
    # chmod
    #
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    echo "${TEST_INPUT}" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    chmod +x "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}" <(echo "${TEST_INPUT}")

    #
    # chown
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    echo "${TEST_INPUT}" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    chown "${UID}" "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}" <(echo "${TEST_INPUT}")

    #
    # utimens
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    echo "${TEST_INPUT}" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    touch "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}" <(echo "${TEST_INPUT}")

    #
    # set xattr
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    echo "${TEST_INPUT}" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}"
    set_xattr key value "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}" <(echo "${TEST_INPUT}")
    XATTR_VALUE=$(get_xattr key "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}")
    if [ -z "${XATTR_VALUE}" ] || [ "${XATTR_VALUE}" != "value" ]; then
        echo "could not read xattr(key) value."
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # remove xattr
    #
    # "%7B%22key%22%3A%22dmFsdWU%3D%22%7D" = {"key":"value"}
    #
    # [FIXME]
    # For macos, the xattrs value specified with the "--metadata" option cannot
    # be set on the object. We confirmed this with the following versions:
    #     aws-cli/2.27.35 Python/3.13.3 Darwin/22.6.0 exe/x86_64
    # We also tried to run "aws s3api put-object", but the result was the same.
    #
    # Since xattrs cannot be set on objects uploaded with the aws command, this
    # will be skipped for macos.
    # If a solution is found in the future, we will test it on macos as well.
    #
    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
        echo "${TEST_INPUT}" | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-xattr: %7B%22key%22%3A%22dmFsdWU%3D%22%7D"
        del_xattr key "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
        cmp "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}" <(echo "${TEST_INPUT}")
        if find_xattr key "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"; then
            echo "could read xattr(key) value after removing it."
            return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm -f "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
}

function test_update_metadata_external_large_object() {
    describe "update meta to large file after created file by aws cli"

    # [NOTE]
    # Use the only filename in the test to avoid being affected by noobjcache.
    #
    local TEST_FILE_EXT; TEST_FILE_EXT=$(mktemp "XXXXXXXXXX")
    local TEST_CHMOD_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_chmod.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_CHOWN_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_chown.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_UTIMENS_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_utimens.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_SETXATTR_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_set_xattr.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"
    local TEST_RMXATTR_FILE="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}_rm_xattr.${TEST_FILE_EXT}"

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # chmod
    #
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" < "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    chmod +x "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # chown
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" < "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    chown "${UID}" "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # utimens
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" < "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    touch "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # set xattr
    #
    OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" < "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    set_xattr key value "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    XATTR_VALUE=$(get_xattr key "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}")
    if [ -z "${XATTR_VALUE}" ] || [ "${XATTR_VALUE}" != "value" ]; then
        echo "could not read xattr(key) value."
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # remove xattr
    #
    # "%7B%22key%22%3A%22dmFsdWU%3D%22%7D" = {"key":"value"}
    #
    # [FIXME]
    # For macos, the xattrs value specified with the "--metadata" option cannot
    # be set on the object. We confirmed this with the following versions:
    #     aws-cli/2.27.35 Python/3.13.3 Darwin/22.6.0 exe/x86_64
    # We also tried to run "aws s3api put-object", but the result was the same.
    #
    # Since xattrs cannot be set on objects uploaded with the aws command, this
    # will be skipped for macos.
    # If a solution is found in the future, we will test it on macos as well.
    #
    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
        s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-xattr: %7B%22key%22%3A%22dmFsdWU%3D%22%7D" < "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        del_xattr key "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
        cmp "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        if find_xattr key "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"; then
            echo "could read xattr(key) value after removing it."
            return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_CHMOD_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_CHOWN_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_UTIMENS_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_SETXATTR_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEST_RMXATTR_FILE}"
}

function test_rename_before_close {
    describe "Testing rename before close ..."

    # shellcheck disable=SC2094
    (
        echo foo
        mv "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}.new"
    ) > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    if ! cmp <(echo "foo") "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}.new"; then
        echo "rename before close failed"
        return 1
    fi

    rm_test_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}.new"
    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_multipart_upload {
    describe "Testing multi-part upload ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    dd if="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" of="${BIG_FILE}" bs="${BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE}" count="${BIG_FILE_COUNT}"

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
}

function test_multipart_copy {
    describe "Testing multi-part copy ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    dd if="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" of="${BIG_FILE}" bs="${BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE}" count="${BIG_FILE_COUNT}"
    mv "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-copy"

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-copy"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    #check the renamed file content-type
    check_content_type "$1/${BIG_FILE}-copy" "application/octet-stream"

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}-copy"
}

function test_multipart_mix {
    describe "Testing multi-part mix ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    dd if="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" of="${BIG_FILE}" bs="${BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE}" count="${BIG_FILE_COUNT}"

    # (1) Edit the middle of an existing file
    #     modify directly(seek 7.5MB offset)
    #     In the case of nomultipart and nocopyapi,
    #     it makes no sense, but copying files is because it leaves no cache.
    #
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    cp_avoid_xattr_err "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"

    local MODIFY_START_BLOCK=$((15*1024*1024/2/4))
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${MODIFY_START_BLOCK}" conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${MODIFY_START_BLOCK}" conv=notrunc

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file (1)"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    # (2) Write to an area larger than the size of the existing file
    #     modify directly(over file end offset)
    #
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    cp_avoid_xattr_err "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"

    local OVER_FILE_BLOCK_POS=$((26*1024*1024/4))
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${OVER_FILE_BLOCK_POS}" conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${OVER_FILE_BLOCK_POS}" conv=notrunc

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file (2)"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    # (3) Writing from the 0th byte
    #
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    cp_avoid_xattr_err "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"

    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek=0 conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek=0 conv=notrunc

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file (3)"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    # (4) Write to the area within 5MB from the top
    #     modify directly(seek 1MB offset)
    #
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    cp_avoid_xattr_err "${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"

    local MODIFY_START_BLOCK=$((1*1024*1024))
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${MODIFY_START_BLOCK}" conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" bs=4 count=4 seek="${MODIFY_START_BLOCK}" conv=notrunc

    # Verify contents of file
    echo "Comparing test file (4)"
    if ! cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix" "${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    then
       return 1
    fi

    # [NOTE]
    # For macos, in order to free up disk space for statvfs (or df command),
    # it is necessary to zero out the file size, delete it, and sync it.
    # In the case of macos, even if you delete a file, there seems to be a
    # delay in the free space being reflected.
    # Testing the ensure_diskfree option shows that if this is not done, free
    # disk space will be exhausted.
    #
    if [ "$(uname)" = "Darwin" ]; then
        cat /dev/null > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        cat /dev/null > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
        cat /dev/null > "${BIG_FILE}"
        cat /dev/null > "${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    fi

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}-mix"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}-mix"

    if [ "$(uname)" = "Darwin" ]; then
        sync
    fi
}

function test_utimens_during_multipart {
    describe "Testing utimens calling during multipart copy ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"

    # The second copy of the "-p" option calls utimens during multipart upload.
    cp -p "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"

    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
}

function test_special_characters {
    describe "Testing special characters ..."

    (
        set +o pipefail
        # shellcheck disable=SC2010
        ls 'special' 2>&1 | grep -q 'No such file or directory'
        # shellcheck disable=SC2010
        ls 'special?' 2>&1 | grep -q 'No such file or directory'
        # shellcheck disable=SC2010
        ls 'special*' 2>&1 | grep -q 'No such file or directory'
        # shellcheck disable=SC2010
        ls 'special~' 2>&1 | grep -q 'No such file or directory'
        # shellcheck disable=SC2010
        ls 'specialμ' 2>&1 | grep -q 'No such file or directory'
    )

    mkdir "TOYOTA TRUCK 8.2.2"
    rm -rf "TOYOTA TRUCK 8.2.2"
}

function test_hardlink {
    describe "Testing hardlinks ..."

    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    rm -f "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo foo > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    (
        # [NOTE]
        # macos-fuse-t returns 'Input/output error'
        #
        set +o pipefail
        ln "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" 2>&1 | grep -q -e 'Operation not supported' -e 'Not supported' -e 'Input/output error'
    )

    rm_test_file
    rm_test_file "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_mknod {
    describe "Testing mknod system call function ..."

    local MKNOD_TEST_FILE_BASENAME="mknod_testfile"

    rm -f "${MKNOD_TEST_FILE_BASENAME}*"

    ../../mknod_test "${MKNOD_TEST_FILE_BASENAME}"
}

function test_symlink {
    describe "Testing symlinks ..."

    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    rm -f "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo foo > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    ln -s "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    cmp "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    [ -L "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    [ ! -f "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]

    rm -f "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_extended_attributes {
    describe "Testing extended attributes ..."

    rm -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    touch "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # set value
    set_xattr key1 value0 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    get_xattr key1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q '^value0$'

    # over write value
    set_xattr key1 value1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    get_xattr key1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q '^value1$'

    # [NOTE]
    # macOS still caches extended attributes even when told not to.
    # Thus we need to wait one second here.
    wait_ostype 1 "Darwin"

    # append value
    set_xattr key2 value2 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    get_xattr key1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q '^value1$'
    get_xattr key2 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q '^value2$'

    # remove value
    del_xattr key1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    get_xattr key1 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" && return 1
    get_xattr key2 "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q '^value2$'

    rm_test_file
}

function test_mtime_file {
    describe "Testing mtime preservation function ..."

    # if the rename file exists, delete it
    if [ -e "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ] || [ -L "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    then
       rm "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    fi

    if [ -e "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}" ]
    then
       echo "Could not delete file ${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}, it still exists"
       return 1
    fi

    # create the test file again
    mk_test_file

    #copy the test file with preserve mode
    cp_avoid_xattr_err -p "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    local testmtime; testmtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local testctime; testctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local testatime; testatime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local altmtime;  altmtime=$(get_mtime "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local altctime;  altctime=$(get_ctime "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local altatime;  altatime=$(get_atime "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if [ "${testmtime}" != "${altmtime}" ] || [ "${testctime}" = "${altctime}" ] || [ "${testatime}" != "${altatime}" ]; then
       echo "cp(-p) expected times: mtime( ${testmtime} == ${altmtime} ), ctime( ${testctime} != ${altctime} ), atime( ${testatime} == ${altatime} )"
    fi

    rm_test_file
    rm_test_file "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

# [NOTE]
# If it mounted with relatime or noatime options , the "touch -a"
# command may not update the atime.
# In ubuntu:xenial, atime was updated even if relatime was granted.
# However, it was not updated in bionic/focal.
# We can probably update atime by explicitly specifying the strictatime
# option and running the "touch -a" command. However, the strictatime
# option cannot be set.
# Therefore, if the relatime option is set, the test with the "touch -a"
# command is bypassed.
# We do not know why atime is not updated may or not be affected by
# these options.(can't say for sure)
# However, if atime has not been updated, the s3fs_utimens entry point
# will not be called from FUSE library. We added this bypass because
# the test became unstable.
#
function test_update_time_chmod() {
    describe "Testing update time function chmod..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # chmod -> update only ctime
    #
    chmod +x "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "chmod expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi
    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_chown() {
    describe "Testing update time function chown..."

    #
    # chown -> update only ctime
    #
    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    # [NOTE]
    # In this test, chown is called with the same UID.
    #
    chown "${UID}" "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "chown expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        # [FIXME] macos fuse-t
        # macos fuse-t doesn't update stat if UID doesn't change.
        # There is a way to specify "uid=1000" with aws cli and use sudo when chown is executed, but the
        # test is not finished.
        # For now, we are just leaving the chown call with the same UID as the parameter.
        # This test will be fixed in the future.
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
            if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] && [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] && [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
                echo "[FIXME] Doing a temporary test bypass : same ctime $base_ctime = $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime = $mtime and same atime: $base_atime = $atime"
            else
                echo "chown expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime, atime: $base_atime != $atime"
                return 1
            fi
        fi
    fi
    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_xattr() {
    describe "Testing update time function set_xattr..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # set_xattr -> update only ctime
    #
    set_xattr key value "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
           echo "set_xattr expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
           return 1
        fi
    else
        # [macos] fuse-t
        # atime/ctime are all updated.
        # see) https://github.com/macos-fuse-t/fuse-t/issues/87
        #
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
           echo "set_xattr expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, atime: $base_atime != $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime"
           return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_touch() {
    describe "Testing update time function touch..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # touch -> update ctime/atime/mtime
    #
    touch "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "touch expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime, atime: $base_atime != $atime"
       return 1
    fi
    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_touch_a() {
    describe "Testing update time function touch -a..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # "touch -a" -> update ctime/atime, not update mtime
    #
    touch -a "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "touch with -a option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, atime: $base_atime != $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        # [macos] fuse-t
        # atime/ctime/mtime are all updated.
        #
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "touch with -a option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, atime: $base_atime != $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime"
            return 1
        fi
    fi
    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_append() {
    describe "Testing update time function append..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # append -> update ctime/mtime, not update atime
    #
    echo foo >> "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
        echo "append expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime and same atime: $base_atime == $atime"
        return 1
    fi
    rm_test_file
}

function test_update_time_cp_p() {
    describe "Testing update time function cp -p..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # cp -p -> update ctime, not update atime/mtime
    #
    local TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE=test-s3fs-time.txt
    cp_avoid_xattr_err -p "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "cp with -p option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi
    rm_test_file
    rm_test_file "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_update_time_mv() {
    describe "Testing update time function mv..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local OBJECT_NAME; OBJECT_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME}" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}"
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    #
    # mv -> update ctime, not update atime/mtime
    #
    local TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE=test-s3fs-time2.txt
    mv "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" "${TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "mv expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi

    rm_test_file "${TIME_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${TIME2_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

# [NOTE]
# See the description of test_update_time () for notes about the
# "touch -a" command and atime.
#
function test_update_directory_time_chmod() {
    describe "Testing update time for directory mv..."

    #
    # create the directory and sub-directory and a file in directory
    #
    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local DIRECTORY_NAME; DIRECTORY_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_DIR}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIRECTORY_NAME}/" --header "Content-Type: application/x-directory" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}" < /dev/null

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")

    #
    # chmod -> update only ctime
    #
    chmod 0777 "${TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "chmod expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi

    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

function test_update_directory_time_chown {
    describe "Testing update time for directory chown..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local DIRECTORY_NAME; DIRECTORY_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_DIR}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIRECTORY_NAME}/" --header "Content-Type: application/x-directory" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}" < /dev/null

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    #
    # chown -> update only ctime
    #
    chown $UID "${TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
           echo "chown expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
           return 1
        fi
    else
        # [macos] fuse-t
        # atime/ctime/mtime are not updated.
        #
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" != "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "touch with -a option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime == $ctime, atime: $base_atime == $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime"
            return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

function test_update_directory_time_set_xattr {
    describe "Testing update time for directory set_xattr..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local DIRECTORY_NAME; DIRECTORY_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_DIR}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIRECTORY_NAME}/" --header "Content-Type: application/x-directory" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}" < /dev/null

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    #
    # set_xattr -> update only ctime
    #
    set_xattr key value "${TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
           echo "set_xattr expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
           return 1
        fi
    else
        # [macos] fuse-t
        # atime/mtime are not updated.
        #
        if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
           echo "set_xattr expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
           return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

function test_update_directory_time_touch {
    describe "Testing update time for directory touch..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local DIRECTORY_NAME; DIRECTORY_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_DIR}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIRECTORY_NAME}/" --header "Content-Type: application/x-directory" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}" < /dev/null

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    #
    # touch -> update ctime/atime/mtime
    #
    touch "${TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "touch expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime, atime: $base_atime != $atime"
       return 1
    fi

    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

function test_update_directory_time_touch_a {
    describe "Testing update time for directory touch -a..."

    local t0=1000000000  # 9 September 2001
    local DIRECTORY_NAME; DIRECTORY_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")/"${TEST_DIR}"
    s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIRECTORY_NAME}/" --header "Content-Type: application/x-directory" --header "x-amz-meta-atime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-ctime: ${t0}" --header "x-amz-meta-mtime: ${t0}" < /dev/null

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    #
    # "touch -a" -> update ctime/atime, not update mtime
    #
    touch -a "${TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "touch with -a option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, atime: $base_atime != $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        # [macos] fuse-t
        # atime/ctime/mtime are all updated.
        #
        if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
            echo "touch with -a option expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, atime: $base_atime != $atime and same mtime: $base_mtime != $mtime"
            return 1
        fi
    fi

    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

function test_update_directory_time_subdir() {
    describe "Testing update time for directory subdirectory..."

    local TIME_TEST_SUBDIR="${TEST_DIR}/testsubdir"
    local TIME_TEST_FILE_INDIR="${TEST_DIR}/testfile"
    mk_test_dir
    mkdir "${TIME_TEST_SUBDIR}"
    touch "${TIME_TEST_FILE_INDIR}"
    # TODO: remove sleep after improving AWS CLI speed
    sleep 1

    local base_atime;    base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_ctime;    base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local base_mtime;    base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_DIR}")
    local subdir_atime;  subdir_atime=$(get_atime "${TIME_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    local subdir_ctime;  subdir_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    local subdir_mtime;  subdir_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    local subfile_atime; subfile_atime=$(get_atime "${TIME_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    local subfile_ctime; subfile_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    local subfile_mtime; subfile_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    #
    # mv -> update ctime, not update atime/mtime for target directory
    #       not update any for sub-directory and a file
    #
    local TIME_TEST_DIR=timetestdir
    local TIME2_TEST_SUBDIR="${TIME_TEST_DIR}/testsubdir"
    local TIME2_TEST_FILE_INDIR="${TIME_TEST_DIR}/testfile"
    mv "${TEST_DIR}" "${TIME_TEST_DIR}"
    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${TIME_TEST_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME_TEST_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME_TEST_DIR}")
    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "mv expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime and same mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi
    atime=$(get_atime "${TIME2_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME2_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME2_TEST_SUBDIR}")
    if [ "${subdir_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${subdir_ctime}" != "${ctime}" ] || [ "${subdir_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "mv for sub-directory expected same ctime: $subdir_ctime == $ctime, mtime: $subdir_mtime == $mtime, atime: $subdir_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi
    atime=$(get_atime "${TIME2_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    ctime=$(get_ctime "${TIME2_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    mtime=$(get_mtime "${TIME2_TEST_FILE_INDIR}")
    if [ "${subfile_atime}" != "${atime}" ] || [ "${subfile_ctime}" != "${ctime}" ] || [ "${subfile_mtime}" != "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "mv for a file in directory expected same ctime: $subfile_ctime == $ctime, mtime: $subfile_mtime == $mtime, atime: $subfile_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi

    rm -rf "${TIME_TEST_SUBDIR}"
    rm -rf "${TIME_TEST_DIR}"
    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"
}

# [NOTE]
# This test changes the file mode while creating/editing a new file,
# and finally closes it.
# Test with the sed command as it occurs when in place mode of the sed
# command. (If trying it with a standard C function(and shell script),
# it will be not the same result of sed, so sed is used.)
#
function test_update_chmod_opened_file() {
    describe "Testing create, modify the file by sed in place mode"

    # test file
    local BEFORE_STRING_DATA; BEFORE_STRING_DATA="sed in place test : BEFORE DATA"
    local AFTER_STRING_DATA;  AFTER_STRING_DATA="sed in place test : AFTER DATA"
    echo "${BEFORE_STRING_DATA}" > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # sed in place
    sed -i -e 's/BEFORE DATA/AFTER DATA/g' "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    # compare result
    local RESULT_STRING; RESULT_STRING=$(cat "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}")

    if [ -z "${RESULT_STRING}" ] || [ "${RESULT_STRING}" != "${AFTER_STRING_DATA}" ]; then
       echo "the file conversion by sed in place command failed."
       return 1
    fi

    # clean up
    rm_test_file "${ALT_TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_update_parent_directory_time_sub() {
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
        echo "Internal error: parameter is wrong."
        return 1
    fi

    # [NOTE]
    # Skip test for mknod/mkfifo command.
    # If run them, ctime/mtime of the parent directory will be updated.
    #
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT="${1}"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/testfile"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_BASE="testfile2"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE_MV="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_BASE}"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/symfile"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_MV="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/symfile2"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/testdir"
    local TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR_MV="${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}/testdir2"

    #
    # Create file -> Darwin: Not update any
    #             -> Others: Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    touch "${TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "creating file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Update file -> Not update parent directory's atime/mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    touch "${TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" != "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "updating file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} == ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} == ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Rename file -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    mv "${TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE}" "${TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "renaming file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Create symbolic link -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    ln -s "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_BASE}" "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "creating symbolic file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Update symbolic file -> Not update parent directory's atime/mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    touch "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" != "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "updating symbolic file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} == ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} == ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Rename symbolic link -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    mv "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE}" "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "renaming symbolic file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Delete symbolic link -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    rm "${TEST_PARENTDIR_SYMFILE_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "deleting symbolic file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Delete file -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    rm "${TEST_PARENTDIR_FILE_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "deleting file expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Create directory -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    mkdir "${TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "creating directory expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Update directory -> Not update parent directory's atime/mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    touch "${TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" != "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" != "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "updating directory expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} == ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} == ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Rename directory -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    mv "${TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR}" "${TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "renaming directory expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    #
    # Delete directory -> Update parent directory's mtime/ctime
    #
    base_atime="${after_atime}"
    base_ctime="${after_ctime}"
    base_mtime="${after_mtime}"

    rm -r "${TEST_PARENTDIR_DIR_MV}"

    local after_atime; after_atime=$(get_atime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_ctime; after_ctime=$(get_ctime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")
    local after_mtime; after_mtime=$(get_mtime "${TEST_PARENTDIR_PARENT}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" != "${after_atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${after_ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${after_mtime}" ]; then
        echo "deleting directory expected updating ctime/mtime: atime( ${base_atime} == ${after_atime} ), ctime( ${base_ctime} != ${after_ctime} ), mtime( ${base_mtime} != ${after_mtime} )"
        return 1
    fi

    return 0
}

function test_update_parent_directory_time() {
    describe "Testing update time of parent directory..."

    #
    # Test sub directory
    #
    mk_test_dir
    if ! test_update_parent_directory_time_sub "${TEST_DIR}"; then
        echo "failed test about updating time of parent directory: ${TEST_DIR}"
        return 1
    fi
    rm -rf "${TEST_DIR}"

    #
    # Test bucket top directory
    #
    # [NOTE]
    # The current directory for test execution is "<mount point>/testrun-xxxx".
    # This test checks in the directory at the top of the bucket.
    #
    if ! test_update_parent_directory_time_sub ".."; then
        echo "failed test about updating time of parent directory: ${TEST_DIR}"
        return 1
    fi

    return 0
}

function test_rm_rf_dir {
   describe "Test that rm -rf will remove directory with contents ..."
   # Create a dir with some files and directories
   mkdir dir1
   mkdir dir1/dir2
   touch dir1/file1
   touch dir1/dir2/file2

   # Remove the dir with recursive rm
   rm -rf dir1

   if [ -e dir1 ]; then
       echo "rm -rf did not remove $PWD/dir1"
       return 1
   fi
}

function test_posix_acl {
    describe "Testing posix acl function ..."

    #------------------------------------------------------
    # Directory
    #------------------------------------------------------
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1="posix_acl_dir1"
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2="posix_acl_dir2"
    rm -rf "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"
    rm -rf "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"

    mkdir "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"

    # [NOTE]
    # Let the target username be "root".
    # On some systems the USER environment variable may be
    # empty, so using ${USER} will not give an accurate test.
    #
    TARGET_ACL_USER="root"

    #
    # Set posix acl(not default)
    #
    setfacl -m "u:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not set posix acl(not default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Set posix acl(default)
    #
    setfacl -d -m "u:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not set posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Rename
    #
    mv "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not move with posix acl(not default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not move with posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy with permission
    #
    cp -rp "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not copy with posix acl(not default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1} directory"
       return 1
    fi
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not copy with posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Overwrite posix acl(not default)
    #
    setfacl -m "u:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not set posix acl(not default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Overwrite posix acl(default)
    #
    setfacl -d -m "u:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not set posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Remove posix acl(default)
    #
    setfacl -k "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not remove posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Remove posix acl(all)
    #
    setfacl -b "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not remove posix acl(all) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy without permission
    #
    rm -rf "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    cp -r "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not copy without posix acl(default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not copy without posix acl(all) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2} directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #------------------------------------------------------
    # File
    #------------------------------------------------------
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1="posix_acl_dir1/posix_acl_file1"
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2="posix_acl_dir1/posix_acl_file2"
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE3="posix_acl_dir2/posix_acl_file3"
    local POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE4="posix_acl_dir2/posix_acl_file4"
    mkdir "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
    touch "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}"

    #
    # Check default inherited posix acl
    #
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not set posix acl(inherited default) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Overwrite posix acl
    #
    setfacl -m "u:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not overwrite posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Rename
    #
    mv "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not move with posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy with permission
    #
    cp -p "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not copy with posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Remove posix acl
    #
    setfacl -b "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}"
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}" | grep -q "^default:user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not remove posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy without permission(set parent directory default acl)
    #
    rm -f "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}"
    cp "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:rwx"; then
       echo "Could not copy without posix acl(inherited parent) to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE2} file"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy with permission(to no-acl directory)
    #
    cp -p "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE3}"
    if ! getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE3}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}:r-x"; then
       echo "Could not copy with posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE3} file in no-acl directory"
       return 1
    fi

    #
    # Copy without permission(to no-acl directory)
    #
    cp "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE1}" "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE4}"
    if getfacl "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE4}" | grep -q "^user:${TARGET_ACL_USER}"; then
       echo "Could not copy without posix acl to ${POSIX_ACL_TEST_FILE4} file in no-acl directory"
       return 1
    fi

    rm -rf "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR1}"
    rm -rf "${POSIX_ACL_TEST_DIR2}"
}

function test_copy_file {
   describe "Test simple copy ..."

   dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/simple_file bs=1024 count=1
   cp /tmp/simple_file copied_simple_file
   cmp /tmp/simple_file copied_simple_file

   rm_test_file /tmp/simple_file
   rm_test_file copied_simple_file
}

function test_write_after_seek_ahead {
   describe "Test writes succeed after a seek ahead ..."
   dd if=/dev/zero of=testfile seek=1 count=1 bs=1024
   rm_test_file testfile
}

function test_overwrite_existing_file_range {
    describe "Test overwrite range succeeds ..."
    dd if=<(seq 1000) of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=1 count=1 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # [NOTE]
    # In ALPINE, comparisons using redirects often fail.
    # Therefore, create a real file for comparison and use it.
    #
    dd if=<(seq 1000) of=/tmp/cmp_base_file
    dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/cmp_base_file seek=1 count=1 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    cmp "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" /tmp/cmp_base_file

    rm_test_file /tmp/cmp_base_file
    rm_test_file
}

function test_concurrent_directory_updates {
    describe "Test concurrent updates to a directory ..."
    for i in $(seq 5); do
        echo foo > "${i}"
    done
    for _ in $(seq 10); do
        for i in $(seq 5); do
            local file
            # shellcheck disable=SC2012,SC2046
            file=$(ls $(seq 5) | "${SED_BIN}" -n "$((RANDOM % 5 + 1))p")
            cat "${file}" >/dev/null || true
            rm -f "${file}"
            echo "foo" > "${file}" || true
        done &
    done
    wait
    # shellcheck disable=SC2046
    rm -f $(seq 5)
}

function test_concurrent_reads {
    describe "Test concurrent reads from a file ..."
    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    for _ in $(seq 10); do
        dd if="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" of=/dev/null seek=$((RANDOM % BIG_FILE_LENGTH)) count=16 bs=1024 &
    done
    wait
    rm_test_file
}

function test_concurrent_writes {
    describe "Test concurrent writes to a file ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    NUM_PROCS=10
    PIDS=()
    for _ in $(seq "${NUM_PROCS}"); do
        dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=$((RANDOM % BIG_FILE_LENGTH)) count=16 bs=1024 conv=notrunc &
        PIDS+=($!)
    done

    GRC=0
    for PID in "${PIDS[@]}"; do
        wait "${PID}"
        RC=$?
        [ $RC -ne 0 ] && GRC="${RC}"
    done
    rm_test_file

    if [ "${GRC}" -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "unexpected return code: $GRC"
        return 1
    fi
}

function test_open_second_fd {
    describe "read from an open fd ..."
    rm_test_file second_fd_file

    local RESULT
    # shellcheck disable=SC2094
    RESULT=$( (echo foo ; wc -c < second_fd_file >&2) 2>& 1>second_fd_file)
    if [ "${RESULT}" -ne 4 ]; then
        echo "size mismatch, expected: 4, was: ${RESULT}"
        return 1
    fi
    rm_test_file second_fd_file
}

function test_write_multiple_offsets {
    describe "test writing to multiple offsets ..."
    ../../write_multiblock -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" -p "1024:1" -p "$((16 * 1024 * 1024)):1" -p "$((18 * 1024 * 1024)):1"
    rm_test_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_write_multiple_offsets_backwards {
    describe "test writing to multiple offsets ..."
    ../../write_multiblock -f "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" -p "$((20 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)):1" -p "$((10 * 1024 * 1024)):1"
    rm_test_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_clean_up_cache() {
    describe "Test clean up cache ..."

    local dir="many_files"
    local count=25
    mkdir -p "${dir}"

    for x in $(seq "${count}"); do
        ../../junk_data 10485760 > "${dir}"/file-"${x}"
    done

    local file_list=("${dir}"/*);
    local file_cnt="${#file_list[@]}"
    if [ "${file_cnt}" != "${count}" ]; then
        echo "Expected $count files but got ${file_cnt}"
        echo "Files: " "${file_list[@]}"
        rm -rf "${dir}"
        return 1
    fi
    local CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE; CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE=$(get_disk_avail_size "${CACHE_DIR}")
    if [ "${CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE}" -lt "${ENSURE_DISKFREE_SIZE}" ];then
        echo "Cache disk avail size:${CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE} less than ensure_diskfree size:${ENSURE_DISKFREE_SIZE}"
        rm -rf "${dir}"
        return 1
    fi
    rm -rf "${dir}"
}

function test_content_type() {
    describe "Test Content-Type detection ..."

    local DIR_NAME; DIR_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")

    touch "test.txt"
    check_content_type "${DIR_NAME}/test.txt" "text/plain"

    touch "test.jpg"
    check_content_type "${DIR_NAME}/test.jpg" "image/jpeg"

    touch "test.bin"
    check_content_type "${DIR_NAME}/test.bin" "application/octet-stream"

    mkdir "test.dir"
    check_content_type "${DIR_NAME}/test.dir/" "application/x-directory"

    rm -f test.txt
    rm -f test.jpg
    rm -f test.bin
    rm -rf test.dir
}

# create more files than -o max_stat_cache_size
function test_truncate_cache() {
    describe "Test make cache files over max cache file size ..."

    for dir in $(seq 2); do
        mkdir "${dir}"
        for file in $(seq 75); do
            touch "${dir}/${file}"
        done

        # FIXME:
        # In the case of macos-fuse-t, if you do not enter a wait here, the following error may occur:
        #    "ls: fts_read: Input/output error"
        # Currently, we have not yet been able to establish a solution to this problem.
        # Please pay attention to future developments in macos-fuse-t.
        #
        wait_ostype 1 "Darwin"

        ls "${dir}"
    done

    # shellcheck disable=SC2046
    rm -rf $(seq 2)
}

function test_cache_file_stat() {
    describe "Test cache file stat ..."

    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # The first argument of the script is "testrun-<random>" the directory name.
    #
    local CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR=$1

    #
    # get cache file inode number
    #
    local CACHE_FILE_INODE
    CACHE_FILE_INODE=$(get_inode "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}")
    if [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_INODE}" ]; then
        echo "Not found cache file or failed to get inode: ${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        return 1;
    fi

    #
    # get lines from cache stat file
    #
    local CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1; CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1=$("${SED_BIN}" -n 1p "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}")
    local CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_2; CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_2=$("${SED_BIN}" -n 2p "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}")
    if [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}" ] || [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_2}" ]; then
        echo "could not get first or second line from cache file stat: ${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        return 1;
    fi

    #
    # compare
    #
    if [ "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}" != "${CACHE_FILE_INODE}:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}" ]; then
        echo "first line(cache file stat) is different: \"${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}\" != \"${CACHE_FILE_INODE}:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}\""
        return 1;
    fi
    if [ "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_2}" != "0:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}:1:0" ]; then
        echo "last line(cache file stat) is different: \"${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_2}\" != \"0:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}:1:0\""
        return 1;
    fi

    #
    # remove cache files directly
    #
    rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # write a byte into the middle(not the boundary) of the file
    #
    local CHECK_UPLOAD_OFFSET=$((10 * 1024 * 1024 + 17))
    dd if=/dev/urandom of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=1 seek="${CHECK_UPLOAD_OFFSET}" conv=notrunc

    #
    # get cache file inode number
    #
    CACHE_FILE_INODE=$(get_inode "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}")
    if [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_INODE}" ]; then
        echo "Not found cache file or failed to get inode: ${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        return 1;
    fi

    #
    # get lines from cache stat file
    #
    CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1=$("${SED_BIN}" -n 1p "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}")
    local CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_E; CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_E=$(tail -1 "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" 2>/dev/null)
    if [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}" ] || [ -z "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_E}" ]; then
        echo "could not get first or end line from cache file stat: ${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
        return 1;
    fi

    #
    # check first and cache file length from last line
    #
    # we should check all stat lines, but there are cases where the value
    # differs depending on the processing system etc., then the cache file
    # size is calculated and compared.
    #
    local CACHE_LAST_OFFSET; CACHE_LAST_OFFSET=$(echo "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_E}" | cut -d ":" -f1)
    local CACHE_LAST_SIZE;   CACHE_LAST_SIZE=$(echo "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_E}" | cut -d ":" -f2)
    local CACHE_TOTAL_SIZE=$((CACHE_LAST_OFFSET + CACHE_LAST_SIZE))

    if [ "${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}" != "${CACHE_FILE_INODE}:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}" ]; then
        echo "first line(cache file stat) is different: \"${CACHE_FILE_STAT_LINE_1}\" != \"${CACHE_FILE_INODE}:${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}\""
        return 1;
    fi
    if [ "${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}" -ne "${CACHE_TOTAL_SIZE}" ]; then
        echo "the file size indicated by the cache stat file is different: \"${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}\" != \"${CACHE_TOTAL_SIZE}\""
        return 1;
    fi

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
}

function test_zero_cache_file_stat() {
    describe "Test zero byte cache file stat ..."

    rm_test_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    #
    # create empty file
    #
    touch "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    #
    # The first argument of the script is "testrun-<random>" the directory name.
    #
    local CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR=$1

    # [NOTE]
    # The stat file is a one-line text file, expecting for "<inode>:0"(ex. "4543937: 0").
    #
    if ! head -1 "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" 2>/dev/null | grep -q ':0$' 2>/dev/null; then
        echo "The cache file stat after creating an empty file is incorrect : ${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
        return 1;
    fi
    rm_test_file "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

function test_upload_sparsefile {
    describe "Testing upload sparse file ..."

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # Make all HOLE file
    #
    "${TRUNCATE_BIN}" "${BIG_FILE}" -s "${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}"

    #
    # Write some bytes to ABOUT middle in the file
    # (Dare to remove the block breaks)
    #
    local WRITE_POS=$((BIG_FILE_LENGTH / 2 - 128))
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek="${WRITE_POS}" conv=notrunc

    #
    # copy(upload) the file
    #
    cp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # check
    #
    cmp "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -f "${TEMP_DIR}/${BIG_FILE}"
}

function test_mix_upload_entities() {
    describe "Testing upload sparse files ..."

    #
    # Make test file
    #
    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # If the cache option is enabled, delete the cache of uploaded files.
    #
    if [ -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${BIG_FILE}" ]; then
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${BIG_FILE}"
    fi
    if [ -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${BIG_FILE}" ]; then
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${BIG_FILE}"
    fi

    #
    # Do a partial write to the file.
    #
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek=0 conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek=8192 conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek=1073152 conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek=26214400 conv=notrunc
    echo -n "0123456789ABCDEF" | dd of="${BIG_FILE}" bs=1 count=16 seek=26222592 conv=notrunc

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
}

#
# [NOTE]
# This test runs last because it uses up disk space and may not recover.
# This may be a problem, especially on MacOS. (See the comment near the definition
# line for the ENSURE_DISKFREE_SIZE variable)
#
function test_ensurespace_move_file() {
    describe "Testing upload(mv) file when disk space is not enough ..."

    #
    # Make test file which is not under mountpoint
    #
    mkdir -p "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir"
    ../../junk_data $((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT)) > "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir/${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # Backup file stat
    #
    local ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS
    ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir/${BIG_FILE}")

    #
    # Fill the disk size
    #
    local NOW_CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE; NOW_CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE=$(get_disk_avail_size "${CACHE_DIR}")
    local TMP_FILE_NO=0
    while true; do
      local ALLOWED_USING_SIZE=$((NOW_CACHE_DISK_AVAIL_SIZE - ENSURE_DISKFREE_SIZE))
      if [ "${ALLOWED_USING_SIZE}" -gt "${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}" ]; then
          cp -p "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir/${BIG_FILE}" "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir/${BIG_FILE}_${TMP_FILE_NO}"
          local TMP_FILE_NO=$((TMP_FILE_NO + 1))
      else
          break;
      fi
    done

    #
    # move file
    #
    mv "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir/${BIG_FILE}" "${BIG_FILE}"

    #
    # file stat
    #
    local MOVED_PERMISSIONS
    MOVED_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${BIG_FILE}")
    local MOVED_FILE_LENGTH
    MOVED_FILE_LENGTH=$(get_size "${BIG_FILE}")

    #
    # check
    #
    if [ "${MOVED_PERMISSIONS}" != "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" ]; then
        echo "Failed to move file with permission"
        return 1
    fi
    if [ "${MOVED_FILE_LENGTH}" -ne "${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}" ]; then
        echo "Failed to move file with file length: ${MOVED_FILE_LENGTH} ${BIG_FILE_LENGTH}"
        return 1
    fi

    rm_test_file "${BIG_FILE}"
    rm -rf "${CACHE_DIR}/.s3fs_test_tmpdir"
}

function test_not_existed_dir_obj() {
    describe "Test not existed directory object..."

    local DIR_NAME; DIR_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")

    #
    # Create files under not existed directory by aws command
    #
    local OBJECT_NAME_1; OBJECT_NAME_1="${DIR_NAME}/not_existed_dir_single/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    local OBJECT_NAME_2; OBJECT_NAME_2="${DIR_NAME}/not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
    echo data1 | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME_1}"
    echo data2 | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${OBJECT_NAME_2}"

    # Top directory
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 | grep -q '^not_existed_dir_single$'; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_single\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 | grep -q '^not_existed_dir_parent$'; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi

    # Single nest directory
    if ! stat not_existed_dir_single; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_single\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 not_existed_dir_single | grep -q "^${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\$"; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_single/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\" file, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 "not_existed_dir_single/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q "^not_existed_dir_single/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\$"; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_single/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\" file, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi

    # Double nest directory
    if ! stat not_existed_dir_parent; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 not_existed_dir_parent | grep -q '^not_existed_dir_child'; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    if ! stat not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child | grep -q "^${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\$"; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi
    # shellcheck disable=SC2010
    if ! ls -1 "not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" | grep -q "^not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\$"; then
        echo "Expect to find \"not_existed_dir_parent/not_existed_dir_child/${TEST_TEXT_FILE}\" directory, but it is not found"
        return 1
    fi

    rm -rf not_existed_dir_single
    rm -rf not_existed_dir_parent
}

function test_cr_filename {
    describe "Testing filename with CR code ..."

    # The following tests create a file, test it, and delete it.
    # So this test just calls the following program.
    #
    ../../cr_filename "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"
}

#
# This test opens a file and writes multiple sets of data.
# The file is opened only once and multiple blocks of data are written
# to the file descriptor with a gap.
#
# That is, the data sets are written discontinuously.
# The data to be written uses multiple data that is less than or larger
# than the part size of the multi-part upload.
# The gap should be at least the part size of the multi-part upload.
# Write as shown below:
#  <SOF>....<write data>....<write data>....<write data><EOF>
#
# There are two types of tests: new files and existing files.
# For existing files, the file size must be larger than where this test
# writes last position.
#  <SOF>....<write data>....<write data>....<write data>...<EOF>
#
function test_write_data_with_skip() {
    describe "Testing write data block with skipping block..."

    #
    # The first argument of the script is "testrun-<random>" the directory name.
    #
    local CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR=$1

    local _SKIPWRITE_FILE="test_skipwrite"
    local _TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE="/tmp/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"

    #------------------------------------------------------
    # (1) test new file 
    #------------------------------------------------------
    #
    # Clean files
    #
    rm_test_file "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"

    #
    # Create new file in bucket and temporary directory(/tmp)
    #
    # Writing to the file is as follows:
    #    |<-- skip(12MB) --><-- write(1MB) --><-- skip(22MB)  --><-- write(20MB) --><-- skip(23MB)  --><-- write(1MB) -->| (79MB)
    #
    # As a result, areas that are not written to the file are mixed.
    # The part that is not written has a HOLE that is truncate and filled
    # with 0x00.
    # Assuming that multipart upload is performed on a part-by-part basis,
    # it will be as follows:
    #    part 1)       0x0.. 0x9FFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 2)  0xA00000..0x13FFFFF :  0xA00000..0xBFFFFF  <not write area(0x00)>
    #                                    0xC00000..0xCFFFFF  <write area>
    #                                    0xD00000..0x13FFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 3) 0x1400000..0x1DFFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 4) 0x1E00000..0x27FFFFF : 0x1E00000..0x22FFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #                                   0x2300000..0x27FFFFF <write area>
    #    part 5) 0x2800000..0x31FFFFF :                      <write area>
    #    part 6) 0x3200000..0x3BFFFFF : 0x3200000..0x36FFFFF <write area>
    #                                   0x3700000..0x3BFFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 7) 0x3C00000..0x45FFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 8) 0x4600000..0x4BFFFFF : 0x4600000..0x4AFFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #                                   0x4B00000..0x4BFFFFF <write area>
    # 
    ../../write_multiblock -f "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" -f "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" -p 12582912:65536 -p 36700160:20971520 -p 78643200:65536

    #
    # delete cache file if using cache
    #
    if s3fs_args | grep -q use_cache; then
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
    fi

    #
    # Compare
    #
    cmp "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"

    #------------------------------------------------------
    # (2) test existed file
    #------------------------------------------------------
    # [NOTE]
    # This test uses the file used in the previous test as an existing file.
    #
    if s3fs_args | grep -q use_cache; then
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
    fi

    #
    # Over write data to existed file in bucket and temporary directory(/tmp)
    #
    # Writing to the file is as follows:
    #    |<----------------------------------------------- existed file ----------------------------------------------------------->| (79MB)
    #    |<-- skip(12MB) --><-- write(1MB) --><-- skip(22MB)  --><-- write(20MB) --><-- skip(22MB)  --><-- write(1MB) --><-- 1MB -->| (79MB)
    #
    # As a result, areas that are not written to the file are mixed.
    # The part that is not written has a HOLE that is truncate and filled
    # with 0x00.
    # Assuming that multipart upload is performed on a part-by-part basis,
    # it will be as follows:
    #    part 1)       0x0.. 0x9FFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 2)  0xA00000..0x13FFFFF :  0xA00000..0xBFFFFF  <not write area(0x00)>
    #                                    0xC00000..0xCFFFFF  <write area>
    #                                    0xD00000..0x13FFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 3) 0x1400000..0x1DFFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 4) 0x1E00000..0x27FFFFF : 0x1E00000..0x22FFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #                                   0x2300000..0x27FFFFF <write area>
    #    part 5) 0x2800000..0x31FFFFF :                      <write area>
    #    part 6) 0x3200000..0x3BFFFFF : 0x3200000..0x36FFFFF <write area>
    #                                   0x3700000..0x3BFFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 7) 0x3C00000..0x45FFFFF :                      <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 8) 0x4600000..0x4BFFFFF : 0x4600000..0x49FFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    #    part 8) 0x4600000..0x4BFFFFF : 0x4A00000..0x4AFFFFF <write area>
    #                                   0x4B00000..0x4BFFFFF <not write area(0x00)>
    # 
    ../../write_multiblock -f "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" -f "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" -p 12582912:65536 -p 36700160:20971520 -p 77594624:65536

    #
    # delete cache file if using cache
    #
    if s3fs_args | grep -q use_cache; then
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
        rm -f "${CACHE_DIR}/.${TEST_BUCKET_1}.stat/${CACHE_TESTRUN_DIR}/${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
    fi

    #
    # Compare
    #
    cmp "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}" "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"

    #
    # Clean files
    #
    rm_test_file "${_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
    rm_test_file "${_TMP_SKIPWRITE_FILE}"
}

function test_not_boundary_writes {
    describe "Test non-boundary write ..."

    # [MEMO]
    # Files used in this test, multipart related sizes, etc.
    #
    #    Test file size:                25MB(25 * 1024 * 1024)
    #    Multipart size:                10MB
    #    Multipart minimum upload size:  5MB
    #
    # The multipart upload part that should be executed here is as follows:
    #    Part number 1:             0 - 10,485,759 (size = 10MB)
    #    Part number 2:    10,485,760 - 20,971,519 (size = 10MB)
    #    Part number 3:    20,971,520 - 26,214,399 (size =  5MB)
    #
    local BOUNDARY_TEST_FILE_SIZE; BOUNDARY_TEST_FILE_SIZE=$((BIG_FILE_BLOCK_SIZE * BIG_FILE_COUNT))

    ../../junk_data "${BOUNDARY_TEST_FILE_SIZE}" > "${TEST_TEXT_FILE}"

    #
    # Write in First boundary
    #
    # Write 0 - 3,145,727(3MB) : less than the multipart minimum size from the beginning
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=0 count=3072 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 0 - 7,340,031(7MB) : multipart exceeding the minimum size from the beginning
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=0 count=7168 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 0 - 12,582,911(12MB) : beyond the multipart size boundary from the beginning
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=0 count=12288 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    #
    # Write in First and second boundary
    #
    # Write 3,145,728 - 4,194,303(1MB) : less than the minimum multipart size from the middle of the first multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=3072 count=1024 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 3,145,728 - 9,437,183(6MB) : exceeding the minimum multipart size from the middle of the first multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=3072 count=6144 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 3,145,728 - 12,582,911(9MB) : beyond the multipart boundary from the middle of the first multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=3072 count=9216 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    #
    # Write in Second boundary
    #
    # Write 12,582,912 - 14,680,063(2MB) : below the minimum multipart size from the middle of the multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=12288 count=2048 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 12,582,912 - 18,874,367(6MB) : data exceeding the minimum multipart size from the middle of the multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=12288 count=6144 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 12,582,912 - 23,068,671(10MB) : beyond the multipart boundary from the middle of the multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=12288 count=10240 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 12,582,912 - 26,214,399(13MB) : beyond the multipart boundary(last) from the middle of the multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=12288 count=13312 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    #
    # Write in Last boundary
    #
    # Write 23,068,672 - 24,117,247(1MB) : below the minimum multipart size from the middle of the final multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=22528 count=1024 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    # Write 23,068,672 - 26,214,399(3MB) : beyond the multipart boundary(last) from the middle of the final multipart area
    dd if=/dev/zero of="${TEST_TEXT_FILE}" seek=22528 count=3072 bs=1024 conv=notrunc

    rm_test_file
}

function test_chmod_mountpoint {
    describe "Testing chmod to mount point..."

    local MOUNTPOINT_DIR; MOUNTPOINT_DIR=$(cd ..; pwd)

    local ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS; ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS=$(get_permissions "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")

    chmod 0777 "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}";

    # if they're the same, we have a problem.
    local CHANGED_PERMISSIONS; CHANGED_PERMISSIONS=$(get_permissions "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    if [ "${CHANGED_PERMISSIONS}" = "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" ]
    then
      echo "Could not modify mount point(${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}) permissions"
      return 1
    fi
}

function test_chown_mountpoint {
    describe "Testing chown mount point..."

    local MOUNTPOINT_DIR; MOUNTPOINT_DIR=$(cd ..; pwd)

    local ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS
    ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")

    # [NOTE]
    # Prevents test interruptions due to permission errors, etc.
    # If the chown command fails, an error will occur with the
    # following judgment statement. So skip the chown command error.
    # '|| true' was added due to a problem with MacOS and ensure_diskfree option.
    #
    chown 1000:1000 "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}" || true

    # if they're the same, we have a problem.
    local CHANGED_PERMISSIONS
    CHANGED_PERMISSIONS=$(get_user_and_group "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    if [ "${CHANGED_PERMISSIONS}" = "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" ]
    then
      if [ "${ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS}" = "1000:1000" ]
      then
        echo "Could not be strict check because original file permission 1000:1000"
      else
        echo "Could not modify mount point(${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}) ownership($ORIGINAL_PERMISSIONS to 1000:1000)"
        return 1
      fi
    fi
}

function test_time_mountpoint {
    describe "Testing atime/ctime/mtime to mount point..."

    local MOUNTPOINT_DIR; MOUNTPOINT_DIR=$(cd ..; pwd)

    local base_atime; base_atime=$(get_atime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    local base_ctime; base_ctime=$(get_ctime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    local base_mtime; base_mtime=$(get_mtime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")

    touch "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}"

    local atime; atime=$(get_atime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    local ctime; ctime=$(get_ctime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")
    local mtime; mtime=$(get_mtime "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}")

    if [ "${base_atime}" = "${atime}" ] || [ "${base_ctime}" = "${ctime}" ] || [ "${base_mtime}" = "${mtime}" ]; then
       echo "chmod expected updated ctime: $base_ctime != $ctime, mtime: $base_mtime == $mtime, atime: $base_atime == $atime"
       return 1
    fi
}

function test_file_names_longer_than_posix() {
    local DIR_NAME; DIR_NAME=$(basename "${PWD}")
    a256="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    #a256="aaaa"

    if ! touch "${a256}"; then
        echo "could not create long file name"
        return 1
    fi
    rm -f "${a256}"

    echo data | s3_cp "${TEST_BUCKET_1}/${DIR_NAME}/${a256}"
    files=(*)
    if [ "${#files[@]}" = 0 ]; then
        echo "failed to list long file name"
        return 1
    fi
    rm -f "${a256}"
}

function test_statvfs() {
    describe "Testing the free/available size on mount point(statvfs)..."

    # [NOTE]
    # The df command result format is different between Linux and macos,
    # but the order of Total/Used/Available size is the same.
    #
    local MOUNTPOINT_DIR; MOUNTPOINT_DIR=$(cd ..; pwd)
    local TOTAL_SIZE
    local USED_SIZE
    local AVAIL_SIZE
    read -r _ TOTAL_SIZE USED_SIZE AVAIL_SIZE _ < <(df "${MOUNTPOINT_DIR}" 2>/dev/null | tail -n +2)

    # [NOTE]
    # In the disk information (statvfs) provided by s3fs, Total size and
    # Available size are always the same and not 0, and used size is always 0.
    #
    if [ -z "${TOTAL_SIZE}" ] || [ -z "${AVAIL_SIZE}" ] || [ -z "${USED_SIZE}" ] || [ "${TOTAL_SIZE}" = "0" ] || [ "${AVAIL_SIZE}" = "0" ] || [ "${TOTAL_SIZE}" != "${AVAIL_SIZE}" ] || [ "${USED_SIZE}" != "0" ]; then
        echo "The result of df <mount point> command is wrong: Total=${TOTAL_SIZE}, Used=${USED_SIZE}, Available=${AVAIL_SIZE}"
        return 1
    fi
}

function test_pjdfstest_chflags() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : chflags..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/chflags/*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_chmod() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : chmod..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/chmod/0[4689].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/chmod/10.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_chown() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : chown..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/chown/0[4689].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/chown/10.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_ftruncate() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : ftruncate..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/ftruncate/0[147-9].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/ftruncate/1[0134].t
}

function test_pjdfstest_granular() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : granular..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/granular/*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_link() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : link..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/link/*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_mkdir() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : mkdir..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/mkdir/0[347-9].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/mkdir/1[12]*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_mkfifo() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : mkfifo..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/mkfifo/0[3478].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/mkfifo/1*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_mknod() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : mknod..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/mknod/0[479].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/mknod/10.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_open() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : open..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/open/0[49].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/open/1*.t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/open/2[0-134].t
}

function test_pjdfstest_posix_fallocate() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : posix_fallocate..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/posix_fallocate/*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_rename() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : rename..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/rename/0[2-36-8].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/rename/1[15-9].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/rename/22.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_rmdir() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : rmdir..."

    # TODO: explain exclusions
    # fails with -o use_cache: ../../pjdfstest/tests/rmdir/01.t
    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/rmdir/0[3-59].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/rmdir/1[02-5].t
}

function test_pjdfstest_symlink() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : symlink..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/symlink/0[13479].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/symlink/1*.t
}

function test_pjdfstest_truncate() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : truncate..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/truncate/0[147-9].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/truncate/1[0134].t
}

function test_pjdfstest_unlink() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : unlink..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/unlink/0[47-8].t \
              ../../pjdfstest/tests/unlink/1[02-4].t
}

function test_pjdfstest_utimensat() {
    describe "Testing the pjdfstest : utimensat..."

    prove -rv ../../pjdfstest/tests/utimensat/0[1-58-9].t
}

function add_all_tests {
    if s3fs_args | grep -q use_cache; then
        add_tests test_cache_file_stat
        add_tests test_zero_cache_file_stat
    else
        add_tests test_file_names_longer_than_posix
    fi
    if ! s3fs_args | grep -q ensure_diskfree && ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        add_tests test_clean_up_cache
    fi
    add_tests test_create_empty_file
    add_tests test_append_file
    add_tests test_truncate_file
    add_tests test_truncate_upload
    add_tests test_truncate_empty_file
    add_tests test_truncate_shrink_file
    add_tests test_truncate_shrink_read_file
    add_tests test_mv_file
    add_tests test_mv_to_exist_file
    add_tests test_mv_empty_directory
    add_tests test_mv_nonempty_directory
    add_tests test_redirects
    add_tests test_mkdir_rmdir
    add_tests test_chmod
    add_tests test_chown
    add_tests test_list
    add_tests test_remove_nonempty_directory
    add_tests test_external_directory_creation
    add_tests test_external_modification
    add_tests test_external_creation
    add_tests test_read_external_object
    add_tests test_read_external_dir_object
    add_tests test_update_metadata_external_small_object
    add_tests test_update_metadata_external_large_object
    add_tests test_rename_before_close
    add_tests test_multipart_upload
    add_tests test_multipart_copy

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin || ! s3fs_args | grep -q nocopyapi; then
        # FIXME:
        # If you specify the nocopyapi option with macos-fuse-t, the following error will
        # occur when manipulating the xattr of the copied object:
        #    "could not copy extended attributes to <file>: Result too large"
        # As no solution has been found at this time, this test is bypassed on macos with
        # nocopyapi.
        # Please pay attention to future developments in macos-fuse-t.
        #
        add_tests test_multipart_mix
    fi

    add_tests test_utimens_during_multipart
    add_tests test_special_characters
    add_tests test_hardlink
    add_tests test_symlink
    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        add_tests test_mknod
        add_tests test_extended_attributes
    fi
    add_tests test_mtime_file

    add_tests test_update_time_chmod
    add_tests test_update_time_chown
    add_tests test_update_time_xattr
    add_tests test_update_time_touch
    if ! mount -t fuse.s3fs | grep "$TEST_BUCKET_MOUNT_POINT_1 " | grep -q -e noatime -e relatime ; then
        add_tests test_update_time_touch_a
    fi
    add_tests test_update_time_append
    add_tests test_update_time_cp_p
    add_tests test_update_time_mv

    add_tests test_update_directory_time_chmod
    add_tests test_update_directory_time_chown
    add_tests test_update_directory_time_touch
    if ! mount -t fuse.s3fs | grep "$TEST_BUCKET_MOUNT_POINT_1 " | grep -q -e noatime -e relatime ; then
        add_tests test_update_directory_time_touch_a
    fi
    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        # FIXME:
        # These test fail in macos-fuse-t because mtime/ctime/atime are not updated.
        # Currently, these are not an issue with s3fs, so we will bypass this test for macos.
        # Please pay attention to future developments in macos-fuse-t.
        #
        add_tests test_update_directory_time_set_xattr
        add_tests test_update_directory_time_subdir
    fi
    add_tests test_update_chmod_opened_file
    if s3fs_args | grep -q update_parent_dir_stat; then
        if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
            # FIXME:
            # In macos-fuse-t, this test can sometimes succeed if the test waits for more
            # than one second while it is processing.
            # However, the results are currently unstable, thus this test is bypassed on macos.
            # Please pay attention to future developments in macos-fuse-t.
            #
            add_tests test_update_parent_directory_time
        fi
    fi
    if ! s3fs_args | grep -q use_xattr; then
        add_tests test_posix_acl
    fi

    add_tests test_rm_rf_dir
    add_tests test_copy_file
    add_tests test_write_after_seek_ahead
    add_tests test_overwrite_existing_file_range
    add_tests test_concurrent_directory_updates
    add_tests test_concurrent_reads
    add_tests test_concurrent_writes
    add_tests test_open_second_fd
    add_tests test_write_multiple_offsets
    add_tests test_write_multiple_offsets_backwards
    add_tests test_content_type
    add_tests test_truncate_cache
    add_tests test_upload_sparsefile
    add_tests test_mix_upload_entities
    # TODO: investigate why only Alpine cannot see the implicit directory objects.
    if ! test -f /etc/os-release || ! grep -q -i -e 'ID=alpine' -e 'ID="alpine"' /etc/os-release; then
        add_tests test_not_existed_dir_obj
    fi
    add_tests test_cr_filename
    if ! s3fs_args | grep -q ensure_diskfree && ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        add_tests test_ensurespace_move_file
    fi
    add_tests test_write_data_with_skip
    add_tests test_not_boundary_writes

    # [NOTE]
    # The test on CI will fail depending on the permissions, so skip these(chmod/chown).
    #
    # add_tests test_chmod_mountpoint
    # add_tests test_chown_mountpoint
    add_tests test_time_mountpoint
    add_tests test_statvfs

    if ! uname | grep -q Darwin; then
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_chflags
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_chmod
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_chown
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_ftruncate
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_granular
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_link
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_mknod
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_open
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_posix_fallocate
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_truncate
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_unlink
        add_tests test_pjdfstest_utimensat

        # [NOTE][TODO]
        # Temporary error workaround in Ubuntu 25.10
        # In Ubuntu 25.10, there are test cases where the request header size exceeds
        # 8192 bytes.
        # Currently bypass running the below tests as s3proxy returns an error response.
        # If s3proxy increases the allowed header size, we will resume these tests.
        #
        if ! ( . /etc/os-release 2>/dev/null && [ "${ID}" = "ubuntu" ] && [ "${VERSION_ID}" = "25.10" ] ); then
            add_tests test_pjdfstest_mkdir
            add_tests test_pjdfstest_mkfifo
            add_tests test_pjdfstest_rename
            add_tests test_pjdfstest_rmdir
            add_tests test_pjdfstest_symlink
        fi
    fi
}

init_suite
add_all_tests
run_suite

#
# Local variables:
# tab-width: 4
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# End:
# vim600: expandtab sw=4 ts=4 fdm=marker
# vim<600: expandtab sw=4 ts=4
#
